The Asiatic Dioscorea alata yam species is an important food crop, especially in Cote d＇lvoire. It has high yield and stores longer than Dioscorea cayenensis/rotundata yam and therefore fills the hunger gap created w...The Asiatic Dioscorea alata yam species is an important food crop, especially in Cote d＇lvoire. It has high yield and stores longer than Dioscorea cayenensis/rotundata yam and therefore fills the hunger gap created when other yam types arc not available. However, very little research has been done on it. Several cultivars are susceptible to pests and diseases and lack the aesthetic values of smooth skin and elegant tuber shape ofDioscorea rotundata that appeal to consumers in the market. This study therefore sought to establish the genetic variability and relationships among 35 accessions of Ghanaian Dioscorea alata together with 14 accessions introduced from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria. Morphological variation was studied to establish genetic relationship among 49 accessions assembled as Dioscorea alata in Ghana. Principal component analysis （PCA） indicated that the first two principal components accounted for 25.27% of total variation from accessions with PCA1 and PCA2, contributing 13.92% and 11.35%, respectively. Cluster analysis performed clearly separated the 49 accessions into three main groupings using unweighted neighbour-joining method. Morphological descriptors were able to group the accessions into distinct clusters independent of place of collection.展开更多
Foreign-body ingestion is a relatively common presentation at emergency departments,but long metallic spoon swallowing is an infrequent occurrence.Unlike most cases of foreign-body ingestion,there have been no reporte...Foreign-body ingestion is a relatively common presentation at emergency departments,but long metallic spoon swallowing is an infrequent occurrence.Unlike most cases of foreign-body ingestion,there have been no reported cases of long foreign bodies reaching the jejunum.We report a rare case of a coffee spoon that was swallowed accidentally and passed through the pylorus and duodenal loop and reached the jejunum,with no complications.展开更多
The exceptionally large individual growth variation has been previously recognized in several sea cucumber cohorts. However, there is a lack of information regarding the mechanism of such individual differences. In th...The exceptionally large individual growth variation has been previously recognized in several sea cucumber cohorts. However, there is a lack of information regarding the mechanism of such individual differences. In this study, the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus （Selenka） was reared individually in order to eliminate possible effects of social interaction, stocking density, etc. The results showed that there were substantial differences in growth among the sea cucumber individuals during the 100-day experiment. The special growth rate of the sea cucumber individuals differed by up to three folds （from 0.40% to 1.01%）, and the coefficient of variation in body weight increased from 12.04% to 40.51%. The final wet body weight, food intake and food conversion efficiency for each sea cucumber were generally positively correlated with their initial wet body weight （P〈0.05）. Energy budget of the animals showed that the food energy spent on respiration was much greater （about four folds） but energy deposited for growth was much less for （initially） smaller than for larger A. japonicus. The present result implies that there are obvious genetic differences among the sea cucumber individuals, largely accounting for the individual growth variation of the cohort sea cucumber. These results will provide some basic data for promoting selective breeding and fanning of the sea cucumber.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of Mirtazapine on tumor growth, food intake, body weight, and nutritional status in gemcitabine-induced mild cachexia. METHODS: Fourteen mice with subcutaneous xenografts of a pancreatic...AIM: To investigate the effect of Mirtazapine on tumor growth, food intake, body weight, and nutritional status in gemcitabine-induced mild cachexia. METHODS: Fourteen mice with subcutaneous xenografts of a pancreatic cancer cell line (SW1990) were randomly divided into Mirtazapine and control groups. Either Mirtazapine (10 mg/kg) or saline solution was orally fed to the mice every day after tumor implantation. A model of mild cachexia was then established in both groups by intraperitoneal injection of Gemcitabine (50 mg/kg) 10 d, 13 d, and 16 d after tumor implanta- tion. Tumor size, food intake, body weight, and nutritional status were measured during the experiment. All mice were sacrificed at day 28. RESULTS: (1) After 7 d of gemcitabine administration, body-weight