蛤蚧的饲养与加工

蛤蚧又名仙蟾、大壁虎,是市场上紧缺的一种贵重药材。一、生活习性蛤蚧常栖息于比较阴暗、湿润的地方,是一种食肉性动物,以捕食活的昆虫为主。蛤蚧视力差。

恐龙怎样繁殖后代

美国纽约自然历史博物馆的研究人员最近发表报告说,他们与蒙古科学家组成的考古队在戈壁大沙漠中发现了一处保存异常完好的恐龙化石。这是生活在7000万至8000万年前一种食肉性恐龙化石,化石清楚地显示,恐龙死前正在孵蛋,它坐在窝上,窝内有15枚恐龙蛋,它的腿微微弯曲,其前爪叉开并伸向后方,似在护着自己的卵。此情此景,与今天的鸵鸟和鸽子、母鸡孵蛋的形式并无两样。从化石上看,该恐龙很像今天的鸵鸟,只是它的尾巴较长而脖子短。恐龙像鸵鸟与鸽子一样,采用坐窝孵蛋的方式孵出后代,这是古生物研究领域的一项重要发现。这项发现印证了古生物考古学家一直在猜测但又苦于未能证实的事实,它使人类对恐龙的认识又前进了一步。美蒙联合考察队成员。

用真菌防治家畜线虫病

内蒙古农牧学院动物医学系杨玉琴等报道,捕食线虫的真菌在自然界中至今已发现200余种,多生长在腐烂的树叶、木材、苔藓、腐植质土壤及动物粪便中,分为肉食性真菌和内寄生性真菌两大类。食肉性的真菌通过形成粘性的网、环等将线虫诱捕,菌丝伸进体壁形成一种感染球,由此产生大量菌丝充满线虫体腔,并吸食其内容物。内寄生性真菌通过孢子感染线虫,孢子生出芽管进入线虫体内,发育成大量的菌丝体,并吸收其内容物,该类真菌在线虫体外不形成菌丝。

鲨鱼奇谈

鲨鱼是一种古老的海洋动物,已有1亿8,000万年的历史,属软骨鱼类,已知约250个品种。它分布广泛,几乎全球各海域都有;鲨鱼的个体大小相差悬殊,大的鲸鲨,体长可达20米;小的如某种角鲨,长仅15厘米。鲨鱼体形似鱼雷,长有镰刀似的尾鳍。

Mercury Distribution and Accumulation in Typical Wetland Ecosystems of Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

Total mercury in soil,water,plant,insects,fishes and bird feathers were determined to study mercury distribution and accumulation in typical wetland ecosystems in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Results show that total mercury concentrations in soils of Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland and Carex lascarpa wetland are 0.046 mg/kg and 0.063 mg/kg,respectively.Total mercury concentration in water bodies is 0.053 μg/L on average.Of four plants studied,total mercury in moss is the highest with the mean of 0.132 mg/kg.Of 10 terrestrial insect species studied,total mercury in centipede(Scolopendra spp.) is the highest with the mean of 0.515 mg/kg while total mercury in grasshopper(Oxya spp.) bodies is the lowest.Total mercury concentrations in the herbivorous,omnivorous and predatory insects are 10.18 ng/g,16.47 ng/g and 213.35 ng/g on average,respectively.Total mercury concentrations of the adult feather(549.88 ± 63.04 ng/g),nestling feather(55.15 ± 23.53 ng/g),and eggshell(22.05 ± 5.96 ng/g) of the Grey heron(Ardea cinerea) are higher than those of the Great egret(Egretta alba)(adult feather:446.57 ± 90.89 ng/g;nestling feather:32.99 ± 17.15 ng/g;eggshell:21.02 ± 3.17 ng/g) in the wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain.The bioconcentration factors decrease in the order of piscivorous fish muscle > omnivorous fish muscle > herbivorous fish > insect.

Expression Pattern of Peptide and Amino Acid Genes in Digestive Tract of Transporter Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.),a carnivorous fish species with high dietary protein requirement,was chosen to examine the expression pattern of peptide and amino acid transporter genes along its digestive tract which was divided into six segments including stomach,pyloric caeca,rectum,and three equal parts of the remainder of the intestine.The results showed that the expression of two peptide and eleven amino acid transporters genes exhibited distinct patterns.Peptide transporter 1(Pep T1) was rich in proximal intestine while peptide transporter 2(PepT2) was abundant in distal intestine.A number of neutral and cationic amino acid transporters expressed richly in whole intestine including B^0-type amino acid transporter 1(B^0AT1),L-type amino acid transporter 2(LAT2),T-type amino acid transporter 1(TAT1),proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1(PAT1),y^+L-type amino acid transporter 1(y^+LAT1),and cationic amino acid transporter 2(CAT2) while ASC amino acid transporter 2(ASCT2),sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2(SNAT2),and y^+L-type amino acid transporter 2(y^+LAT2) abundantly expressed in stomach.In addition,system b^(0,+) transporters(rBAT and b^(0,+)AT) existed richly in distal intestine.These findings comprehensively characterized the distribution of solute carrier family proteins,which revealed the relative importance of peptide and amino acid absorption through luminal membrane.Our findings are helpful to understand the mechanism of the utilization of dietary protein in fish with a short digestive tract.

Status and historical changes in the fish community in Erhai Lake

Erhai Lake is the second largest freshwater lake on the Yunnan Plateau, Southwest China. In recent decades, a number of exotic fish species have been introduced into the lake and the fish community has changed considerably. We evaluated the status of the fish community based on surveys with multimesh gillnet, trap net, and benthic fyke-net between May 2009 and April 2012. In addition, we evaluated the change in the community using historical data （1952-2010） describing the fish community and fishery harvest. The current fish community is dominated by small-sized fishes, including Pseudorasbora parva, Rhinogobius giurinus, Micropercops swinhonis, Hemiculter leucisculus, and Rhinogobius cliffordpopei. These accounted for 87.7% of the 22 546 total specimens collected. Omnivorous and carnivorous species dominated the community. A canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） plot revealed that the distribution of fishes in the lake is influenced by aquatic plants, water temperature, pH, and season. The abundance of indigenous species has declined sharply, and a majority of endemic species have been extirpated from the lake （a decrease from seven to two species）. In contrast, the number of exotic species has increased since the 1960s to a total of 22 at present. The fishery harvest decreased initially following the 1960s, but has since increased due to the introduction of non-native fish and stocking of native fish. The fishery harvest was significantly correlated with total nitrogen, not total phosphorus, during the past 20 years. Based on our results, we discuss recommendations for the restoration and conservation of the fish resources in Erhai Lake.

Primary liposarcoma of esophagus:A case report

Liposarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in adult life while esophageal liposarcoma is an extremely rare tumor. In the world literature, only 14 cases of esophageal liposarcomas have been described. We report a 72-year old male patient who was urgently admitted to our hospital for acute epigastric pain with a burning retrosternal sensation, persistent nausea, vomiting and dysphagia. Barium swallow, upper gastrointestinal （GI） endoscopy, esophageal manometry and CT scan, failed to accurately diagnose the lesion. After surgical resection of an esophageal polypoid tumor, the histological examination revealed a well-differentiated grade Ⅰ liposarcoma. Diagnostic and therapeutic tools were discussed and the results of literature were reviewed.

Analysis of a Prey-predator Fishery Model with Prey Reserve

In this paper,we consider a prey-predator fishery model with prey dispersal in a two-patch environment,one is assumed to be a free fishing zone and the other is a reserved zone where fishing and other extractive activities are prohibited.The existence of possible steady states of the system is discussed.The local and global stability analysis has been carried out.An optimal harvesting policy is given using Pontryagin s maximum principle.

