食物变化量对艾虎取食行为的影响

在室内条件下,通过双通道选择实验比较艾虎在不同饥饿条件下对固定食物量斑块和变化食物量斑块的利用程度,确定艾虎对食物变化量的敏感性,以验证风险敏感取食原理。研究结果表明,训练期实验中,艾虎对固定食物量斑块中的取食量和利用频次明显高于变化食物量斑块,而对两个斑块的利用时间基本相同;艾虎饥饿一天后对固定食物量斑块中的利用频次明显高于变化食物量斑块,而对两个斑块的利用时间和取食量基本相同;艾虎饥饿两天后对两个斑块利用程度与训练期的结果相同;同时,艾虎在两个斑块中的取食量均与饥饿程度无关,而对两个斑块的利用时间和利用频次均随饥饿程度明显降低。因此,艾虎对固定食物量斑块和变化食物量斑块的利用程度基本相同,食物变化量对艾虎的取食行为没有明显影响,艾虎对食物变化量是不敏感的。产生这种结果的主要原因可能是艾虎的能量代谢水平较低,在食物受到限制时主要采用降低活动使单位活动时间内所获得的能量值达到最大的取食对策增加自身的存活机率。

云南昆明不同产地滇蛙的食物变化比较

要真正了解一种蛙的生态习性及食性,调查和分析其不同种群、不同生长阶段和不同性别的年周期食物组成是必要的。自1998年5月至2003年11月在昆明白龙寺、花红洞和西街口逐月采集滇蛙Rana pleuraglen标本进行食性分析,结果表明,滇蛙种群间和不同生长阶段、及雌雄个体间的食量百分比上有差异。Kruskal-Wallis检验结果显示,不同种群间和不同生长阶段的食物量组成无显著差异。Mann-Whitney U检验和Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z检验结果显示,各产地雌雄滇蛙食物量组成均无显著差异。滇蛙的食物类群相对丰富,反映它是捕食的多面手。昆明地区气候稳定,不同小地域农田生境的昆虫相几乎相同。这是食物成分相同的主要原因。而滇蛙不同种群的食物成分中,一些类群所占的比例不完全相同,又反映出三地气候和/或昆虫相的微小差异。幼年组食物中双翅目和膜翅的成分高于成年I、II组的。这可能与上述食物类群富含幼年组个体所需要的营养成分或者比例较高有关,所以它们食之较多。

基于食物消费变化的种养供需预测及结构调整路径研究

基于食物消费变化开展种养供需预测及结构调整,对坚守粮食安全底线、保障大食物供给总体安全具有重要意义。本文在系统梳理我国食物消费结构特征、种养发展态势的基础上,定量测算了与种养密切相关的口粮、饲料粮、粗饲料的需求端/供给端数据,获得了供需平衡分析结果。针对性提出了调整方向:重点扩大蛋白饲料作物、油料作物和优质牧草种植,稳定猪禽、大力发展草食畜牧业,强化大食物观理念、多途径开发食物来源。阐述了实现路径:优化种植结构和调整区域布局,发展种养结合循环农业,构建多元化食物供给体系,全面提升农业科技创新能力。研究建议,构建与大食物观相适应的政策体系和技术支撑体系,构建粮食产业资源配置向产地倾斜的政策体系,构建区域协同发展机制,调整口粮、饲料粮和饲草种植政策和统计口径,更好保障国家粮食安全。

食物消费变化对农村产业融合发展的影响——以四川省攀枝花市盐边县为例

随着经济水平的提高以及居民消费观念和生活习惯的转变,营养健康、方便快捷的食品需求日渐增强,有机、绿色、无公害的农产品加工品日益受到青睐。通过对居民消费变化的分析,发现加工食品已成为消费主流,越来越多的村镇积极调整产业结构,大力发展农产品加工业来满足消费升级,从而促进了农村产业融合发展。