losses of 5%-7% which suggested mild cachexia were measured; (2) No significant difference in tumor size was detected between the Mirtazapine and control groups (P > 0.05); and (3) During the entire experimental period, food intake and body weight were slightly greater for the Mirtazapine group compared with controls (although these differences were not statistically significant). After 21 d, mice in the Mirtazapine group consumed significantly more food than control mice (3.95 ± 0.14 g vs 3.54 ± 0.10 g, P = 0.004). After 25 d, mice in the Mirtazapine group were also significantly heavier than control mice (17.24 ± 0.53 g vs 18.05 ± 0.68 g, P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Mild cachexia model was successfully established by gemcitabine in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. Mirtazapine can improve gemcitabine-induced mild cachexia in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. It was believed to provide a potential therapeutic perspective for further studies on cachexia.展开更多
Though light conditions are known to affect the development and anti-predation strategies of several aquatic species, relatively little is known about how different species react to light, or how light can affect thes...Though light conditions are known to affect the development and anti-predation strategies of several aquatic species, relatively little is known about how different species react to light, or how light can affect these species during different points in their life-cycle. In this study, we used four sympatric anuran tadpoles （Bufo gargarizans, B. melanostictus, Pelophylax nigromaculatus and Microhyla fissipes） as animal system to examine species-specific activities of the underdoing different light intensity treatments, so as to better understand how they respond to light. We exposed four different species of tadpoles to 1660 and 14 lux light intensity treatments and then measured several parameters including development stage, body length and tail length, and as well as their basic activities. The results of this observation and analysis showed that the activities of tadpoles were significantly greater in B. gargarizans and B. melanostictus than in P. nigromaculatus and M. fissipes; and were also significantly greater during times of high light intensity as compared to during low light intensity. Moreover, the observed relationship between species and light intensity was significant. The activities ofB. gargarizans and B. melanostictus tadpoles were greater in high light, while the activity of P. nigromaculatus tadpoles was greater in low light intensity, while M. fissipes tadpoles showed no differences in either low or high intensity light. Furthermore, the activities orB. gargarizans, B. melanostictus and M. fissipes tadpoles in terms of developmental stage, body size or tail length did not seem to differ with light intensity, but during early larval developmental period of P. nigromaculatus, the activity of tadpoles was negatively correlated with development stage, but irrelevant to either body size or tail length in different light intensities. These results lead us to conclude the observed activities of the four sympatric anuran tadpoles are closely correlated with their specific anti-predation strategies.展开更多
Background： Birch pollen sensitization and associated pollen-food syndrome among Chinese allergic patients have not been investigated. Methods： Sera from 203 allergic patients from the northern part of China and col...Background： Birch pollen sensitization and associated pollen-food syndrome among Chinese allergic patients have not been investigated. Methods： Sera from 203 allergic patients from the northern part of China and collected during February to July 2014 were investigated. Specific immunoglobulin E （IgE） against birch pollen extract Bet v and major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 were measured using the ADVIA Centaur. The presence of major apple allergen Mal d 1 and soy bean allergen Gly m 4 specific IgE was measured by ImmunoCAP 100. Results： Among the 203 sere, 34 sera （16.7%） had specific IgE to Bet v and of these, 28 sere （82.4%） contained Bet v 1-specific IgE. Among the 28 sera with Bet v 1-specific IgE, 27 sera （96.4%） contained Mal d 1-specific IgE and 22 sera （78.6%） contained Gly m 4-specific igE. Of the 34 Bet v-positive sera, 6 sera （17.6%） contained no specific IgE for Bet v 1, Mal d 1, or Gly m 4. Almost all Bet v-positive sera were donated during the birch pollen season. Conclusions： The prevalence of birch allergy among patients visiting health care during pollen season can be as high as 16.7% in Tangshan City. The majority of Chinese birch allergic patients are IgE-sensitized to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 as well as to the major apple allergen Mal d 1 and soy bean allergen Gly m 4. A relatively high number of patients （17.6%） are IgE-sensitized to birch pollen allergen（s） other than Bet v 1. The high prevalence of specific IgE to Mal d 1 and Gly m 4 among Bet v 1-sensitized patients indicates that pollen-food allergy syndrome could be of clinical relevance in China.展开更多
We studied the responsiveness of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana, an arboreal Old World monkey, to the presence of novel stimuli associated with familiar food. We also determined differences in r...We studied the responsiveness of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana, an arboreal Old World monkey, to the presence of novel stimuli associated with familiar food. We also determined differences in responses by age and sex. Results showed that monkeys exhibited neophilia and neophobia simultaneously when facing novel stimuli. Age affected the response to novel stimuli significantly, with immature individuals responding to novel stimuli most frequently and infants least frequently. No significant differences were observed for sex, although females were more responsive to the novel object than were males. Our results support the ＂readiness to eat＂ hypothesis that the presence of a novel object can increase latencies to consume familiar food .展开更多
Alarm calls are emitted by Richardson＇s ground squirrels Urocitellus richardsonii in response to avian and terrestrial predators. Conspecifics detecting these calls respond with increased vigilance, promoting predato...Alarm calls are emitted by Richardson＇s ground squirrels Urocitellus richardsonii in response to avian and terrestrial predators. Conspecifics detecting these calls respond with increased vigilance, promoting predator detection and evasion, but in doing so, lose time from foraging. That loss can be minimized if alarm call recipients discriminate among signalers, and weight their response accordingly. For juvenile ground squirrels, we predicted that the trade-off between foraging and vigilance could be optimized via selective response to alarm calls emitted by their own dam, and/or neighboring colony members over calls broad- cast by less familiar conspecifics. Alarm calls of adult female Richardson＇s ground squirrels were elicited in the field using a predator model and recorded on digital audio tape. Free-living focal juveniles were subjected to playbacks of a call of their mother, and on a separate occasion a call from either another adult female from their own colony, or an adult female from another colony. Neither immediate postural responses and escape behavior, nor the duration of vigilance manifested by juveniles differed with exposure to alarm calls of the three adult female signaler types. Thus, juveniles did not respond preferentially to alarm calls emitted by their mothers or colony members, likely reflecting the high cost of ignoring alarm signals where receivers have had limited opportunity to establish past signaler reliability [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 773-780, 2012].展开更多
Background:Although intrinsic risk factors contributing to esophageal food impaction are well established,whether social behavior affects its occurrence has not yet been examined.Methods:We conducted a retrospective r...Background:Although intrinsic risk factors contributing to esophageal food impaction are well established,whether social behavior affects its occurrence has not yet been examined.Methods:We conducted a retrospective review of the gastroenterology endoscopy procedural documentation software for the period of 2001–2012 to identify all patients who presented to our emergency department for esophageal foreign-body removal at the time of national athletic events and holidays associated with dietary indiscretions.Results:We found that adults undergoing emergent esophagogastroduodenoscopy during periods celebrating cultural holidays and national athletic events were more likely to experience esophageal food impaction compared with those undergoing emergent endoscopy during periods not associated with these events(36.8% vs 3.6%;P<0.001):a 10-fold increase.During a national holiday/athletic event period,the most common impacted food item was turkey(50%)followed by chicken(29%)and beef(21%).Conclusions:Esophageal food impaction is more likely to occur on American holidays and national athletic events and is associated with large meals.Patients with intrinsic risk factors should be advised to modify their diet during cultural events associated with tachyphagia and large meals to prevent esophageal food impaction.展开更多
