南方根结线虫食道腺表达基因7E12影响植物的初步研究

南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)是一种重要的植物寄生线虫,它的食道腺产生的分泌蛋白是对寄主造成危害的致病因子。鉴定这些编译分泌蛋白的基因特性,是认知南方根结线虫对植物致病性或寄生性机理的关键所在。通过使用烟草根部特异表达基因TobRB7的△0.3缺失的启动子,替换植物过表达载体pBI-121的CMV(烟草花叶病毒)35S启动子,构建了南方根结线虫食道腺细胞表达的基因7E12的植物表达载体pBI-Trp-7E12和pBI-Trp。pBI-Trp在本研究中作为空白对照使用。利用农杆菌侵染花粉管通道法把这2个载体转化了模式植物拟南芥。通过利用卡那霉素抗性培养基对已转化的拟南芥进行筛选,获得了T1代转基因植株。这为研究鉴定该基因的特性奠定了基础,以利于进一步研究南方根结线虫对植物的致病性机理。

松材线虫和拟松材线虫食道腺及其分泌物超微结构观察

该文用透射电镜观察比较松材线虫南黑株系、拟松材线虫杭九株系幼虫期和成虫期食道腺和分泌物颗粒的形态以及在生活史中的变化.结果表明二者的食道腺的结构以及在不同时期活性的变化是一致的:幼虫期亚腹食道腺发达,内有大量的分泌颗粒;成虫期背食道腺发达,内有大量的分泌颗粒.松材线虫和拟松材线虫食道腺分泌颗粒可分为两种类型,这两种类型的分泌颗粒在体积和电子密度上都存在差异.松材线虫和拟松材线虫株系间的分泌颗粒在体积上存在差异.

中国新纪录种—巨食道腺奥托线虫的描述

2006年9月,在山东省菏泽地区的牡丹根际土壤中发现了巨食道腺奥托线虫。该种线虫的主要鉴别特征为:虫体中等长度;唇区光滑,连续;侧区具有2条侧线;口针纤细,口针基部球小,略延长;半月体在排泄孔前方1～2个体环处;授精囊明显,圆形到卵圆形;阴门横裂,延伸的阴道大约是虫体相应处体宽的2/5;尾细长,圆锥形到丝状,末端圆到尖。该种线虫为迄今为止我国未见报道的新纪录种。

植物线虫食道腺及其分泌物研究进展

报道了植物线虫食道腺的结构 ,在生活史中的变化及其分泌物成分的研究进展 .

家蚕食道下腺组织化学和分泌颗粒去向的探讨

本试验采用组织化学方法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶圆盘电泳,分析了家蚕食道下腺细胞RNA的变化,以及分泌颗粒的化学性质和分泌去向。试验表明,龄初时细胞中RNA含量极低,至催眠期,细胞中RNA明显增多。分泌颗粒对Millon试剂和酸性快绿均呈阳性反应。而电泳结果表明,食道下腺分泌3种蛋白,脂肪体分泌6种蛋白,从迁移率角度分析,这9种蛋白分别和血液中的蛋白十分相似。

家蚕食道下腺组织学及超微形态的观察

食道下腺普遍存在于鳞翅目、精翅目和直翅目等许多昆虫中,很早就有学者做过研究,家蚕食道下腺起源于中胚层,关于食道下腺的生理功能,池用、蒲生、石谷户和三浦等曾进行过研究,赤井还通过电镜观察,发现食道下腺在幼虫期形成和分泌一种颗粒。但至今对食道下腺的生理功能仍不甚清楚,故有必要对它作进一步的探索,本试验通过组织学和超微形态的观察,系统地研究了食道下腺的形态结构,并且结合化性和蜕皮,探索食道下腺与滞育和蜕皮的关系。