Prediction of net energy value of corn and soybean meal for broiler chicken

Net energy （NE） is the most accurate and unbiased way in characterizing the energy content of feed. Comparatively speaking, research on NE prediction is still limited and under development. Therefore, it is important to correctly assess NE for further study. In this study, an energy balance trial and a fasting metabolism trial were used to measure the net energy for production （NEp） and the net energy for maintenance （NEm）, respectively. Meanwhile, a backward method of multiple linear regression was applied to establish prediction equations for NE. The results showed that corn NE is about 2 times higher than that of soybean meal, due to the efficiency of ME （k） utilization by the ingredients. Meanwhile, AME and acid detergent fiber （ADF） were found to be better predictors for the NE of corn and soybean meal, respectively. Furthermore, Equations 1（R^2=0.993, RSD=0.0091） and 12 （R^2=0.999, RSD=0.0008） were found to be better prediction equations in multiple linear regression analyses for corn and soybean meal, respectively. However, considering the cost of the analytical procedures, the accuracy of the prediction （RSD）, and the additional variability or errors due to interlaboratory variance, Equation 4 （R^2=0.990, RSD=0.0109） and Equation 20 （R^2=0.996, RSD=0.0043） were better models for corn and soybean meal, respectively. Nevertheless, these equations for corn and soybean meal should be applied only under similar experimental conditions.

Unusual presentations of eosinophilic gastroenteritis:Case series and review of literature

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is an uncommon disease characterized by focal or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, and is usually associated with dyspepsia, diarrhea and peripheral eosinophilia. Diffuse gastrointestinal tract and colonic involvement are uncommon. The endoscopic appearance may vary from normal to mucosal nodularity and ulceration. Gastrointestinal obstruction is unusual and is associated with predominantly muscular disease. We present five unusual cases of EG associated with gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction. Two cases presented with acute pancreatitis and one had a history of pancreatitis. Four cases responded well to medical therapy and one had recurrent gastric outlet obstruction that required surgery. Four out of the five cases had endoscopic and histological evidence of esophagitis and two had colitis. Two patients had ascites. These cases reaffirm that EG is a disorder with protean manifestations and may involve the entire gastrointestinal tract. Gastric outlet and/or small bowel obstruction is an important though uncommon presentation of EG. It may also present as esophagitis, gastritis with polypoid lesions, ulcers or erosions, colitis and pancreatitis and may mimic malignancy.

Relevance of Dried Meat Product （Kundi）, an Intermediate Moisture Meat, for Food Security

The main goal of food security is for individual to be able to obtain adequate and quality food needed at all times, and to utilise the food to meet the body needs. Kundi is a relish Intermediate Moisture Meat （dried meat） product, produced in the Northern part of Nigeria. 2-3 years old male Camelus dromedarius and White Fulani animals were used for this study, 2 kg of semimembranous muscles from each animal were used, and trimmed of all external fat, connective tissues and bones. Meat samples were cut in sizeable pieces of weight ranges 70-90 grams of 6-8 cm and kept in the refrigerator for 24 hours. Fresh meat cuts were boiled for 20 minutes at 100 ~C, seasoned and oven dried for 3 hours at 170 ~C. This study assessed the proximate composition of fresh and dried meat （Kundi） products and their sensory evaluation in a completely randomized design. The results showed that fresh camel meat had 74.55% and 21.96% significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in moisture and protein content than 72.69% and 18.96% of fresh beef, while fresh beef had higher （P 〈 0.05） ether extract （6.34%） than fresh camel meat （2.39%）. Laboratory Prepared Beef Kundi （LPBK） had the highest （P 〈 0.05） value in moisture content 35.09% followed by Laboratory Prepared Camel ＇Kundi＇ （LPCK） with 33.21% while Commercial Kundi （CK） had the least. Protein obtained was inversely proportionally to moisture content. Ether extract for LPCK and LPBK were statistically similar （P 〉 0.05） and both were lower （P 〈 0.05） than value obtained for CK. The results obtained for sensory evaluation showed that the panelist rated seasoned Kundi to have the highest significant （P 〈 0.05） valve for tenderness, flavour, colour, juiciness, texture and acceptability with values 6.50, 5.30, 6.50, 6.53, 6.30 and 7.00 respectively. Study showed that dry meat products （Kundi） is of high nutritional qualities, and could be of a great relevance; to food security.

