While living in the century of crisis （of energy and water）, more focus should be given on renewable energy. Since Kosovo is more limited in hydro-energy resources than the neighboring countries, it is essential to ...While living in the century of crisis （of energy and water）, more focus should be given on renewable energy. Since Kosovo is more limited in hydro-energy resources than the neighboring countries, it is essential to study them and put to use more efficiently. Subject of this study is Istog spring as it is the most important spring of Mokra Gora together with Vrella and White Drino. The spring is analyzed as a complex resource on water economy providing： fish （trout）, potable water, water for irrigation and hydro-energy （currently not in function）. The focus of the study remains the hydro-energetic component, not just a revitalization process but as an upgrade of the existing facility to increase the capacity by 2-3 times. This study is based on information selection and processing regarding detailed technical and economic analysis providing a method for other springs that will be studied in the future. Two technical solutions to the problem are provided as the best economical and technical solution. Solution I has one level and a calculated flow of 7.5 m^3/s and consists generally of renovation works on existing facilities; Solution 2 plans the construction of another level 3 m lower than the existing one, increasing so both the hydro-power capacity and implementation cost for the project Both solutions provide little to no impact on the spring main attributes. The valley ecology will not be influenced because the water after HPP （Hydro Power Plant） will be flowing in its own bed. After this study, Istog spring will be more attractive to donors and will contribute in improvement of energetic structure in Kosovo that for the time being is poor in hydro component.展开更多
This paper briefly introduced the evolution of purification technology for drinking water over time. After description of the 1st generation processes in the beginning of the 20th century - conventional processes and ...This paper briefly introduced the evolution of purification technology for drinking water over time. After description of the 1st generation processes in the beginning of the 20th century - conventional processes and the 2nd generation processes in 1970s - advanced treatment processes, a tertiary processes - UF (ultrafiltration) based on integrated processes was proposed. Moreover, reaction measures (dosing variety of regents for different contaminants) for urban source water emergencies were illustrated in brief. A new technology of KMnO4 and potassium permanganate composite (PPC) for drinking water purification which was developed by Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) was concisely introduced.展开更多
The present drinking water purification system in Egypt uses surface water as a raw water supply without a preliminary filtration process.On the other hand,chlorine gas is added as a disinfectant agent in two steps,pr...The present drinking water purification system in Egypt uses surface water as a raw water supply without a preliminary filtration process.On the other hand,chlorine gas is added as a disinfectant agent in two steps,pre-and post-chlorination.Due to these reasons most of water treatment plants suffer low filtering effectiveness and produce the trihalomethane(THM) species as a chlorination by-product.The Ismailia Canal represents the most distal downstream of the main Nile River.Thus its water contains all the proceeded pollutants discharged into the Nile.In addition,the downstream reaches of the canal act as an agricultural drain during the closing period of the High Dam gates in January and February every year.Moreover,the wide industrial zone along the upstream course of the canal enriches the canal water with high concentrations of heavy metals.The obtained results indicate that the canal gains up to 24.06×106 m3 of water from the surrounding shallow aquifer during the closing period of the High Dam gates,while during the rest of the year,the canal acts as an influent stream losing about 99.6×106 m3 of its water budget.The reduction of total organic carbon(TOC) and suspended particulate matters(SPMs) should be one of the central goals of any treatment plan to avoid the disinfectants by-products.The combination of sedimentation basins,gravel pre-filtration and slow sand filtration,and underground passage with microbiological oxidation-reduction and adsorption criteria showed good removal of parasites and bacteria and complete elimination of TOC,SPM and heavy metals.Moreover,it reduces the use of disinfectants chemicals and lowers the treatment costs.However,this purification system under the arid climate prevailing in Egypt should be tested and modified prior to application.展开更多
This report details an assessment of an integrated low-technology phytodisinfectant-sand filter drum for household water and waste water treatment for sub-Saharan Africa, using bacterial culture tests, total solids, a...This report details an assessment of an integrated low-technology phytodisinfectant-sand filter drum for household water and waste water treatment for sub-Saharan Africa, using bacterial culture tests, total solids, and turbidity amongst others is presented. A hundred litres of very dirty/turbid water （130.3 NTU） was pretreated with 100 seeds of Moringa olieferaand further filtered through a sand filter drum （120 litres carrying capacity） made of fine, coarse sand, charcoal and gravel. The mean total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts, E coli, coliform, pseudomonas, and yeast counts, as well as turbidity of untreated water drastically reduced to wealth health organization acceptable standards for potable water. The results indicated that the mean values of the same parameters for sand filtered pond water alone was significantly lower than the corresponding mean values obtained for Moringa treated pond water. The findings from this study suggest strongly that an integral of two natural water purification technologies （phytodisinfectant-sand filter drum） could be applied for the treatment of all types of contaminated water rendering it free from pathogens for potable and non potable uses.展开更多