拟短体线虫属一新种

甘薯拟短体线虫新种 (Pratylenchoidesbatataen .sp .)根据采自河北省卢龙县前双庙的甘薯根部及根际土壤中的一个拟短体线虫种群进行描述和作图。新种的主要鉴别特征是 :唇区有 5个唇环 ,侧区 4条侧线并有网格纹 ,尾呈圆柱形、有 2 4～ 2 6个体环 ,尾端圆、具粗纵纹。食道腺末端覆盖于肠背面 ,2个亚腹食道腺核均在背食道腺核之后 ,一个亚腹食道腺核位于食道 -肠瓣门前的腹面、另一个位于食道 -肠瓣门稍后。近似种为齿尾拟短体线虫 (P .crenicauda) ,该种与新种的主要区别是 :唇区 3～ 4个唇环 ,侧区有 6条侧线、无网纹 ,亚腹食道腺核一个在背食道腺核前、另一个在背食道腺核后。新种为两性种。

Is endoscopic ultrasound examination necessary in the management of esophageal cancer?

Despite substantial efforts at early diagnosis, accurate staging and advanced treatments, esophageal cancer(EC) continues to be an ominous disease worldwide. Risk factors for esophageal carcinomas include obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hard-alcohol use and tobacco smoking. Five-year survival rates have improved from 5% to 20% since the 1970 s, the result of advances in diagnostic staging and treatment. As the most sensitive test for locoregional staging of EC, endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) influences the development of an optimal oncologic treatment plan for a significant minority of patients with early cancers, which appropriately balances the risks and benefits of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. EUS is costly, and may not be available at all centers. Thus, the yield of EUS needs to be thoughtfully considered for each patient. Localized intramucosal cancers occasionally require endoscopic resection(ER) for histologic staging or treatment; EUS evaluation may detect suspicious lymph nodes prior to exposing the patient to the risks of ER. Although positron emission tomography(PET) has been increasingly utilized in staging EC, it may be unnecessary for clinical staging of early, localized EC and carries the risk of false-positive metastasis(over staging). In EC patients with evidence of advanced disease, EUS or PET may be used to define the radiotherapy field. Multimodality staging with EUS, crosssectional imaging and histopathologic analysis of ER, remains the standard-of-care in the evaluation of early esophageal cancers. Herein, published data regarding use of EUS for intramucosal, local, regional and metastatic esophageal cancers are reviewed. An algorithm to illustrate the current use of EUS at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is presented.

Esophageal carcinoma originating in the surface epithelium with immunohistochemically proven esophageal gland duct differentiation: A case report

A case of esophageal carcinoma exclusively composed of adenocarcinoma simulating an esophageal gland duct in a 61-year-old man is presented. The tumor arose as a slightly elevated lesion in the middle intrathoracic esophagus. It was almost completely overlaid with nonneoplastic stratified squamous epithelial cells. Beneath the overlying surface epithelium, an adenocarcinoma that was bilayered in structure diffusely invaded both the mucosal and submucosal layers. Although the tumor consisted exclusively of adenocarcinomatous cells, a keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma component was focally observed. The invasive carcinoma was focally continuous with the small area of the surface squamous epithelial layer, which was confirmed to be neoplastic by immunohistochemistry. Morphological and immunohistochemical examinations suggested that the adenocarcinomatous component arose from the esophageal surface epithelium and clearly differentiated into an esophageal gland duct. It is important to consider the possibility of this type of adenocarcinoma when diagnosing a ductal or glandular lesion of the esophagus in small biopsy specimens.

TGR5 expression in benign, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of Barrett's esophagus: Case series and findings

To examined the bile acid receptor TGR5 expression in squamous mucosa, Barrett’s mucosa, dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA).METHODSSlides were stained with TGR5 antibody. The staining intensity was scored as 1+, 2+ and 3+. The extent of staining (percentage of cells staining) was scored as follows: 1+, 1%-10%, 2+, 11%-50%, 3+, 51%-100%. A combined score of intensity and extent was calculated and categorized as negative, weak, moderate and strong staining. TGR5 mRNA was measured by real time PCR.RESULTSWe found that levels of TGR5 mRNA were significantly increased in Barrett’s dysplastic cell line CP-D and EA cell line SK-GT-4, when compared with Barrett’s cell line CP-A. Moderate to strong TGR5 staining was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia and EA cases than in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) or in low-grade dysplasia. Moderate to strong staining was slightly higher in low-grade dysplasia than in BE mucosa, but there is no statistical significance. TGR5 staining had no significant difference between high-grade dysplasia and EA. In addition, TGR5 staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis.CONCLUSIONWe conclude that TGR5 immunostaining was much stronger in high-grade dysplasia and EA than in BE mucosa or low-grade dysplasia and that its staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis. TGR5 might be a potential marker for the progression from BE to high-grade dysplasia and EA.

