强降雨特性对饱和–非饱和边坡失稳破坏的影响

在调研和总结国内典型灾害性滑坡的基础上,概化典型边坡数值模型,进行饱和–非饱和边坡的瞬态渗流场与应力场的耦合分析。结合强度折减技术进行瞬态渗流作用下边坡稳定性计算,得到边坡整体稳定安全系数,并基于ABAQUS软件实现渗流与应力耦合作用下的破坏接近度(FAI)评价方法,多角度综合探究强降雨特性对边坡失稳机制及稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)强降雨会导致边坡临空面特别是下部土体的应力程度恶化,易使边坡出现滑流冲蚀和局部的坍塌失稳;(2)雨型对边坡孔压的时空演化、变形响应、安全系数及FAI的影响均明显,孔压和变形与雨型各时刻的雨强呈正相关关系;(3)低强度长持时降雨会渐次增加深层土体的孔压,易使边坡产生深层滑动失稳,而高强度短持时降雨易使坡趾最先失稳,之后破坏区向坡顶渐进扩展;(4)雨强与安全系数呈反比关系,当雨强由12 mm/h增大到36 mm/h时,安全系数约降低17%,且雨强直接影响边坡破坏区的破坏程度和非破裂区的危险程度,高强度的暴雨更易使坡趾出现滑移失稳。

基于ABAQUS的三维边坡降雨入渗模块的开发及其应用

为了克服ABAQUS在进行降雨入渗模拟方面的局限性,采用Python语言对ABAQUS软件的降雨入渗边界进行二次开发,将降雨边界作为不定边界,采用迭代算法对降雨入渗边界进行处理,开发出基于ABAQUS软件的降雨入渗模块。该模块克服了ABAQUS软件中只能模拟降雨全部入渗,入渗率保持不变的单一情况,完善了ABAQUS软件的降雨入渗分析功能。通过与土柱入渗试验进行比较,证明开发出的降雨入渗模块是稳定可靠的。在此基础上,采用该模块研究了抗滑桩边坡的降雨入渗过程,结果表明:抗滑桩虽然可以有效的提高边坡的稳定性,但是,在降雨条件下,抗滑桩的存在减小了排水有效断面,使坡体后缘汇集而来的地下水得不到及时排泄,这又会对边坡稳定性产生不利影响。因此在多雨地区进行抗滑桩设计应充分考虑降雨所带来的不利影响,综合评价抗滑桩的加固效果。借助于ABAQUS的强大功能,该模块可以为以后进行更复杂的降雨相关问题的研究提供一个良好的研究平台。

基于粒子群支持向量机的高心墙堆石坝渗透系数反演

渗流场参数的获取是研究运行期高心墙堆石坝渗流特性的难点之一。针对糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝,利用饱和–非饱和渗流场有限元程序生成学习样本,借助支持向量机的高度非线性映射能力,建立了渗透系数与水头之间的映射关系。再以识别误差目标函数为适应值,采用粒子群优化算法反馈搜索以建立大坝渗透系数反演模型。以大坝最大横剖面典型渗压计测点为实测点,采用一维固结理论推导了大坝心墙超静孔隙水压力消散计算公式,并对心墙水头实测值进行修正。通过对运行期库水位稳定时段渗流场的反演得到大坝待反演分区的渗透系数,再利用水位上升期对应的渗流场进行验证。结果表明,渗透系数反演结果是合理的。

堆浸铀矿堆水力学特征参数的试验与反演研究

为了掌握堆浸铀矿堆非抱和区的水力学特性,根据多孔介质的液体流动控制方程和描述水力学性质的van Genuchten模型,阐述了堆浸铀矿堆水力学特征参数的数值反演模型。接着,选用来自某铀矿山新堆浸场分形维数D=1.8的铀矿石样,利用自制的一维液体非饱和渗流试验装置,测定了不同喷淋强度下试验柱底部的累计排水量和5个不同高度矿样内的含水率。最后,利用HYDRUS-1D软件获得了试验样本在注水期间和排水期间的水力学特征参数。结果表明:1数值反演方法确定的水力学特征参数能很好地与实际情况相匹配,参数估算结果可用于工程实际;2注水期间和排水期间需要分别确定对应的水力学特征参数;3注水期间反演估算获得的堆浸铀矿堆饱和渗透系数比排水期间的更接近饱和渗流试验获得的结果。

降雨入渗黄土边坡的稳定性分析及评价

黄土遇水具有水解性和湿陷性而使其强度剧减,水对黄土边坡的稳定性具有很大的影响。因黄土地区边坡的地下水埋藏较深,故降雨成为诱发黄土边坡失稳的主要因素之一。根以饱和–非饱和土的渗流理论为基础,采用GeoStudio软件中的SEEP/W和SLOPE/W模块对兰州市石峡口滑坡在降雨入渗条件下的稳定性进行了研究,结果表明:该滑坡在累计15天降雨的作用下处于不稳定状态,与实际情况基本吻合。

Large-area Analysis of Soil Erosion and Landslides Induced by Rainfall: A Case of Unsaturated Shallow Deposits

Unsaturated shallow soil deposits may be affected by either superficial soil erosion or shallow landslides in adjacent or overlapping source areas and in different seasons when a different soil suction exists.The triggering analysis of both these processes is a relevant issue for the hazard analysis while the literature mostly provides specific approaches for erosion or for landslides.The paper proposes a largearea analysis for a case study of Southern Italy,consisting of unsaturated shallow deposits of loose pyroclastic(air-fall) volcanic soils that have been repeatedly affected by erosion and landslides in special seasons.For a past catastrophic event, the simulated source areas of shallow landslides are smaller than those observed in the field while the simulated eroded areas with thickness greater than 5cm are comparable with the in-situ evidences, if the analysis takes into account high rainfall intensity and a spatially variable soil cover use.More in general, the results of the paper are consistent with the previous literature and also provide a methodological contribution about the application of distinct tools over large area.The added value is that the paper shows how the combination of distinct large-area analyses may help with understanding the dominant slope instability mechanisms.Only once this goal is fully achieved, can specific physically-based analyses be confidently performed at detailed scales and for smaller specific areas.

Stress-strain relationship of unsaturated cohesive soil

A moisture-content based constitutive model was proposed based on the hyperbolic model as an attempt to move towards the implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics into routine geotechnical engineering practice. The stress-strain behavior of in-situ soil at a depth of 5 m was investigated by conducting undrained triaxial compression tests using the remolded soil samples. The test results show that the stress-strain relationship of unsaturated cohesive soil is still hyperbolic. The values of parameters a and b given in the model decrease with increasing the confining pressure for soil samples with the same moisture content and increase with increasing the moisture content for soil samples under the same confining pressure. The relationships between parameters a, b and moisture content were studied for confining pressures of 100, 150, 200 and 250 kPa. The comparison between the measured and predicted stress-strain curves for an additional group of soil samples, having a moisture content of 25.4%, shows that the proposed moisture content-dependent hyperbolic model provides a good prediction of stress-strain behavior of unsaturated cohesive soil.

Comparative study of the nutritional composition and toxic elements of farmed and wild Chanodichthys mongolicus

Information of the difference in quality between farmed and wild fish is central to better ensuring fish products produced in aquaculture meet regulatory and consumer requirements. Proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and toxic elements contents of fanned and wild Chanodichthys mongolicus were established and compared. Significantly higher crude protein content while lower moisture content in farmed fish compared to wild fish were observed （P〈0.05）. The percentages of total amino acids （TAA）, total essential amino acids （TEAA）, total non-essential amino acids （TNEAA） and total delicious amino acids （TDAA） in farmed fish were all significantly higher than those in the wild equivalent （P〈0.05）. Compared to the FAO/WHO recommended reference values, the ratios of TEAA/ TAA （39.84%o-40.33%） were comparable to 40% and TEAA / TNEAA （66.22%-67.60%） were above 60%. Fatty acid profiles in both farmed and wild C. mongolicus were dominated by monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA）, with farmed fish contained much more MUFA content compared to wild counterpart （P〈0.05）. Notably, wild fish exhibited significantly higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acid （PUFA） including eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA） than fanned fish （P〈0.05）. The EPA （C20：503） and linoleic acid （C18：206） were the predominant PUFA in wild and farmed C. mongolicus, respectively. Moreover, farmed fish displayed an overall lower toxic element levels （As, Cd, Pb and Hg） in comparison with wild fish, and both were far lower than the established limit standard. In conclusion, our results suggest that the nutritional quality of fanned C. mongolicus was inferior to their wild counterpart with respect to fatty acids nutrition, and therefore further studies should focus on the improving C. mongolicus diet in order to enhance the overall nutritional composition.

Comparison in nutritional quality between wild and cultured cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

In this study, the proximate composition and the amino and fatty acid profiles of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei （prey） and wild and cultured cuttlefish Sepiapharaonis （the latter fed the prey） were determined and compared with FAO/WHO recommendations. The resulting scores for isoleucine, phenylalanine＋tyrosine, histidine, lysine, threonine, and tryptophan in cultured cuttlefish were 〉150. The ratio of EAA （essential amino acids）/nonessential amino acids in cultured cuttlefish （0.82） was higher than in the wild form （0.80）. All EAA amino acid scores for cultured cuttlefish were higher than their wild counterparts, except for histidine and tryptophan. Both groups of cuttlefish possessed similar saturated fatty acid content, with the cultured containing much more total （E） monounsaturated fatty acids, E n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）, and eicosapentaenoic acid （C20：5 n-3） but less E n-3 PUFA, arachidonic acid （C20：4 n-6）, and docosahexaenoic acid （C22：6 n-3） than their wild counterparts. Therefore, the present results suggest that these cultured cuttlefish were better than the wild form for human health. Notably, these results also indicate that the nutritional composition of these cuttlefish might have been significantly affected by diet.

Unanswered questions in unsaturated soil mechanics

The last two to three decades have seen significant advances in the mechanics of unsaturated soils.It is now widely recognized that the fundamental principles in soil mechanics must cover both saturated and unsaturated soils.Nevertheless,there is still a great deal of uncertainties in the geotechnical community about how soil mechanics principles well-established for saturated soils can be extended to unsaturated soils.There is even wide skepticism about the necessity of such extension in engineering practice.This paper discusses some common pitfalls related to the fundamental principles that govern the volume change,shear strength and hydromechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils.It also attempts to address the issue of engineering relevance of unsaturated soil mechanics.