20世纪南极菲尔德斯半岛毛皮海豹食谱比例变化的同位素混合模型比较分析

稳定同位素比值分析已成功用于示踪动物的食物来源研究,近年来已发展了多个同位素混合模型用于计算混合物中多来源物质的组成比例。本文以过去百年来南极菲尔德斯半岛南极毛皮海豹(Arctocephalus gazella)毛发的C、N同位素数据为基础,运用同位素混合模型中的欧几里得距离法、线性模型和贝叶斯模型进行计算、分析和比较,得到毛皮海豹食谱中南极磷虾(Euphausia superb)、南极电灯鱼(Electrona antarctica)和尼氏裸灯鱼(Gymnoscopelus nicholsi)所占比例随时间的变化趋势。各模型计算得出的结果可分为两组,分别是欧几里得距离法公式(1)和(2)的结果,表现为近百年来毛皮海豹食谱中Euphausia superb比例与其毛发稳定N同位素比值呈同步上升的趋势;第二组为欧几里得距离法公式(3)、线性模型和贝叶斯模型的结果,Euphausia superb比例与毛皮海豹毛稳定N同位素比值呈反相关关系。综合对比研究区域气候、海冰环境变化背景和已有的南极磷虾种群密度调查资料分析,第二组模型结果与实际情况较为相符,可用于讨论食物比例的时间变化趋势。近百年来,菲尔德斯半岛毛皮海豹食谱中Euphausia superb的比例显著下降,很可能是由于区域气候快速变暖和海冰的消退造成的。本文的计算结果指示西南极半岛气候变暖已显著影响到区域海洋食物链变化。

持久性有机污染物在水生食物网中的传递行为

食物网是持久性有机污染物(POPs)在水生生态系统中传递的重要途径,了解其传递行为与机制是POPs生态暴露风险评价的科学基础。从4个方面展开了讨论和分析:(1)食物网主要特征(营养级和食物链长度)与POPs环境行为的关系;(2)POPs在底栖及底栖-浮游耦合食物网中的环境行为;(3)微食物网对POPs环境行为的作用;(4)食物网的变化对POPs环境行为的影响。主要结论如下:(1)已有研究对水生生物中POPs生物放大作用存在较大争议。一般营养级越高,POPs生物富集性越强,但由于各种生态和生理性质的影响,也存在例外情况。食物链长度与POPs生物富集性呈正相关。(2)POPs通过底栖食物网将沉积物中的POPs向上传递,底栖-浮游食物网的耦合提高了高营养级消费者的暴露风险,目前就POPs在底栖食物网中的生物放大性是否大于浮游食物网存在争议。(3)微生物具有较大的比表面积,是吸附POPs的重要载体。另,沉积物中的微生物通过分解有机质,将POPs释放到水柱中。微生物降解也是环境中POPs脱离环境的重要途径。(4)在内、外压力下,食物网结构和功能发生变化,使物质和能量的传递方向和效率发生改变,并与环境理化性质的变化互相耦合,影响POPs的环境行为。当前研究的重点多集中在POPs在浮游食物网,尤其是高营养级浮游食物网中的环境行为,对POPs在底栖及底栖-浮游耦合食物网和微食物网中环境行为的研究相对缺乏。有关POPs在食物网中环境行为的研究多集中在食物网的某个部分,时间尺度较短,缺乏对POPs环境行为动态变化的研究,未来需深入开展多尺度和多角度的POPs在食物网中环境行为的动态变化研究。新型POPs的生产和使用量不断增加,但有关其在食物网中环境行为的相关分析还较为匮乏,需加强研究。

日韩粮食消费结构变化特征及对我国未来农产品需求的启示

随着中国经济持续快速发展和人民生活水平不断提高,中国农业比较优势、生产结构和居民消费结构都发生了显著改变,引发了对中国未来粮食安全的新一轮讨论。本文从日韩人均食物消费过去50年的变化特征,预测中国口粮消费在未来将进一步下降,而高附加值农产品需求将显著增长,国家亟需制定面向未来的"粮食安全"新战略。

Seasonal Changes in Food Uptake by the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in a Farm Pond: Evidence from C and N Stable Isotopes

This study investigated the seasonal changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope values of several typical food sources of Apostichopus japonicus in a farm pond, including particulate organic matter (POM), macroalgae, benthic microalgae and animals such as nematode and copepod. The stable isotope technique was used to quantify relative contributions of various sources to the food uptake by A. japonicus. The results showed that significant changes occurred in the C and N stable isotope values of sea cucumber food sources due to the seasonality of micro-or macroalgae prosperity and the fluctuation of environmental conditions. The sea cucumber A. japonicus exhibited corresponding alterations in feeding strategy in response to the changes in food conditions. Calculation with a stable isotope mixing model showed that macroalgae was the principal food source for A. japonicus throughout the 1-yr investigation, with the relative contribution averaging 28.1% - 63.2%. The relative contributions of other food sources such as copepod and nematode, POM, benthic microalgae to the total food uptake by sea cucumber averaged 22.6% - 39.1%, 6.3% - 22.2%, 2.8% - 6.5%, and 2.8% - 4.2%, respectively. Together these results indicated that the seasonal changes in food sources led to the obvious temporal differences in the relative contribution of various food sources utilized by A. japonicus. Such findings provide the basic scientific information for improving the aquaculture techniques of A. japonicus, particularly for optimizing the food environment of A. japonicus culture in farm ponds.

The foraging behavior of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata in a forested enclosure: Effects of nutrient composition,energy and its seasonal variation on the consumption of natural plant foods

In the wild, primate foraging behaviors are related to the diversity and nutritional properties of food, which are affected by seasonal variation. The goal of environmental enrichment is to stimulate captive animals to exhibit similar foraging behavior of their wild counterparts, e.g. to extend foraging time. We conducted a 12-month study on the foraging behavior of Japanese macaques in a semi-naturally forested enclosure to understand how they use both provisioned foods and naturally available plant foods and what are the nutritional criteria of their consumption of natural plants. We recorded time spent feeding on provisioned and natural plant foods and collected the plant parts ingested of their major plant food species monthly, when available. We conducted nutritional analysis （crude protein, crude lipid, neutral detergent fiber-‘NDF＇, ash） and calculated total non-structural carbohydrate - ‘TNC＇ and total energy of those food items. Monkeys spent 47% of their feeding time foraging on natural plant species. The consumption of plant parts varied significantly across seasons. We found that leaf items were consumed in months when crude protein, crude protein-to-NDF ratio, TNC and total energy were significantly higher and NDF was significantly lower, fruit/nut items in months when crude protein and TNC were significantly higher and crude lipid content was significantly lower, and bark items in months when TNC and total energy were higher and crude lipid content was lower. This preliminary investigation showed that the forested enclosure allowed troop members to more fully express their species typical flexible behavior by challenging them to adjust their foraging behavior to seasonal changes of plant item diversity and nutritional content, also providing the possibility for individuals to nutritionally enhance their diet .

Mean trophic level of coastal fisheries landings in the Persian Gulf(Hormuzgan Province), 2002–2011

Fishing activities can alter the structure of marine food webs by the selective removal of some species. The changes in the marine food webs of the Hormuzgan waters of the Persian Gulf, Iran were assessed, based on estimates of the mean trophic index （MTI） and Fishing in Balance index （FIB）, and on landing profile of the exploited marine community （49 species） during the period, 2002-2011. The total landings （Yt） （R=0.88, P〈0.001） increased gradually while the Y~ of carnivores has slightly declined, and the Yt of herbivores, detritivores and omnivores has increased. Consequently, the MTI significantly decreased （R=-0.69, P〈0.05） at a rate of 0.1 l during this decade. The MTI showed a decreasing trend, which indicates exploitation of marine resources. The FiB index also showed a downward trend and negative values from 2002 to 2009, which may be associated with unbalanced structure in the fisheries, but an upward trend from 2009 to 20ll. The time variation of the landing profile showed two periods with significant differences in their species composition （R=0.88; P=0.005）, and based on analysis of similarity, species have been identified as discriminator species, namely Thunnus albacores and Benthosema pterotum. Results indicate that changes in MTI reflected changes in the Hormuzgan landing structure. The examination of the MTI, FBI, and landing profile （LP） temporal pattern suggests that the status of fishery resources in Hormuzgan inshore waters is overexploited, and provides evidence of the probability that a fishing down process is occurring in this area, and that this trend may continue in the long-tenn. Therefore, environmental fisheries management and conservation programs should be prioritized for these valuable resources.