文摘While living in the century of crisis （of energy and water）, more focus should be given on renewable energy. Since Kosovo is more limited in hydro-energy resources than the neighboring countries, it is essential to study them and put to use more efficiently. Subject of this study is Istog spring as it is the most important spring of Mokra Gora together with Vrella and White Drino. The spring is analyzed as a complex resource on water economy providing： fish （trout）, potable water, water for irrigation and hydro-energy （currently not in function）. The focus of the study remains the hydro-energetic component, not just a revitalization process but as an upgrade of the existing facility to increase the capacity by 2-3 times. This study is based on information selection and processing regarding detailed technical and economic analysis providing a method for other springs that will be studied in the future. Two technical solutions to the problem are provided as the best economical and technical solution. Solution I has one level and a calculated flow of 7.5 m^3/s and consists generally of renovation works on existing facilities; Solution 2 plans the construction of another level 3 m lower than the existing one, increasing so both the hydro-power capacity and implementation cost for the project Both solutions provide little to no impact on the spring main attributes. The valley ecology will not be influenced because the water after HPP （Hydro Power Plant） will be flowing in its own bed. After this study, Istog spring will be more attractive to donors and will contribute in improvement of energetic structure in Kosovo that for the time being is poor in hydro component.
文摘This paper briefly introduced the evolution of purification technology for drinking water over time. After description of the 1st generation processes in the beginning of the 20th century - conventional processes and the 2nd generation processes in 1970s - advanced treatment processes, a tertiary processes - UF (ultrafiltration) based on integrated processes was proposed. Moreover, reaction measures (dosing variety of regents for different contaminants) for urban source water emergencies were illustrated in brief. A new technology of KMnO4 and potassium permanganate composite (PPC) for drinking water purification which was developed by Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) was concisely introduced.
基金Project supported by the German Academic Exchange Services(Deutcher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD)
文摘The present drinking water purification system in Egypt uses surface water as a raw water supply without a preliminary filtration process.On the other hand,chlorine gas is added as a disinfectant agent in two steps,pre-and post-chlorination.Due to these reasons most of water treatment plants suffer low filtering effectiveness and produce the trihalomethane(THM) species as a chlorination by-product.The Ismailia Canal represents the most distal downstream of the main Nile River.Thus its water contains all the proceeded pollutants discharged into the Nile.In addition,the downstream reaches of the canal act as an agricultural drain during the closing period of the High Dam gates in January and February every year.Moreover,the wide industrial zone along the upstream course of the canal enriches the canal water with high concentrations of heavy metals.The obtained results indicate that the canal gains up to 24.06×106 m3 of water from the surrounding shallow aquifer during the closing period of the High Dam gates,while during the rest of the year,the canal acts as an influent stream losing about 99.6×106 m3 of its water budget.The reduction of total organic carbon(TOC) and suspended particulate matters(SPMs) should be one of the central goals of any treatment plan to avoid the disinfectants by-products.The combination of sedimentation basins,gravel pre-filtration and slow sand filtration,and underground passage with microbiological oxidation-reduction and adsorption criteria showed good removal of parasites and bacteria and complete elimination of TOC,SPM and heavy metals.Moreover,it reduces the use of disinfectants chemicals and lowers the treatment costs.However,this purification system under the arid climate prevailing in Egypt should be tested and modified prior to application.
文摘This report details an assessment of an integrated low-technology phytodisinfectant-sand filter drum for household water and waste water treatment for sub-Saharan Africa, using bacterial culture tests, total solids, and turbidity amongst others is presented. A hundred litres of very dirty/turbid water （130.3 NTU） was pretreated with 100 seeds of Moringa olieferaand further filtered through a sand filter drum （120 litres carrying capacity） made of fine, coarse sand, charcoal and gravel. The mean total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts, E coli, coliform, pseudomonas, and yeast counts, as well as turbidity of untreated water drastically reduced to wealth health organization acceptable standards for potable water. The results indicated that the mean values of the same parameters for sand filtered pond water alone was significantly lower than the corresponding mean values obtained for Moringa treated pond water. The findings from this study suggest strongly that an integral of two natural water purification technologies （phytodisinfectant-sand filter drum） could be applied for the treatment of all types of contaminated water rendering it free from pathogens for potable and non potable uses.
