The Developmental Stages of Rice （Bap） Culture in Korea： From Food Insufficiency towards Trade Dependency

The aim of this paper is to examine the developmental stages of rice culture in Korea. It is divided into five sections： （1） first stage （Japanese colonial period-1959）： absolute food insufficiency, （2） second stage （1960s）： encouraging the use of flour ＆ rice with mixed grains for food, （3） third stage （1970s）： rice self-sufficiency, （4） fourth stage （1980s）： change of rice culture, （5） fitch stage （since1990s）： stabilization/stagnation of rice culture in the era of globalization.

农作物传播视角下的欧亚大陆史前东西方文化交流

欧亚大陆东西方文化交流的历史是广受关注的科学问题,考古证据显示至少可追溯至青铜时代早期,但具体的时间和路线并不清楚.文化交流过程伴随着农作物的传播与交换,相对于考古遗物,农作物遗存鉴定标准明确且可精确定年,是研究文化交流过程的理想材料.本文总结和对比了欧亚大陆史前遗址的植物大遗存鉴定和直接测年数据,以及人骨碳同位素分析结果,系统梳理了东亚起源的农作物粟黍西传,西亚起源的农作物小麦和大麦东传,及其相互汇聚的时空过程.结合其他考古材料,探讨史前欧亚大陆东西方文化交流的过程.结果显示,约10500a BP起源于西亚地区的小麦和大麦在8000a BP之前传入欧洲和中亚西部,4500~4000a BP传入中亚东部和中国西北地区.粟黍在7700a BP之前驯化于中国北方,4500~4000a BP传入中亚东部,3500a BP后传入西亚和欧洲.约4400a BP在中亚东部的哈萨克斯坦地区出现黍和小麦、大麦同时利用的迹象,可能是东西方文化元素最早汇聚的地区.4500~3500a BP粟黍和麦类作物混合利用的现象主要出现在中亚东部和中国西北地区,其后扩散至欧亚大陆的东西两侧.上述研究暗示跨大陆东西方文化交流可能始于距今5千纪,在青铜时代得到强化,为汉代的丝绸之路的开凿奠定了重要的基础.

Perceptions of Local People toward Wild Edible Plant Gathering and Consumption:Insights from the Q-method in Hani Terraces

Wild edible plants(WEPs)can provide a variety of provisioning services and cultural services but they are currently under-utilized.Understanding farmers’perceptions of the collection and consumption of wild edible plant resources is essential for promoting local socio-ecological system resilience and local wild plant resource use.This paper uses the Q-method to investigate the main perspectives of farmers toward collecting and consuming wild edible plants in the Honghe Hani Terraces region of Yunnan Province.This analysis identified four main perspective types among the farmers,including market-driven,household user-driven,cultural service seekers,and tradition followers.It revealed the main factors that limit and facilitate farmers’WEP collection and consumption,including limitations due to loss of traditional knowledge,and changes in socioeconomic conditions that negatively affect WEP collection and consumption;while,on the other hand,the demand for WEP-related cultural services and the presence of a strong culture slowed down changes in dietary structure,which in turn have maintained WEP collection and consumption.The Q-method can help in identifying the relationship between community residents and local wild plant resource use in rapidly transitioning areas and in identifying the barriers that affect the resilience of local socio-ecological systems.

古代农作物传播的“高原之路”

史前欧亚大陆农作物与家养动物的传播极大地改变了各个地区的生产与生活方式,对人类社会发展产生了深远的影响。一般认为,东方的粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum milliaceum)、稻(Oryza sativa sub.japonica),与西方麦类作物相向传播的路线,有欧亚“草原之路”或经中亚-新疆-河西走廊的“绿洲之路”。近些年来,青藏高原及周边新发现和发掘了一批重要考古遗址,出土了一批农作物遗存。本研究系统梳理了青藏高原及周边考古遗址出土的农作物遗存,根据农作物遗存的时空分布,发现无论是驯化自东亚的粟、黍、粳稻向南亚的传播,还是驯化自西亚的大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、小麦(Triticum aestivum),以及驯化自南亚的籼稻(Oryza sativa sub.indica)向东亚的传播,都可能存在跨喜马拉雅的对向传播,遂提出农作物经欧亚大陆高海拔区域传播的“高原之路”假说。