新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺对家蚕的毒性

30%噻虫胺悬浮剂对家蚕3龄起蚕的急性食下毒性(LC50)为0.1463 mg/L,对家蚕剧毒;30%噻虫胺悬浮剂防治稻飞虱推荐使用浓度(100 mg/L)与对3龄起蚕LC50的毒性比为683.53,对养蚕生产具有极高风险性;30%噻虫胺悬浮剂100倍稀释药液对家蚕2龄起蚕无熏蒸毒性。30%噻虫胺悬浮剂1000倍、2000倍和4000倍在桑叶上的残毒期均在90 d以上,并且在桑叶上的内吸作用极强,可向上传导至未喷药的桑叶。噻虫胺对家蚕的中毒症状主要表现为拒食,胸部膨大,吐液,身体缩短,呈“S”形等。建议蚕桑地区使用噻虫胺须远离桑园,以免对养蚕生产造成危害。

甘肃连城自然保护区大型真菌资源研究

在甘肃省连城自然保护区采集到大型真菌标本1600余株,通过形态特征与分子生物学相结合的方法,鉴定出284种,隶属于2门、7纲、17目、66科、142属;其中优势科包括6科,主要有蘑菇科(Agaricaceae)、小脆柄菇科(Psathyrellaceae)及丝盖伞科(Inocybaceae)等;优势属有13个,主要有丝盖伞属(Inocybe)、蘑菇属(Agaricus)和杯伞属(Clitocybe)等。该保护区食(药)用菌资源丰富(食用菌46种,药用菌42种),但还有大量物种的食毒性尚不明确(153种),有待进一步调查研究。该研究结果为保护区大型真菌资源的保护和合理利用提供理论依据。

Review:Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops

Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere, soil and water, even in traces can cause serious problems to all organisms, and heavy metal bioaccumulation in the food chain especially can be highly dangerous to human health. Heavy metals enter the human body mainly through two routes namely: inhalation and ingestion, ingestion being the main route of exposure to these elements in human population. Heavy metals intake by human populations through food chain has been reported in many countries. Soil threshold for heavy metal toxicity is an important factor affecting soil environmental capacity of heavy metal and determines heavy metal cumulative loading limits. For soil-plant system, heavy metal toxicity threshold is the highest permissible content in the soil (total or bioavailable concentration) that does not pose any phytotoxic effects or heavy metals in the edible parts of the crops does not exceed food hygiene standards. Factors affecting the thresholds of dietary toxicity of heavy metal in soil-crop system include: soil type which includes soil pH, organic matter content, clay mineral and other soil chemical and biochemical properties; and crop species or cultivars regulated by genetic basis for heavy metal transport and accumulation in plants. In addition, the interactions of soil-plant root-microbes play important roles in regulating heavy metal movement from soil to the edible parts of crops. Agronomic practices such as fertilizer and water managements as well as crop rotation system can affect bioavailability and crop accumulation of heavy metals, thus influencing the thresholds for assessing dietary toxicity of heavy metals in the food chain. This paper reviews the phytotoxic effects and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables and food crops and assesses soil heavy metal thresholds for potential dietary toxicity.

Randomized clinical trial on seven-day-per-week continuous accelerated irradiation for patients with esophageal carcinoma: Preliminary report on tumor response and acute toxicity

AIM: Tumor response and normal tissue toxicity of seven-day-per-week continuous accelerated irradiation (CAIR) for patients with esophageal carcinoma were evaluated and compared to conventional irradiation (CR). METHODS: Sixty patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were randomized into two groups: the CAIR group (30 patients) and the CR group (30 pa- tients). Patients in the CAIR group received radiotherapy (RT) with 2 Gy/fraction per day at 7 d/wk with a total dose of 50-70 Gy (average dose 64.2 Gy). The overall time of irradiation was 3.6-5.0 wk (average 4.6 wk). RT in the CR group was 2 Gy/fraction per day at 5 d/wk with a total dose of 40-70 Gy (average dose 61.7 Gy). The overall time of irradiation was 4.0-7.0 wk (average 6.4 wk). RESULTS: The data showed that the immediate tumor response to RT was better in the CAIR group than in the CR group. Efficiency rates (CR plus PR) were 82.8% (24/29) and 58.6% (17/29), respectively (P = 0.047). In both groups the incidences of esophagitis and tracheitis were insignificant (P = 0.376, 0.959), and no patient re- ceived toxicity that could not be tolerated. CONCLUSION: CAIR shortens overall treatment time and is well tolerated by patients. It may be superior to CR in enhancing the local response of tumor, but its remote effect for esophageal carcinoma awaits further follow-up.

Hepatoxicity associated with weight-loss supplements: A case for better post-marketing surveillance

There is a growing number of case reports of hepatoxicity from the widely marketed weight-loss supplement Hydroxycut, which contains the botanical ingredient Garcinia cambogia . These case reports may substantially undercount the true magnitude of harm. Based on the past experience with harmful dietary supplements, US regulators should assume the more precautionary approach favored by Canada and Europe. Lacking effective adverse event surveillance for supplements, or the requirements to prove safety prior to coming to the market, case reports such as those summarized here assume added importance.