The Research of the Influential Factors of Wearing Comfort of Functional Underwear

Along with the rich material life, the change of the diet structure, people＇s shape also began to change.With performance m females is the body fat＇s increasing, the shape is not beautiful, therefore, body sculpting underwear has become the first choice for women to pursue beauty.To the requirement of sculpting body underwear is also becoming higher and higher for women.Comfortable and fashion is the sign of measuring a sculpting body underwear quality. This paper introduces the development history of sculpting body underwear, sculpting body underwear comfort evaluation index.And from the three aspects of the human body, clothing, environment do research to sculpting body underwear about the influence factors of wearing comfort.lt provides the certain reference value for consumers to purchase the sculpting body underwear and for enterprise to product sculpting body underwear.

城市生态系统能-水-食物-土地-气候的“物理量与政策效果”双维耦合研究综述

城市生态系统内部各组分之间存在着错综复杂的关系,任一组分的变化会对其他组分产生不同程度的影响.快速的城市化进程带来了一系列影响城市可持续发展的问题.若想从根本上消除这些可持续发展隐患,需要采用"耦合"方法.本文明晰了"耦合"的3种应用情景及相应定义表述,同时对城市耦合理论发展脉络进行梳理,分别从物理耦合视角及政策效果耦合视角进行能-水-食物-土地-气候变化(EWFLC)五系统两两分析总结.从物理耦合视角解读发现,目前的耦合研究大多集中在城市尺度,并且主要针对两个系统之间的直接耦合关系,间接耦合关系研究相对缺乏,两系统的关联多会对社会和经济产生积极影响.从政策效果耦合视角来看,目前针对五系统的政策多面向直接解决目标系统问题,政策实施的中间目标大多可量化,且政策效果评估大多含有多个指标.在此基础上,本文提出了可同时结合物理耦合及政策效益耦合的城市EWFLC五系统分析框架,旨在帮助城市开展政策遴选,实现城市可持续发展.

Climate change and contrasting plasticity in timing of a two-step migration episode of an Arctic-nesting avian herbivore

Greenland white-fronted geese Anser albifrons flavirostris wintering in Britain and Ireland migrate over the sea for 700-1200 km to stage 3-5 weeks in Iceland in spring, continuing a similar distance over the sea and Greenland Ice Cap to West Greenland breeding grounds. During 1969 to 2012, the geese advanced the mean departure date from Ireland by 15 days, during which time also they attained threshold fat stores earlier as well as departing in fatter condition. Over that period, Iceland spring-staging geese shifted from consuming underground plant storage organs to grazing managed hayfields, which provide fresh grass growth despite sub-zero temperatures, when traditional natural foods are inaccessible in frozen substrates. In 2012 and 2013, geese arrived three weeks earlier to Iceland, in fatter condition and accumulated fat significantly slower than in 1997-1999 and 2007. Although geese accumulated sufficient fat stores earlier in Iceland in 2007, 2012 and 2013, they departed around the same date as in 1997-1999, prolonging spring staging by three weeks. Plasticity in winter departure dates is likely due to improved winter feeding conditions （enabling earlier departure in better condition） and a novel predictable food resource in Iceland. Greenland white-fronted geese attained threshold fat stores in Iceland earlier, but remained rather than departing earlier to Greenland. Despite arriving earlier in Iceland, arrival dates on the breeding areas have not changed since the 1880s, presumably because of relatively constant cool springs and heavy snowfall in West Greenland during recent years [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 233-242, 2014].

Field body temperature and thermal preference of the big-headed turtle Platysternon megacephalum

The big-headed turtle Platysternon megacephalum is a stream-dwelling species whose ecology is poorly known. We carried out field and laboratory investigations to determine field body temperatures and thermal preference of this species. In the field, the body temperatures of the turtles conformed to the water temperature, with little diel variation in either summer or au- tumn. Over the diel cycle, the mean body temperatures ranged from 20.8℃ to 22.2℃ in summer and from 19.3℃ to 21.2℃ in autumn; the highest body temperatures ranged from 22.1℃ to 25.0℃ in summer and from 20.6℃ to 23.8℃ in autumn. In the laboratory, the preferred body temperature （Tp） was 25.3℃ Food intake was maximized at 24.0℃, whereas locomotor perfor- mance peaked at 30.0℃. Consequently, Tp was closer to the thermal optimum for food intake than for locomotion. Therefore, this freshwater turtle has relative low field body temperatures corresponding to its thermal environment. In addition, the turtle prefers low temperatures and has a low optimal temperature for food intake [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 626-632, 20＇13].