Targeting key signalling pathways in oesophageal adenocarcinoma:A reality for personalised medicine?

Cancer treatments are rapidly changing.Curative treatment for oesophageal adenocarcinoma currently involves surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.Outcomes for both regimes are generally poor as a result of tumor recurrence.We have reviewed the key signalling pathways associated with oesophageal adenocarcinomas and discussed the recent trials of novel agents that attempt to target these pathways.There are many trials underway with the aim of improving survival in oesophageal cancer.Currently,phase 2 and 3 trials are focused on MAP kinase inhibition,either through inhibition of growth factor receptors or signal transducer proteins.In order to avoid tumor resistance,it appears to be clear that targeted therapy will be needed to combat the multiple signalling pathways that are in operation in oesophageal adenocarcinomas.This may be achievable in the future with the advent of gene signatures and a combinatorial approach.

Adenocarcinoma of Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction -- The Current Status

In the last thirty years, the incidence of primary esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased steadily and now they account for 30% to 50% of esophageal carcinomas in western countries. In the mean time, adenocarcinomas at the esophagogastric junction have also increased, though less prominently. In this report, the natural history of these tumors is presented.

Endoscopic Mucosal Resection

Endoscopic mucosal resection is indicated in limited esophageal carcinomas with in?ltration of the mucosa. As submucosal cancer is combined with a rate of lymph node metastasis in up to 30% mucosectomy is not the procedure of choice. The main techniques of endoscopic mucosal resection are the “suck and cut” technique using a cap on the endoscope or a ligation device to create a pseudocroup of the carcinoma. Submucosal injection of saline or other solutions is recommended prior to diathermic mucosectomy in order to reduce the risk of perforation or haemorrhage. The long term results of endoscopic mucosal resection show tumor speci?c 5 year survival rates of about 97% especially if the indication is restricted to m1 and m2 mucosal carcinomas.

Retrotracheal thymoma masquerading as esophageal submucosal tumor

A 42-year-old man presented with a two-year history of progressive dysphagia and hoarseness. Esophagogram and endoscopy revealed submucosal mass effect on the upper esophagus. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an elongated mass in the retrotracheal region of the lower neck with extension to the posterior mediastinum. Partial tumor resection and histopathological evaluation revealed a WHO type B2 thymoma. Adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy were subsequently administered resulting in complete tumor regression. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ectopic retrotracheal thymoma with clinical and imaging manifestations mimicking those for esophageal submucosal tumor.

Targeting the cell cycle in esophageal adenocarcinoma:An adjunct to anticancer treatment

Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a major cause of cancer death in men in the developed world.Continuing poor outcomes with conventional therapies that predominantly target apoptosis pathways have lead to increasing interest in treatments that target the cell cycle.A large international effort has led to the development of a large number of inhibitors,which target cell cycle kinases,including cyclin-dependent kinases,Aurora kinases and polo-like kinase.Initial phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ trials in solid tumors have often demonstrated only modest clinical benefits of monotherapy.This may relate in part to a failure to identify the patient populations that will gain the most clinical benefit.Newer compounds lacking the side effect profile of first-generation compounds may show utility as adjunctive treatments targeted to an individual's predicted response to treatment.

Significance and prognostic value of lysosomal enzyme activities measured in surgically operated adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction and squamous cell carcinomas of the lower third of esophagus