Cytotoxicity Research of Recombinant Human Lactoferrin on Primary Hepatocyte and Nephrocyte Cell

[Objective] The aim was to study whether recombinant Human Lactoferrin has toxic effect on Primary Hepatocyte and Nephrocyte Cell of rat to provide reference for further safety evaluation.[Method] Recombinant Human Lactoferrin and its digested products were taken as tested compound,cow Lactoferrin was used for contrast.Primary Hepatocyte and Nephrocyte Cell of rat were cultured and IC50 values were tested by MTT,and cytotoxic dose-response relationship was tested.[Result]Target toxicity was not found from recombinant Human Lactoferrin on hepatocytes and nephrocytes,in accordance with sub-chronic toxicity test.[Conclusion] This study is of reference value for further safety evaluation of recombinant Human Lactoferrin and safety of evaluation method of GM food.

Significance of Biogenic Amines in Foods and Their Reduction Methods

The term ＂biogenic amines＂ defines decarboxylation products such as histamine, putrescine, serotonin, tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine and also aliphatic polyamines. They can be detected in both raw and processed foods. In the recent years, there is a great interest in biogenic amines as they are associated with quality, safety and freshness of some foods, particularly fermented foods. The presence of biogenic amines in foods can also be used as an indicator of hygienic quality. Biogenic amines also cause health hazards due to their toxic effects especially in sensitive individuals. It is therefore important to control and reduce the biogenic amines. The reduction can be brought about by the use of high pressure, irradiation, packaging, additives, starter cultures and by reduction of decarboxylase activity and temperature. This review summarizes the significance, function, occurrence and formation of biogenic amines in different foods and their reduction by different methods.

Genotoxicity of Synthetic Food Colorants

A study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity, if any, of the permitted synthetic food colorants used in India. Eight synthetic food colorants namely Erythrosine （E 127）, Tartrazine （E 102）, Ponceau 4R （E 124）, Sunset Yellow FCF （E 110）, Brilliant Blue FCF （E133）, Fast Green FCF （E143）, Carmoisine （E122） and Indigo Carmine （E132） and their combination are used in sweets namely Ladu, Jilebi and Halwa in Calicut and suburban areas of Kerala, in India. The genotoxicity of the colorants alone and in combinations at different concentrations were evaluated by Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus （CBMN） Assay. It was observed that all the above colorants and their combinations could cause genotoxicity to human lymphocytes even at the permissible concentration of 100 ppm as per PFA （Prevention of Food Adulteration） Act of India. The toxicity varied from dye to dye and was proportional to their concentration. Combination of colors showed more toxicity than the individual components. Toxicity could be reduced drastically by reducing the concentration of the dyes at least 50% below the permissible limit. Permitted synthetic food colorants even at the permissible limit should be used with caution. This study demonstrated the need for redefining the permissible limit of the food colorants based on Admissible Daily Intake （ADI） as being practiced in developed countries.

The Protective Effect of Jiujiuguiyi, a Medicine and Food Homologous Formula, on Acute Alcohol Poisoning Mice

Background: Nowadays, acute alcoholic intoxication has become the third public problem in China, and the anti-inebriation products mainly aimed at increasing the activity of enzyme involved in the alcohol metabolism, which is a single mechanism that can accelerate alcohol metabolism. Thus, a new formula, Jiujiuguiyi (JJGY) which could protect liver, relieve the abnormal excitability of the center and improve muscle retardation at the same time is designed by us. Methods: The model of acute alcoholic intoxication was established by intragastric administration with 0.12 ml/10g 50% alcohol in mice. JJGY was orally administrated (gavage) once a day for 20 consecutive days before the establishment of acute alcoholic model. Mice were randomly divided into 8 groups with 8 each: blank control group (CON), model group (M), Haiwangjinzun positive control group (HWJZ), experimental groups (AL, AH, BL, BH, AB). Giant, crawling time on the rota-rod, the activities of aspartate amino trans- ferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in both liver and serum, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in liver as well as the HE staining of liver slices, the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were determined after acute alcoholic intoxication. Results: Compared with model group, JJGY significantly decreased the AST and ALT activity in liver and serum and MDA activity in serum. Meanwhile, it enhanced the ADH and ALDH level in liver as well as the hepatic and serous SOD activity, indicating more efficient metabolism of alcohol and less hepatic injury. HE staining results also proved that JJGY could reduce alcoholic liver cell injury, and the effect was more obvious in the group medicated before alcohol administration. Moreover, JJGY significantly prolonged the crawling time on the rota-rod and improved the gait of mice and the effect was proved to be better than the widely used health product Haiwangjinzun. Conclusions: This study suggests that JJGY is able to protect liver, relieve the abnormal excitability of the center and improve muscle retardation after acute alcoholic intoxication. Its liver protection effect is likely related to its modulation on the alcohol metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes.