《饮膳正要》甘味药食养生论略

《饮膳正要》为元代营养学家兼医学家忽思慧所撰,论述了蒙、汉、回、藏等各族常用的食物及其营养价值,书中涉及诸多甘味药食养生的内容。该文从甘味药食概况、选材思想、取食原则、禁忌理论、情志疗法等方面入手,论述了《饮膳正要》的甘味药食疗法。

《黄帝内经》养生保健观初探

《黄帝内经》从顺应自然观、未病先防观、摄养情志观、适当运动观、食饮有节观、起居有常观等 6个方面 ,对养生保健进行科学的归纳和总结 。

“食饮有节”与现代膳食养生

我国悠久的历史蕴含了丰富的膳食文化,"食饮有节"是古代中医膳食养生的重要思想之一,其丰富的内涵对现代合理膳食结构的构建、良好膳食习惯的形成、疾病的预防和治疗有重要的指导意义。秉持"食饮有节"膳食理念进行日常膳食有助于我国人民生活质量的提高。

Effects of dietary intake and genetic factors on hypermethyiation of the hMLH1 gene promoter in gastric cancer

AIM: Hypermethylation of the promoter of the hMLH1gene, which plays an important role in mismatch repair during DNA replication, occurs in more than 30% of human gastric cancer tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental factors, genetic polymorphisms of major metabolic enzymes, and microsatellite instability on hypermethylation of the promoter of the hMLH1 gene in gastric cancer.METHODS: Data were obtained from a hospital-based,case-control study of gastric cancer. One hundred and ten gastric cancer patients and 220 age- and sex-matched control patients completed a structured questionnaire regarding their exposure to environmental risk factors.Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter,polymorphisms of the GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, CYP2E1,ALDH2 and L-myc genes, microsatellite instability and mutations of p53 and Ki-ras genes were investigated.RESULTS: Both smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with a higher risk of gastric cancer with hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter. High intake of vegetables and low intake of potato were associated with increased likelihood of gastric cancer with hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter. Genetic polymorphisms of the GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, CYP2E1,ALDH2, and L-mycgenes were not significantly associated with the risk of gastric cancer either with or without hypermethylation in the promoter of the hMLH1 gene.Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter was significantly associated with microsatellite instability (MSI): 10 of the 14 (71.4%) MSI-positive tumors showed hypermethylation,whereas 28 of 94 (29.8%) the MSI-negative tumors were hypermethylated at the hMLH1 promoter region.Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter was significantly inversely correlated with mutation of the p53gene.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may influence the development of hMLH1-positive gastric cancer. Most dietary factors and polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1,CYP1A1, CYP2E1, ALDH2, and L-myc genes are not independent risk factors for gastric cancer with hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter. These data also suggest that there could be two or more different molecular pathways in the development of gastric cancer, perhaps involving tumor suppression mechanisms or DNA mismatch repair.

Application of dietary fiber in clinical enteral nutrition: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AIM: To evaluate the effects of dietary fiber (DF) as a part of enteral nutrition (EN) formula on diarrhea, infection, and length of hospital stay. METHODS: Following electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials about DF: Chinese Biomedicine Database (CBM), MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. RevMan 4.1 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Seven randomized controlled trials with 400 pat-ients were included. The supplement of DF in EN was compared with standard enteral formula in five trials. Combined analysis did not show a significant reduction in occurrence of diarrhea, but there were valuable results for non-critically ill patients. Combined analysis of two trials observing the infection also did not show any valid evidence that DF could decrease the infection rate, though the length of hospital stay was reduced significantly. CONCLUSION: Based on the current eligible randomized controlled trials, there is no evidence that the value of DF in the diarrhea can be proved. Though length of hospital stay was shortened by the use of DF, there is no available evidence in preventing infection by DF. Further studies are needed for evaluating the value of DF in EN.

