食物交换份数测算列线图与血糖负荷值概念联合应用的效果观察

目的:探讨食物交换份数测算列线图与血糖负荷值概念联合应用在2型糖尿病患者饮食教育中的有效性。方法:将96例2型糖尿病患者随机分为观察组47例和对照组49例,观察组采用食物交换份数测算列线图联合血糖负荷值概念的食物交换份法进行糖尿病饮食教育,对照组采用传统的食物交换份法进行糖尿病饮食教育。干预3个月后,对两组患者空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白作为评价指标进行效果评价。结果:两组患者空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:食物交换份数测算列线图与血糖负荷值概念联合应用可提高2型糖尿病患者饮食教育的效果、改善血糖水平。

糖尿病食物交换份数测算列线图应用的效果评价

目的:探讨食物交换份数测算列线图用于Ⅱ型糖尿病患者饮食教育的有效性。方法:将120例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者随机分为干预组和对照组各60例。干预组在传统饮食教育基础上,教会患者使用食物交换份数测算列线图计算主副食物交换份数,并灵活变换安排至三餐之中。对照组采用传统饮食教育。对两组患者干预3个月后以空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白为评价指标进行效果评价。结果:两组患者空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:食物交换份数测算列线图可提高Ⅱ型糖尿病患者饮食教育的效果。

从食物链的作用看生态伪科学

伪科学与科学的关系就像癌细胞与细胞的关系——有科学的地方肯定就会有伪科学。相对经济来说，环保是一个小众领域，何况自然界奥妙无穷、现代人繁忙无暇，但由于种种原因，目前生态、环境的确算得上是前卫、时髦话题，因此这些领域伪专家们的百草齐放、百假争鸣也分外集中；各种术士或者方家也很有兴趣在此领域炼丹，做些在功能上类似对正常细胞进行过量核辐射的工作，

最低生活保障标准计算方法和调整机制创新研究——对北京市的应用与检验

针对目前各地采用不同方法确定最低生活保障线,应统一最低生活保障线的计算方法,将其划分为食物线和非食物线两部分:食物线根据热量支出法计算得到,非食物线则以低收入群体的恩格尔系数计算得到。最低生活保障线的调整机制为:食物线与食品价格指数挂钩,非食物线与社会平均收入水平挂钩。北京市的实证研究表明,采用这一新方法得到的理论最低生活保障标准均优于实际最低生活保障标准。

Study on the Biological Diversity of Nematode-trapping Fungi in Erhai Lake

[Objective]The research aimed to investigate the biological diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in the sediment of Erhai Lake.[Method]616 pieces of sediments were collected from Erhai Lake.The traditional classification and identification methods were used to isolate,purify and identify.[Result]3 genera and 22 species of nematode-trapping fungi were isolated.Arthrobotrys oligospora,A.musiformis and Dactylella leptospora were the dominant species,and their detection rates were 28.05%,16.04% and 8.92% respectively.By analyzing the diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in four seasons,it was found that the biological diversity was richer in summer,spring and autumn,and the diversity indexes were 2.59,2.47 and 2.34 respectively.The diversity index in winter was 1.48 and was lower.Species forming the adhesive nets were predominant;positive rate was 41.00%.[Conclusion]The rich nematode-trapping fungi resource existed in Erhai Lake,and its biological diversity had the seasonal variation characteristic.The nematode-trapping fungi which formed the viscous net were the dominant species in Erhai Lake.

Nonlinear predator-prey singularly perturbed Robin Problems for reaction diffusion systems

The nonlinear predator-prey reaction diffusion systems for singularly perturbed Robin Problems are considered. Under suitable conditions, the theory of differential inequalities can be used to study the asymptotic behavior of the solution for initial boundary value problems.

Effects ofγIrradiation on Microorganisms in Edible Fungi Matrix

The microbial quantity and community of edible fungi substrate were studied.The results showed that the total number of colonies and molds in the substrate decreased significantly afterγirradiation.γirradiation had obvious effects on relative abundance of bacteria OTU at species level.The OTU abundances of Escherichia-Shigella,Uncultured bacterium(Lactococcus),Uncultured organism significantly increased after the irradiation,whereas the remaining bacteria OTU decreased at species level.γirradiation had no obvious effects on relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella at genus level and also had no obvious effects on relative abundance of bacteria at gate level,Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were always the dominant flora.Irradiation had little effects on the flora structure of fungi in the substrate.In terms of genus level,Fusatium,unclassified,Candida and Aspergillus were always the dominant flora before and after irradiation.In terms of phylum level,Ascomycota was the dominant flora.

Arthrobotrys Oligospora N Mutation Breeding

In order to apply the nematode-trapping fungi biocontrol of animal parasitic nematode, prove that mutagenesis strain of the Arthrobotrys Oligospora N spores can be passed to experimental animal digestive tract. Ion beam injected into the spores of Arthrobotrys oligospora of nematode-trapping.Experimental animals are hurled Arthrobotrys Oligospora N spores, collect the feces of experimental animals, test fungal germination, growth, reproduction and predation livestock parasitic nematode larvae in laboratory. Mutant strains of Arthrobotrys Oligospora N can be through the digestive tract in experimental animals. Such biotechnology could be explored for improving the effectiveness of the use of funsal infections to control livestock parasitic nematodes.

Stable isotopes in aquatic food web of an artificial lagoon in the Hangzhou Bay,China

Stable isotope values, δ13C and δ15N, were determined for four primary producers and 19 dominant consumers in a small artificial lagoon located in Hangzhou Bay. Based on these results the major pathways for energy flow and trophic structure of the artificial lagoon ecosystem were characterized. The mean δ13C values for the 19 consumers ranged from -22.99‰ to -14.24‰. Apart from so-iny mullet Liza haematocheila, the other 18 consumers had intermediate δ13C values between those of epibenthic microalgae and particulate organic matter (POM). The results of a multiple source linear mixing model (IsoSource model) indicated that 50% or more of the organic carbon in the tissues of most consumers was derived from epibenthic microalgae. This indicated that these primary producers were the main food source fueling the lagoon food web. The mean δ15N values for the 19 consumers varied between 4.93‰ and 12.97‰ and indicated four trophic levels in the lagoon. Four macroinvertebrates and zooplankton represented the primary consumers, whilst the other 14 consumers occupied the secondary and tertiary consumer levels. The 19 consumers were divided into three trophic guilds (detritivores/suspension feeders, omnivores and carnivores).

The effects of cues from kingsnakes on the reproductive effort of house mice

It is not clear if rodents express inducible defenses in response to reptilian predators such as snakes. We tested the hypothesis that adult house mice Mus musculus decrease aspects of their reproductive effort upon 1 hour of exposure every 48 hours for a 25-day period to the fecal material and shed skins of a euryphagous ophidian predator, the kingsnake Lampropeltis getula, that had been fed mice. We found no significant differences in the total number of offspring born, the number of pups per litter, and the mean weight of pups in litters born to male and female mice that were exposed to predator cues and those mice that were not exposed to such cues. The lack of an inducible response may be associated with the low cost of an effective defense, or the lack of an effective defense against a generalist snake predator [Current Zoology 59 （1）： 135-141, 2013].

Does exploratory behavior or activity in a wild mouse explain susceptibility to virus infection？

Exploration and activity are often described as trade-offs between the fitness benefits of gathering information and resources, and the potential costs of increasing exposure to predators and para- sites. More exploratory individuals are predicted to have higher rates of parasitism, but this relationship has rarely been examined for virus infections in wild populations. Here, we used the multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis to investigate the relationship between exploration, activity, and infection with Morogoro virus （MORV）. We characterized individual exploratory behav- ior （open field and novel object tests） and activity （trap diversity）, and quantified the relationship between these traits and infection status using linear regression. We found that M. natalensis expresses consistent individual differences, or personality types, in exploratory behavior （repeat- ability of 0.30, 95% CI： 0.21-0.36）. In addition, we found a significant contrasting effect of age on ex- ploration and activity where juveniles display higher exploration levels than adults, but lower field- activity. There was however no statistical evidence for a behavioral syndrome between these 2 traits. Contrary to our expectations, we found no correlation between MORV infection status and exploratory behavior or activity, which suggests that these behaviors may not increase exposure probability to MORV infection. This would further imply that variation in viral infection between individuals is not affected by between-individual variation in exploration and activity.

Ultraviolet reflection enhances the risk of predation in a vertebrate

Many animals are sensitive to ultraviolet light and also possess UV-reflective regions on their body surface. Individu- als reflecting UV have been shown to be preferred during social interactions such as mate choice or shoaling decisions. However, whether those body UV-reflections enhance also the conspicuousness to UV-sensitive predators and thereforeentail costs for its bearer is less well documented. Two size-matched three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, one enclosed in a UV-transmitting （UV＋） and another in a UV-blocking （UV-） chamber, were simultaneously presented to individual brown trout Salmo trutta. ＂yearlings＂. Brown trout of this age are sensitive to the UV part of the electromagnetic spectnun and are natural predators of three-spined sticklebacks. The stickleback that was attacked first as well as the subsequent number of attacks was recorded. Sticklebacks enclosed in the UV-transmitting chamber were attacked first significantly more often compared to stickle- backs enclosed in the UV-blocking chamber. Control experiments using neutral density filters revealed that this was more likely due to LrV having an influence on hue perception rather than brighmess discrimination. The difference in attack probability cor- responded to the difference in chromatic contrasts between sticklebacks and the experimental background calculated for both the UV＋ and UV- conditions in a physiological model of trout colour vision. UV reflections seem to be costly by enhancing the risk of predation due to an increased conspicuousness of prey. This is the first study in a vertebrate, to our knowledge, demonstrating direct predation risk due to UV wavelengths [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 151-159, 2013].

Clinical efficacy observation of acupoint thread-embedding in treating obese patients with food addiction

Objective To observe the effects of acupoint thread-embedding therapy and low-carbohydrate diet therapy on obese patients with food addiction.Methods Sixty-five eligible patients were randomized into a thread-embedding group of 33 cases and a diet group of 32 cases to respectively receive 12-week treatment.Before treatment,after treatment and at 6-month follow-up,the two groups were observed and compared in terms of body mass(BM),waist circumference(WC),hip circumference(HC),waist-to-hip ratio(WHR),body mass index(BMI),body fat rate(BFR),basal metabolic rate(BMR)and Yale food addiction scale version 2.0(YFAS 2.0).Results At the end of treatment,there were no significant differences in the general efficacy,and the improvements in BM,BMI,WC,HC,WHR and BFR between the thread-embedding group and diet group(all P>0.05).At follow-up,the thread-embedding group showed more significant improvements in all the aforementioned indicators compared with the diet group except HC(all P<0.05).At the end of treatment and follow-up,BMR and YFSA 2.0 had more significant improvements in the thread-embedding group than in the diet group(all P<0.05).Conclusion Acupoint thread-embedding therapy can produce significant efficacy in treating obese patients with food addiction;it can improve the food addiction state and work better in maintaining the efficacy compared with low-carbohydrate diet therapy.