Moose at their bioclimatic edge alter their behavior based on weather, landscape, and predators

Populations inhabiting the bioclimatic edges of a species＇ geographic range face an increasing amount of stress from alterations to their environment associated with climate change. Moose Alces alces are large-bodied ungulates that are sensitive to heat stress and have exhibited population declines and range contractions along their southern geographic extent. Using a hidden Markov model to analyze movement and accelerometer data, we assigned behaviors （rest, forage, or travel） to all locations of global positioning system-collared moose （n = 13, moose-years = 19） living near the southern edge of the species＇ range in and around Voyageurs National Park, MN, USA. We assessed how moose behavior changed relative to weather, landscape, and the presence of predators. Moose sig- nificantly reduced travel and increased resting behaviors at ambient temperatures as low as 15~C and 24~C during the spring and summer, respectively. In general, moose behavior changed season- ally in association with distance to lakes and ponds. Moose used wetlands for travel throughout the year, rested in conifer forests, and foraged in shrublands. The influence of wolves Canis lupus varied among individual moose and season, but the largest influence was a reduction in travel during spring when near a wolf home range core, primarily by pregnant females. Our analysis goes beyond habitat selection to capture how moose alter their activities based on their environment. Our findings, along with climate change forecasts, suggest that moose in this area will be required to further alter their activity patterns and space use in order to find sufficient forage and avoid heat stress.

Color change in a marine isopod is adaptive in reducing predation

Although background matching is a common form of camouflage across a wide diversity of animals, there has been surprisingly little experimental work testing the fitness consequences of this camouflage strategy, especially in marine ecosystems. In this study, we tested whether color camouflage enhances survival of the intertidal marine isopod Pentidotea （Idotea） wosnesenskii, quantified patterns of camouflage in different algal habitats, and examined how algal diet affected color change and growth using laboratory assays. In the field, isopods collected from two differently colored algal habitats （the brown alga Fucus distichus and the red alga Odonthaliafloccosa） matched the color of their respective algal habitats, and also differed significantly in body size： smaller red isopods were found on red algae, while larger brown isopods were found on brown algae. Predation ex- periments demonstrated these color differences had fitness benefits： brown isopods that matched their brown algae habitats sur- vived at higher rates than red unmatched isopods. Surprisingly, despite the propensity of isopods to match their algal habitats, algal diet had no effect on color change in color change experiments. Instead, isopods in all treatments turned browner, matching the color of the algal habitat that many isopods are found on as adults. In summary, our data supported our hypothesis that back- ground matching serves an adaptive function in reducing predation, with important evolutionary implications for explaining the wide variation in color change mechanisms in idoteid isopods [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 739-748, 2015].

Deficiency of cystathionine gamma-lyase and hepatic cholesterol accumulation during mouse fatty liver development

Abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism is a key component of fatty liver development with excess fat deposition in the liver through steatosis. Cystathionine gamma-lyase （CSE） is one of the enzymes that catalyze hydrogen sulfide （HAS） production in the liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CSE/H2S in hepatic regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Wild-type （WT） and CSE knockout （CSE-KO） mice fed with high-fat diet （HFD） were analyzed for liver morphological and biochemical changes. HFD feeding of CSE-KO mice, not WT mice, markedly increased cholesterol levels in plasma and livers, and the sizes of the liver and gall bladder. Typical histological and biochemical changes of fatty liver disease were found in CSE-KO mice with damaged liver functions. The levels of plasma and liver triglyceride were significantly lower in HFD-fed CSE-KO mice than in HFD-fed WT mice. Moreover, the expression of nuclear receptors transcriptional factors, especially LXRα, in the liver was decreased in both control diet-or HFD-fed CSE-KO mice. Decreased expression of CYP7A1, an LXRα targeted gene, halted catabolism of cholesterol into bile and subsequently led to cholesterol accumulation in the liver and gall bladder. Since deficiency in CSE/H2S pathway results in high susceptibility to HFD- induced fatty liver, targeting at CSE/H2S pathway in the liver may represent a novel strategy against the development of fatty liver damage.