Growing evidence exists that aposematic and toxic prey may be included in a predator＇s diet when the predator experiences physiological stress. The tree sparrow Passer montanus is known to have a significant portion ...Growing evidence exists that aposematic and toxic prey may be included in a predator＇s diet when the predator experiences physiological stress. The tree sparrow Passer montanus is known to have a significant portion of aposematic and toxic ladybirds in its natural diet. Here, we present experi- ments testing the attack and eating rate of the tree sparrow toward the invasive aposematic harle- quin ladybird Harmonia axyridis. We wondered whether the sparrow＇s ability to prey on native ladybirds predisposes them to also prey on harlequin ladybirds. We compared the attack and eat- ing rates of tree sparrows of particular age and/or experience classes to test for any changes during ontogeny （hand-reared x young wild-caught xadult wild-caught） and with differing perceived lev- els of physiological stress （summer adult ~ winter adult）. Winter adult tree sparrows commonly at- tacked and ate the offered ladybirds with no evidence of disgust or metabolic difficulties after in- gestion. Naive and wild immature tree sparrows attacked the ladybirds but hesitated to eat them. Adult tree sparrows caught in the summer avoided attacking the ladybirds. These results suggest that tree sparrows are able to cope with chemicals ingested along with the ladybirds. This pre- adaptation enables them to include ladybirds in their diet; though they commonly do this only in times of shortage in insect availability （winter）. Young sparrows showed avoidance toward the chemical protection of the ladybirds.展开更多
文摘The Asiatic Dioscorea alata yam species is an important food crop, especially in Cote d＇lvoire. It has high yield and stores longer than Dioscorea cayenensis/rotundata yam and therefore fills the hunger gap created when other yam types arc not available. However, very little research has been done on it. Several cultivars are susceptible to pests and diseases and lack the aesthetic values of smooth skin and elegant tuber shape ofDioscorea rotundata that appeal to consumers in the market. This study therefore sought to establish the genetic variability and relationships among 35 accessions of Ghanaian Dioscorea alata together with 14 accessions introduced from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria. Morphological variation was studied to establish genetic relationship among 49 accessions assembled as Dioscorea alata in Ghana. Principal component analysis （PCA） indicated that the first two principal components accounted for 25.27% of total variation from accessions with PCA1 and PCA2, contributing 13.92% and 11.35%, respectively. Cluster analysis performed clearly separated the 49 accessions into three main groupings using unweighted neighbour-joining method. Morphological descriptors were able to group the accessions into distinct clusters independent of place of collection.
文摘Foreign-body ingestion is a relatively common presentation at emergency departments,but long metallic spoon swallowing is an infrequent occurrence.Unlike most cases of foreign-body ingestion,there have been no reported cases of long foreign bodies reaching the jejunum.We report a rare case of a coffee spoon that was swallowed accidentally and passed through the pylorus and duodenal loop and reached the jejunum,with no complications.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2006BAD09A01, 200905020)the National Natural Science Fundation of China (30771661the 111 Project of China (B08049)
文摘The exceptionally large individual growth variation has been previously recognized in several sea cucumber cohorts. However, there is a lack of information regarding the mechanism of such individual differences. In this study, the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus （Selenka） was reared individually in order to eliminate possible effects of social interaction, stocking density, etc. The results showed that there were substantial differences in growth among the sea cucumber individuals during the 100-day experiment. The special growth rate of the sea cucumber individuals differed by up to three folds （from 0.40% to 1.01%）, and the coefficient of variation in body weight increased from 12.04% to 40.51%. The final wet body weight, food intake and food conversion efficiency for each sea cucumber were generally positively correlated with their initial wet body weight （P〈0.05）. Energy budget of the animals showed that the food energy spent on respiration was much greater （about four folds） but energy deposited for growth was much less for （initially） smaller than for larger A. japonicus. The present result implies that there are obvious genetic differences among the sea cucumber individuals, largely accounting for the individual growth variation of the cohort sea cucumber. These results will provide some basic data for promoting selective breeding and fanning of the sea cucumber.