Effects of soy components on blood and liver lipids in rats fed high-cholesterol diets

AIM: To assess the effects of soy protein, isoflavone, and saponin on liver and blood lipid in rats that consumed high-cholesterol diets.METHODS: High-cholesterol diets (1%) with or without soy material were fed to 6-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 wk. Blood lipids, liver lipids, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels were measured. The in vitro bile acid-binding ability of soy materials was analyzed.RESULTS: The results of in vitro studies showed that soy protein isolate had a significantly higher bile acid-binding ability (8.4±0.8%) than soy saponin (3.1±0.7%) and isoflavone (1.3±0.4%, P＜0.05). On the other hand, at the end of the experimental period, rats that consumed soy protein diets had lower GOT and GPT levels than rats that consumed casein under high-cholesterol diets.Rats that consumed soy protein also had lower total cholesterol (TC) levels in the liver than those that consumed casein under high-cholesterol diets. Rats that consumed the soy protein diet containing both saponin and isoflavone had lower hepatic TC level than those that consumed the soy protein diet without isoflavone alone.The effect of different types of proteins on triglyceride was not significant.CONCLUSION: Consumption of soy provided benefits to control lipid levels under high-cholesterol dieting conditions in this rat model of hypercholesterolemia. The major component that reduced hepatic TC was not saponin, but possibly isoflavone.

Plasma carnitine ester profile in adult celiac disease patients maintained on long-term gluten free diet

AIM： To determine the fasting plasma carnitine ester in patients with celiac disease. METHODS： We determined the fasting plasma carnitine ester profile using ESI triple quadrupol mass spectrometry in 33 adult patients with biopsy-confirmed maturity onset celiac disease maintained on long term gluten free diet. RESULTS： The level of free camibine did not differ as the celiac disease patients were compared with the healthy controls, whereas the acetylcarnitine level was markedly reduced （4.703± 0.205 vs 10.227 ± 0.368 nmol/mL, P〈0.01）. The level of propionylcarnitine was 61.5%, butyrylcarnitine 56.9%, hexanoylcarnitine 75%, octanoylcarnitine 71.1%, octenoylcarnitine 52.1%, decanoylcarnitine 73.1%, cecenoylcarnitine 58.3%, lauroylcarnitine 61.5%, miristoylcarnitine 66.7%, miristoleylcarnitine 62.5% and oleylcarnitine 81.1% in the celiac disease patients compared to the control values, respectively （P〈0.01）. CONCLUSION： The marked decrease of circulating acetylcarnitine with 50-80 % decrease of 11 other carnitine esters shows that the carnitine ester metabolism can be influenced even in clinically asymptomatic and well being adult celiac disease patients, and gluten withdrawal alone does not necessarily normalize all elements of the disturbed carnitine homeostasis.

Clinical application of dip-assisted endoscopic method for nasoenteric feeding in patients with gastroparesis and gastroesophageal wounds

AIM: To report the clinical experiences in the application of clip-assisted endoscopic method for nasoenteric feeding in patients with gastroparesis and patients with gastroesophageal wounds, and to compare the efficacy of nasoenteric feeding in these two indications. METHODS: From April 2002 to January 2004,21 consecutive patients with gastroparesis or gastroesophageal wounds were enrolled and received nasoenteric feeding for nutritional support. A clip-assisted method was used to place the nasoenteric tubes. Outcomes in the two groups were compared with respect to the successful rate of enteral feeding, percentage of recommended energy intake (REI), and complication rates. RESULTS: The gastroparesis group included 13 patients with major burns (n = 7), trauma (n = 2), congestive heart failure (n = 2) and post-surgery gastric stasis syndrome (n = 2). The esophageogastric wound group included eight patients with tracheoesophageal fistula (n = 2) and wound leakage following gastric surgery (n = 6). Two study groups were similar in feeding successful rates (84.6% vs 75.0%). There were also no differences in the percentage of REI between groups (79.4% vs 78.6%). Additionally, no complications occurred in any of the study groups. CONCLUSION: Nasoenteric feeding is a useful method to provide nutritional support to most of the patients with gastroparesis who cannot tolerate nasogastric tube feeding and to the cases who need bypass feeding for esophageogastric wounds.