Studies on Feeding Habits and Parasitological Status of Red Fox, Golden Jackal, Wild Cat and Stone Marten in Sredna Gora, Bulgaria

In order to define the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of parasitoses with veterinary and medical importance their parasitological status and feeding habits were studied. In the period 2001-2006 the feeding habits of 167 foxes, 78 jackals, 40 wild cats and 23 stone martens from the area of Sredna Gora, Bulgaria were investigated. 113 of the foxes, 56 of the jackals, 22 of the wild cats and 21 of the martens were subjected to helminthological study. 147 wild boars and 26 badgers from the same area were subjected to trichinelloscopy. Rodents were the main food of the wild cats （82.7%）, martens （52%） and foxes （50%）. The main food of the jackals was carrion from domestic and wild animals （79.5%）. 95.5% of the foxes, 100% of the jackals, 95.5% of the wild cats and 89% of the stone martens were infected with one or more helminth species. The prevalence of the most important helminths： Trichinella spp., Taenia spp. and Ancylostoma spp. was high in all carnivores examined. In the infected with Trichinella spp. animals only T. britovi was demonstrated. The wild boars and badgers were not infected with Trichinella spp. The correlation between the feeding habits and parasitological status is discussed.

A Prey- Predator Model for Venture Capital Investment

The Rosenzweig-Macarthur Model is used to partially explain Venture Capital investment cycles. Investment opportunities and the experience of the investors, represent the prey and predator respectively. Stability analysis with respect to the interior equilibrium point is performed and dynamics of the system are investigated using numerical simulations and results are presented. The model shows that parameter variation affects the stability of the system and it experiences bifurcations. The results show that stability analysis is useful to provide a Venture Capitalist with the stability ranges of parameters in the system, to improve the quality of the investment process.

Analysis and Evaluation of Microbial Contamination of Raw Beef in Supermarkets in Phnom Penh

The study focused on analysis and evaluation of microbial contamination of raw beef was designed to （1） determine the presence of foodborne pathogens in raw beef; （2） compare the prevalence of microbial contamination among the three supermarkets, and （3） evaluate the sanitary quality of raw beef products. Also, six kind of microorganisms including Total Plate Count, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform, which represented sanitary quality and E. coli, S. Aureus and B. cereus, which determined the presence of foodborne pathogens, were analyzed. The procedures used to analyse experimental samples taken from three supermarket （in every one week for three weeks） in Phnom Penh were based on Merck＇s study in 2005. The results had shown that there were no significant differences in Total Plate Counts, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform in all samples, and they were found in unacceptable numbers in the raw beef products. However, the prevalence of foodborne pathogens including E. coli, S. aureus and B. cereus were found in acceptable numbers. Furthermore, the samples taken from the second supermarket had the highest level of microbial contamination among the three supermarkets, while the samples taken from the first supermarket had the lowest level of microbial contamination. This experimental finding demonstrated the need for sanitary improvement in the beef retails markets and strict sanitary guideline and implementation of these practices could guarantee consumers＇ health by consuming raw beefs with the lowest risk of foodborne pathogens.

Effects of Sedentarism and Treadmill Training in Mechanical Properties of Muscles of Ovariectomized Rats with High-Fat Diet

The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of physical training in the maintenance of muscle strength in rats with HFD （high-fat diet） after OVX （ovariectomy）. Eighty Wistar rats are at eight weeks of age and weight 200 g which divided into 8 groups （n = 10） and treated for 12 weeks： GA： OVX ＋ ND （normal diet）, GB： OVX ＋ ND ＋ training, GC： sham ＋ ND, GD： sham ＋ ND ＋ training, GE： OVX ＋ HFD, GF： OVX ＋ HFD ＋ training, GG： sham ＋ HFD and GH： sham ＋ HFD ＋ training. HFD consists of standard ration for rats with addition of 30% lipids. In training groups, physical training five training/week was conducted on a treadmill with adaptation period of three weeks up to 18 m/s for one hour, training were performed for 12 weeks. The sedentary animals remained in individual box. To analyze the effects of training and diet, tensile strength tests of the gastrocnemius muscles were conducted： the speed of 0.1 mm/min. Analysis of variance was performed to compare groups. The mean （SD） obtained for the maximum load （N） were： GA 57.77 （6.89）, GB 62.74 （5.07）, GC 49.45 （6.06）, GD 59.42 （5.26） and GE 55.58 （4.72）, GF 62.50 （4.56）, GG 58.35 （4.54） and GH 56.67 （5.87）, respectively. There were no differences for maximum load between surgeries （p = 0.004） and between treatments （p = 0.000）. Differences were found also for the relationship surgery diet treatment （p = 0.007）. For the variable stiffness （N/mm）, there were not statistically significant differences： GA 5.03 （0.72）, GB 5.08 （1.09）, GC 5.17 （0.53）, GD 5.35 （0.80）, GE 5.52 （1.20）, GF 5.36 （1.07）, GG 4.83 （1.03） and GH 5.40 （0.73）. For the toughness （N/mm）, there were differences between treatments （p = 0.010） and the ratio diet treatment （p = 0.024）： GA 455.00 （107.21）, GB 541.96 （126.80）, GC 394.97 （84.67）, GD 566.90 （157.07）; GE 424.63 （113.03）, GF 478.07 （106.03）; GG 517.44 （98.65） and GH 481.26 （129.45）. OVX causes decrease in muscle maximum load; exercise treadmill provides increased muscular endurance, regardless of the diet and the OVX in groups, the increased resistance observed in the groups submitted to HFD can result in weight gain associated with the presence estrogen.