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of Mirtazapine on tumor growth, food intake, body weight, and nutritional status in gemcitabine-induced mild cachexia. METHODS: Fourteen mice with subcutaneous xenografts of a pancreatic cancer cell line (SW1990) were randomly divided into Mirtazapine and control groups. Either Mirtazapine (10 mg/kg) or saline solution was orally fed to the mice every day after tumor implantation. A model of mild cachexia was then established in both groups by intraperitoneal injection of Gemcitabine (50 mg/kg) 10 d, 13 d, and 16 d after tumor implanta- tion. Tumor size, food intake, body weight, and nutritional status were measured during the experiment. All mice were sacrificed at day 28. RESULTS: (1) After 7 d of gemcitabine administration, body-weight losses of 5%-7% which suggested mild cachexia were measured; (2) No significant difference in tumor size was detected between the Mirtazapine and control groups (P > 0.05); and (3) During the entire experimental period, food intake and body weight were slightly greater for the Mirtazapine group compared with controls (although these differences were not statistically significant). After 21 d, mice in the Mirtazapine group consumed significantly more food than control mice (3.95 ± 0.14 g vs 3.54 ± 0.10 g, P = 0.004). After 25 d, mice in the Mirtazapine group were also significantly heavier than control mice (17.24 ± 0.53 g vs 18.05 ± 0.68 g, P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Mild cachexia model was successfully established by gemcitabine in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. Mirtazapine can improve gemcitabine-induced mild cachexia in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. It was believed to provide a potential therapeutic perspective for further studies on cachexia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30970435,31270443)the Zhejiang Provincial National Science Foundation of China(C030403)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund program of Laboratory of Lishui University(2014-26-10)the Scientific Research Foundation of Ph.D.in Lishui University(QD1301)
文摘Though light conditions are known to affect the development and anti-predation strategies of several aquatic species, relatively little is known about how different species react to light, or how light can affect these species during different points in their life-cycle. In this study, we used four sympatric anuran tadpoles （Bufo gargarizans, B. melanostictus, Pelophylax nigromaculatus and Microhyla fissipes） as animal system to examine species-specific activities of the underdoing different light intensity treatments, so as to better understand how they respond to light. We exposed four different species of tadpoles to 1660 and 14 lux light intensity treatments and then measured several parameters including development stage, body length and tail length, and as well as their basic activities. The results of this observation and analysis showed that the activities of tadpoles were significantly greater in B. gargarizans and B. melanostictus than in P. nigromaculatus and M. fissipes; and were also significantly greater during times of high light intensity as compared to during low light intensity. Moreover, the observed relationship between species and light intensity was significant. The activities ofB. gargarizans and B. melanostictus tadpoles were greater in high light, while the activity of P. nigromaculatus tadpoles was greater in low light intensity, while M. fissipes tadpoles showed no differences in either low or high intensity light. Furthermore, the activities orB. gargarizans, B. melanostictus and M. fissipes tadpoles in terms of developmental stage, body size or tail length did not seem to differ with light intensity, but during early larval developmental period of P. nigromaculatus, the activity of tadpoles was negatively correlated with development stage, but irrelevant to either body size or tail length in different light intensities. These results lead us to conclude the observed activities of the four sympatric anuran tadpoles are closely correlated with their specific anti-predation strategies.
文摘Background： Birch pollen sensitization and associated pollen-food syndrome among Chinese allergic patients have not been investigated. Methods： Sera from 203 allergic patients from the northern part of China and collected during February to July 2014 were investigated. Specific immunoglobulin E （IgE） against birch pollen extract Bet v and major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 were measured using the ADVIA Centaur. The presence of major apple allergen Mal d 1 and soy bean allergen Gly m 4 specific IgE was measured by ImmunoCAP 100. Results： Among the 203 sere, 34 sera （16.7%） had specific IgE to Bet v and of these, 28 sere （82.4%） contained Bet v 1-specific IgE. Among the 28 sera with Bet v 1-specific IgE, 27 sera （96.4%） contained Mal d 1-specific IgE and 22 sera （78.6%） contained Gly m 4-specific igE. Of the 34 Bet v-positive sera, 6 sera （17.6%） contained no specific IgE for Bet v 1, Mal d 1, or Gly m 4. Almost all Bet v-positive sera were donated during the birch pollen season. Conclusions： The prevalence of birch allergy among patients visiting health care during pollen season can be as high as 16.7% in Tangshan City. The majority of Chinese birch allergic patients are IgE-sensitized to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 as well as to the major apple allergen Mal d 1 and soy bean allergen Gly m 4. A relatively high number of patients （17.6%） are IgE-sensitized to birch pollen allergen（s） other than Bet v 1. The high prevalence of specific IgE to Mal d 1 and Gly m 4 among Bet v 1-sensitized patients indicates that pollen-food allergy syndrome could be of clinical relevance in China.
基金We are grateful to the Director and staff of Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve for their permission to conduct this research. We appreciate Gou ST, Zhang P, Zhu WW, Ren Y, Zhang D, Huang K, Zhang HY, Wu LL, Wang XW, Zhao HT, and Wang CL for their help during the study. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.31130061, No30970444., No.31200293）, the Talent Introduction Fund of Tianjin Nor- mal University （No.5RLII5）, and the Cosmo Oil Eco Card Fund of Japan （2005-2012）.