Metabolomic changes in fatty liver can be modified by dietary protein and calcium during energy restriction

AIM： To characterise the effect of energy restriction （ER） on liver lipid and primary metabolite profile by using metabolomic approach. We also investigated whether the effect of energy restriction can be further enhanced by modification of dietary protein source and calcium. METHODS： Liver metabolomic profile of lean and obese C57BI/6J mice （n = 10/group） were compared with two groups of weight-reduced mice. ER was performed on control diet and whey protein-based high-calcium diet （whey ＋ Ca）. The metabolomic analyses were performed using the UPLC/MS based lipidomic platform and the HPLC/MS/MS based primary metabolite platform.RESULTS： ER on both diets significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid droplet size, while only whey ＋ Ca diet significantly decreased blood glucose （P 〈 0.001） and serum insulin （P 〈 0.01）. In hepatic lipid species the biggest reduction was in the level of triacylglycerols and cerarnides while the level of cholesterol esters was significantly increased during ER. Interestingly, diacylglycerol to phospholipid ratio, an indicator of relative amount of diabetogenic diglyceride species, was increased in the control ER group, but decreased in the whey ＋ Ca ER group （P 〈 0.001, vs obese）. ER on whey ＋ Ca diet also totally reversed the obesity induced increase in the relative level of lipotoxic cerarnides （P 〈 0.001, vs obese; P 〉 0.05, vs lean）. These changes were accompanied with up-regulated TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway rnetabolites. CONCLUSION： ER-induced changes on hepatic rnetabolornic profile can be significantly affected by dietary protein source. The therapeutic potential of whey protein and calcium should be further studied.

Psychological burden of food allergy

One fifth of the population report adverse reactions to food. Reasons for these symptoms are heterogeneous, varying from food allergy, food intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome to somatoform or other mental disorders. Literature reveals a large discrepancy between truly diagnosed food allergy and reports of food allergy symptoms by care seekers. In most studies currently available the characterization of patient groups is incomplete, because they did not distinguish between immunologic reactions and other kinds of food reactions. In analysing these adverse reactions, a thorough physical and psychological diagnostic approach is important. In our qualitative review, we present those diagnostic measures that are evidenced-based as well as clinically useful, and discuss the various psychological dimensions of adverse reactions to food. It is important to acknowledge the complex interplay between body and mind： Adults and children suffering from food allergy show impaired quality of life and a higher level of stress and anxiety. Pavlovian conditioning of adverse reactions plays an important role in maintaining symptoms. The role of personality, mood, or anxiety in food reactions is debatable. Somatoform disorders ought to be identified early to avoid lengthy and fiustrating investigations. A future task will be to improve diagnostic algorithms, to describe psychological aspects in clearly characterised patient subgroups, and to develop strategies for an optimized management of the various types of adverse reactions to food.

基于《黄帝内经》养生思想改善小学教师身心健康的策略

本课题参考世界卫生组织提出的“五好三良”健康标准(张国玺,2008),以《黄帝内经》的气一阴阳一五行、藏象学说、致病机理、养生学说为理论基础,结合我校教师的身心健康现状、需求和工作、环境、家庭等具体情况,通过课题实践研究,总结出基于《黄帝内经》养生思想改善小学教师身心健康的策略。

Research of chemical induction unit on mixing effect and chlorine saving

Rapid mixing and chlorine saving are two important problems that most drinking water industries are focus on, and this paper adopts chemical induction unit to compare with water jet injector to study what merits chemical induction unit has. The experiment chose coefficient of variability of chlorine concentration to evaluate the mix effect and used chlorine consumption to compare the two equipments. Distribution reservoir experiments show that chemical induction unit can completely mix chlorine less than 6.2 seconds and water jet injector can not completely mix in 3 minutes. Mixing pool experiments show that chemical induction unit can save chlorine compared with water jet injector, and can save more if more chlorine is consumed.