AIM： To establish whether there are fundamental differences in the biochemistries of adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction （GEJ） and the squamous cell carcinomas of the lower third of the esophagus （LTE）. METHODS： Between February 1, 1997 and February 1, 2000, we obtained tissue samples at the moment of resection from 54 patients for biochemical analysis. The full set of data could be comprehensively analyzed in 47 of 54 patients＇ samples （81%）. Of these, 29 were adenocarcinomas of the GEJ Siewert type Ⅰ （n = 8）, type Ⅱ （n = 12）, type Ⅲ （n = 9）, and 18 presented as squamous cell carcinomas of the LTE. We evaluated the mean values of 11-lysosomal enzyme and 1-cytosol protease activities of the tumorous and surrounding mucosae as well as their relative activities, measured as the ratio of activity in tumor and normal tissues from the same patient. These data were further analyzed to establish the correlation with tumor localization, TNM stage （lymph-node involvement）, histological type （papillary, signet-ring cell, tubular）, state of differentiation （good, moderate, poor）, and survival （≤24 or ≥24 mo）. RESULTS： In adenocarcinomas, the activity of α-mannosidase （AMAN）, cathepsin B （CB） and dipeptidyl-peptidase Ⅰ （DPP Ⅰ） increased significantly as compared to the normal gastric mucosa. In squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus, we also found a significant difference in the activity of cathepsin L and tripeptidyl-peptidase Ⅰ in addition to these three. There was a statistical correlation of AMAN, CB, and DPP Ⅰ activity between the level of differentiation of adenocarcinomas of the GEJ and lymph node involvement,because tumors with no lymph node metastases histologically confirmed as well-differentiated, showed a significantly lower activity. The differences in CB and DPP Ⅰ activity correlated well with the differences in survival rates, since the CB and DPP Ⅰ values of those who died within 24 mo following surgical intervention were significantly higher than of those who survived for 2 years or more. CONCLUSION： Adenocarcinomas of the GEJ form a homogenous group from a tumor-biochemical aspect, and differ from the biochemical characteristics of squamous cell carcinomas of the LTE on many points. When adenocarcinomas of the GEJs are examined at the preoperative phase, the ratio of the performed AMAN, CB, and DPP Ⅰ enzymatic activity of the tissue sample from the tumor and adjacent intact mucosa within 2 cm of the tumor may have a prognostic value even in the preoperative examination period, and may indicate that ranking of these patients into the neo-adjuvant treatment group should be considered.

Analysis of Lymph Node Metastases of 1,526 Cases with Thoracic Esophageal and Cardiac Carcinomas: A Random Sampling Report froni the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University from 1996 to 2004

OBJECTIVE To summarize the regular pattern and state oflymph node metastasis of patients with esophageal and cardiaccarcinomas,so as to analyze factors influencing lymph nodemetastasis.METHODS Clinical data collected from 1,526 thoracicesophageal and cardiac carcinoma patients who were admitted inthe Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University during a periodfrom January 1996 to December 2004,were randomly selectedand an Access Database of the patient's information was set up.Eight clinico-pathologic factors,including the patient's age,tumorlocation and size,pathological classification,the depth of tumorinvasion,vascular tumor embolus (VTE),the state of surroundingorgan encroachment and the status of tumor residues,wereidentified.A correlation between these factors and metastases wasstatistically analyzed using SPSS13.0 software.RESULTS Lymph node metastatic sites from esophagealcarcinomas included the thoracic and abdominal cavity.Lymphnode metastasis from the superior esophageal carcinomasmainly occurred in the neck and thoracic cavity.There was atwo-way lymph node metastasis in the patients with the middleesophageal carcinoma.The inferior esophageal carcinomas mainlymetastasized to the paraesophageal,paragastric cardia,and leftgastric artery lymph nodes.The rate and degree of the metastasisfrom the inferior esophageal carcinomas were significantly highercompared to those of the superior and the middle esophagealcarcinomas (P<0.0125).The degree of abdominal lymph node metastasis fromcarcinomas of the gastric cardia was significantly higher comparedwith that of esophageal carcinomas.In the group with carcinomaof the gastric cardia,the rate and degree of the lymph nodemetastases in the paragastric cardia and left gastric artery weresignificantly higher compared to the group with esophagealcarcinoma (P<0.05).Paraesophageal lymph node metastasis fromcarcinomas of the gastric cardia in the thoracic cavity frequentlyoccurred,too,and the degree of the metastasis was similar to thatof esophageal carcinoma.There was no significant difference inthe rate and degree of the paraesophageal lymph-node metastasisbetween the group with carcinoma of the gastric cardia comparedto those with esophageal carcinoma (P>0.05).Multifactoriallogistic regression analysis showed that the tumor size,depth oftumor encroachment,VTE,and tumor residues could all bringabout obvious impact on lymph-node metastases (P<0.05).CONCLUSION Lymph node metastasis from superioresophageal carcinomas mainly occurs in the neck and thoraciccavity.The middle esophageal carcinomas presented a two-waylymph-node metastasis (both the upwards and the downwards),and the lymph node metastasis from inferior esophagealcarcinomas mainly occurred in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.The metastases of carcinoma of the gastriccardia were most commonly found in the abdominalcavity,with frequent paraesophageal lymph-nodemetastasis.The sufficient attention should be paidto neck lymph node clearance in cases of esophagealcarcinoma.What is of the greatest concern is theclearance of the left gastric artery lymph nodes,andalso in cases of gastric cardia carcinoma,clearance,the paraesophageal lymph nodes.With an increasein the tumor size and depth of tumor encroachment,and occurrence of VTE and tumor residual cells,therisk of lymph node metastasis is significantly raised (P<0.05).