Evaluation of Kenyan Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato （Ipomoea batatas Lam,） Purees for Functional Food Production

Consumption of functional foods with health promoting benefits and/or disease prevention has been on the increase globally. The study aimed at evaluating the potential of utilizing Kenyan orange fleshed sweet potato （Ipomoea batatas Lam.） for functional food production with aesthetics benefits. Purees from three different varieties of orange fleshed sweet potato （OFSP） were analyzed for nutritional, physicochemical and microbial quality, The findings of the study show that the three purees were all microbiologically safe and of near neutral pH, but differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） in nutrient content （dry matter content, 12.76-28.23%; crude fiber, 1.37-2.90% fresh weight basis （FWB）; 13-carotene, 0.94-9.27 mg/100g dry weight basis （DWB）; starch, 10.20-18.30% FWB ＆ total sugar 27.08-31.76% DWB）. The purees had attractive appearance （ranging from yellow to dark orange）, with varying significantly different spectrophotometer hunters color scale （P 〈 0.05）, and flow ability. Conclusions from the findings show great potential of utilizing the varying properties of OFSP puree to produce enriched functional food products such as probiotic/prebiotic dairy, beverages, bakery and baby foods.

Effect of probiotics on growth performance, development of small intestinal tract and microbial populations in broilers

The experiment was conducted using a total of 1392 one-day-old, Cobb commercial male broilers to investigate the effects of a commercial probiotic addition in diet on growth, the development of the small intestine and microbial populations of broilers. Broilers were randomly allotted by BW to 1 of 6 replicate cages （29 chicks per cage） for each of 8 treatments in a randomized block design involving one factorial arrangement of treatments. Dietary treatments included the basal diet （including corn, soybean, rapeseed, cottonseed meal） added with 100 mg/kg antibiotic, 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25% or 0.3%. The experiment last 42 d and divided into the starter period （1-21 d） and the finisher period （22-42 d）. The results showed that there were significant differences in broiler body weight （BW） （P〈0.001）, average daily feed intake （ADFI） （P=0.033）, relative length of the duodenum （P〈0.001）, jejunum （P=0.008）, ileum （P〈0.001） and the populations of lactobacillus （P〈0.001） and coliform （P〈0.001） in the rectum between the probiotics treatments and the control treatment only in the starter period of the trails. No significant differences were observed in intestinal morphology parameters in two periods of the experiment. Our results indicated that the probiotic was able to improve the performance of broiler chickens, and it was better in the starter period to be used than in the finisher period.

赣江流域的插竿钓鲶方法

南昌因赣江穿城而过,江河、湖泊连缀城区,垂钓环境十分优越。赣江中的鲶鱼个大体肥,是人们喜钓的对象鱼种之一。 鲶鱼为淡水食肉性底层凶猛性鱼类,昼间多蛰伏在流速缓慢的浑浊水域和江河的近岸乱石、洞穴中,视力严重退化,伯光,以傍晚和子夜追逐捕食较为活跃,所以夜钓上钩率高。