文摘We studied the responsiveness of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana, an arboreal Old World monkey, to the presence of novel stimuli associated with familiar food. We also determined differences in responses by age and sex. Results showed that monkeys exhibited neophilia and neophobia simultaneously when facing novel stimuli. Age affected the response to novel stimuli significantly, with immature individuals responding to novel stimuli most frequently and infants least frequently. No significant differences were observed for sex, although females were more responsive to the novel object than were males. Our results support the ＂readiness to eat＂ hypothesis that the presence of a novel object can increase latencies to consume familiar food .
文摘Alarm calls are emitted by Richardson＇s ground squirrels Urocitellus richardsonii in response to avian and terrestrial predators. Conspecifics detecting these calls respond with increased vigilance, promoting predator detection and evasion, but in doing so, lose time from foraging. That loss can be minimized if alarm call recipients discriminate among signalers, and weight their response accordingly. For juvenile ground squirrels, we predicted that the trade-off between foraging and vigilance could be optimized via selective response to alarm calls emitted by their own dam, and/or neighboring colony members over calls broad- cast by less familiar conspecifics. Alarm calls of adult female Richardson＇s ground squirrels were elicited in the field using a predator model and recorded on digital audio tape. Free-living focal juveniles were subjected to playbacks of a call of their mother, and on a separate occasion a call from either another adult female from their own colony, or an adult female from another colony. Neither immediate postural responses and escape behavior, nor the duration of vigilance manifested by juveniles differed with exposure to alarm calls of the three adult female signaler types. Thus, juveniles did not respond preferentially to alarm calls emitted by their mothers or colony members, likely reflecting the high cost of ignoring alarm signals where receivers have had limited opportunity to establish past signaler reliability [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 773-780, 2012].
文摘Background:Although intrinsic risk factors contributing to esophageal food impaction are well established,whether social behavior affects its occurrence has not yet been examined.Methods:We conducted a retrospective review of the gastroenterology endoscopy procedural documentation software for the period of 2001–2012 to identify all patients who presented to our emergency department for esophageal foreign-body removal at the time of national athletic events and holidays associated with dietary indiscretions.Results:We found that adults undergoing emergent esophagogastroduodenoscopy during periods celebrating cultural holidays and national athletic events were more likely to experience esophageal food impaction compared with those undergoing emergent endoscopy during periods not associated with these events(36.8% vs 3.6%;P<0.001):a 10-fold increase.During a national holiday/athletic event period,the most common impacted food item was turkey(50%)followed by chicken(29%)and beef(21%).Conclusions:Esophageal food impaction is more likely to occur on American holidays and national athletic events and is associated with large meals.Patients with intrinsic risk factors should be advised to modify their diet during cultural events associated with tachyphagia and large meals to prevent esophageal food impaction.
文摘Growing evidence exists that aposematic and toxic prey may be included in a predator＇s diet when the predator experiences physiological stress. The tree sparrow Passer montanus is known to have a significant portion of aposematic and toxic ladybirds in its natural diet. Here, we present experi- ments testing the attack and eating rate of the tree sparrow toward the invasive aposematic harle- quin ladybird Harmonia axyridis. We wondered whether the sparrow＇s ability to prey on native ladybirds predisposes them to also prey on harlequin ladybirds. We compared the attack and eat- ing rates of tree sparrows of particular age and/or experience classes to test for any changes during ontogeny （hand-reared x young wild-caught xadult wild-caught） and with differing perceived lev- els of physiological stress （summer adult ~ winter adult）. Winter adult tree sparrows commonly at- tacked and ate the offered ladybirds with no evidence of disgust or metabolic difficulties after in- gestion. Naive and wild immature tree sparrows attacked the ladybirds but hesitated to eat them. Adult tree sparrows caught in the summer avoided attacking the ladybirds. These results suggest that tree sparrows are able to cope with chemicals ingested along with the ladybirds. This pre- adaptation enables them to include ladybirds in their diet; though they commonly do this only in times of shortage in insect availability （winter）. Young sparrows showed avoidance toward the chemical protection of the ladybirds.