Barrett's oesophagus: Current controversies

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma is rapidly increasing in Western countries. This tumour frequently presents late in its course with metastatic disease and has a very poor prognosis. Barrett's oesophagus is an acquired condition whereby the native squamous mucosa of the lower oesophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium following prolonged gastro-oesophageal reflux and is the recognised precursor lesion for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. There are multiple national and society guidelines regarding screening,surveillance and management of Barrett's oesophagus,however all are limited regarding a clear evidence base for a well-demonstrated benefit and cost-effectiveness of surveillance,and robust risk stratification for patients to best use resources. Currently the accepted risk factors upon which surveillance intervals and interventions are based are Barrett's segment length and histological interpretation of the systematic biopsies. Further patient risk factors including other demographic features,smoking,gender,obesity,ethnicity,patient age,biomarkers and endoscopic adjuncts remain under consideration and are discussed in full. Recent evidence has been published to support earlier endoscopic intervention by means of ablation of the metaplastic Barrett's segment when the earliest signs of dysplasia are detected. Further work should concentrate on establishing better risk stratification and primary and secondary preventative strategies to reduce the risk of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus.

Progression from low-grade dysplasia to malignancy in patients with Barrett's esophagus diagnosed by two or more pathologists

AIM To evaluate annual incidence of low grade dysplasia(LGD) progression to high grade dysplasia(HGD) and/or esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC) when diagnosis was made by two or more expert pathologists.METHODS Studies evaluating the progression of LGD to HGD or EAC were included. The diagnosis of LGD must be made by consensus of two or more expert gastrointestinal pathologists. Articles were searched in Medline, Pubmed, and Embase. Pooled proportions were calculated using fixed and random effects model. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS Initial search identified 721 reference articles, of which 53 were selected and reviewed. Twelve studies(n = 971) that met the inclusion criteria were included in this analysis. Among the total original LGD diagnoses in the included studies, only 37.49% reached the consensus LGD diagnosis after review by two or more expert pathologists. Total follow up period was 1532 patient-years. In the pooled consensus LGD patients, the annual incidence rate(AIR) of progression to HGD and or EAC was 10.35%(95%CI: 7.56-13.13) and progression to EAC was 5.18%(95%CI: 3.43-6.92). Among the patients down staged from original LGD diagnosis to No-dysplasia Barrett's esophagus, the AIR of progression to HGD and EAC was 0.65%(95%CI: 0.49-0.80). Among the patients down staged to Indefinite for dysplasia, the AIR of progression to HGD and EAC was 1.42%(95%CI: 1.19-1.65). In patients with consensus HGD diagnosis, the AIR of progression to EAC was 28.63%(95%CI: 13.98-43.27). CONCLUSION When LGD is diagnosed by consensus agreement of two or more expert pathologists, its progression towards malignancy seems to be at least three times the current estimates, however it could be up to 20 times the current estimates. Biopsies of all Barrett's esophagus patients with LGD should be reviewed by two expert gastroenterology pathologists. Follow-up strict surveillance programs should be in place for these patients.