焦油馏分塔塔盘固定方法的改进

我厂焦油车间的焦油馏分塔采用铸铁制造,每层塔盘靠自重安放在塔节的凸台或支腿上。在实际生产中,塔下部的塔盘常因操作原因而使支撑塔盘的支腿损坏,导致塔盘倾斜或倾翻,严重时会破坏全塔的正常操作,被迫停产检修。

低温降、低压降减压转油线的设计和计算

介绍了乌鲁木齐石油化工总厂常减压装置减压转油线的改造情况，通过设计、计算和实际标定证明，改造后的减压转油线具有温降低、压降低、汽化率高的特点。因而，改善了油品质量，提高了减压拔出率，取得了较好的经济效益。

Hybrid Process of Reactive Distillation and Pervaporation for the Production of Tert-amyl Ethyl Ether

In this study, a reactive distillation column in which chemical reaction and separation occur simultaneously is applied for the synthesis of tert-amyl ethyl ether （TAEE） from ethanol （EtOH） and tert-amyl alcohol （TAA）. Pervaporation, an efficient membrane separation technique, is integrated with the reactive distillation for enhancing the efficiency of TAEE production. A user-defined Fortran subroutine of a pervaporation unit is developed, allowing the design and simulation of the hybrid process of reactive distillation and pervaporation in Aspen Plus simulator. The performance of such a hybrid process is analyzed and the results indicate that the integration of the reactive distillation with the pervaporation increases the conversion of TAA and the purity of TAEE product, compared with the conventional reactive distillation.

Purification of indium by vacuum distillation and its analysis

High purity （99.999% or 5N, mass fraction） indium （In） was obtained through vacuum distillation using a 2N （99%） In as input material under a dynamic vacuum of 5 Pa. The glow discharge mass spectrometry （GDMS） was applied for the analysis of input material and the distilled indium. The results indicate that high-volatile impurities namely Cd, Zn, T1 and Pb can be removed from the indium matrix at the low fraction stage of 1 223 K for 120 min; Low-volatile impurities such as Fe, Ni, Cu, Sn can be reduced at the high fraction stage of 1 323 K for 120 min. The separation coefficient ,8i and activity coefficient Yi of impurities are calculated according to the experiments to fill the inadequate data of the thermodynamics.

STUDY ON MASS TRANSFER IN SEPARATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM PLANT MATERIALS BY STEAM DISTILLATION

The mass transfer model describing the separation of essential oils from plant materials has been proposed and the mass transfer coefficient has been obtained by fitting the present model to the experimental data for three kinds of plant materials. The validity of the model has been verified. To im' prove the vapor-solid contact, a mechanical agitator has been installed in the steam distillator. The effect of agitating rate on mass transfer coefficient has also been examined.

Wiped-Film Molecular Distillation Process

Based on the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook distillation for two components in the presence equation, a new scheme of wiped-film molecular of inert gas is developed. The equations in the scheme are solved numerically by the method of finite difference and iteration. The new scheme is used to simulate the molecular distillation of dibutyl phthalate and dibutyl sebacate （ DBP-DBS ） mixture. The effects of the inert gas pressure, the distance between the evaporation surface and condensation surface, the rotation rate of blade, and the number of blades on the distillation rate and separation factor are discussed.

Fractionation characteristics of rare earth elements(REEs) linked with secondary Fe, Mn, and Al minerals in soils

Soil secondary minerals are important scavengers of rare earth elements(REEs) in soils and thus affect geochemical behavior and occurrence of REEs. The fractionation of REEs is a common geochemical phenomenon in soils but has received little attention, especially fractionation induced by secondary minerals. In this study, REEs(La to Lu and Y) associated with soil-abundant secondary minerals Fe-, Al-, and Mn-oxides in 196 soil samples were investigated to explore the fractionation and anomalies of REEs related to the minerals. The results show right-inclined chondrite-normalized REE patterns for La–Lu in soils subjected to total soil digestion and partial soil extraction. Light REEs(LREEs) enrichment features were negatively correlated with a Eu anomaly and positively correlated with a Ce anomaly. The fractionation between LREEs and heavy REEs(HREEs) was attributed to the high adsorption affinity of LREEs to secondary minerals and the preferred activation/leaching of HREEs.The substantial fractions of REEs in soils extracted byoxalate and Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate buffer solutions were labile(10 %–30 %), which were similar to the mass fraction of Fe(10 %–20 %). Furthermore, Eu was found to be more mobile than the other REEs in the soils, whereas Ce was less mobile. These results add to our understanding of the distribution and geochemical behavior of REEs in soils, and also help to deduce the conditions of soil formation from REE fractionation.

Desalination by Simple Solar Distiller Assisted by a Heat Pump

The increase in the population of Tunisia and the industrial development posed with acuity during the end of the major problems. Without contribution of additional resources, water will then be likely to be done increasingly rare. The solar still is a small production system, yielding on average 2-5 L/day. In this study we propose a solar distiller assisted by a heat pump. The design of this distiller uses for the evaporation of water and its condensation two phenomena are studied Simple Solar Distiller （SSD） and Simple Solar Still Distiller Hybrid with heat Pump （SSDHP）. The performance is less than 2 L/mVday and a performance of 30% for the SSD. But the SSDHP is 12 L/m2/day, the energetic efficiency reaches 90%.

Enrichment of Semi-Volatile Organic Acids from Aqueous Solutions by Multiple-Effect Membrane Distillation

Multiple-effect membrane distillation （MEMD） process for enriching semi-volatile organic acids from their individual aqueous solutions was performed by using a hollow fiber-based air gap membrane distillation （AGMD） module with the function of internal heat recovery. Aqueous solutions of glyoxylic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyrnvic acid, malonic acid and glutaric acid were used as model feed. For a feed of 1% （mass fraction）, each acid could be enriched for 8--20 times, which depended on the surface tension of the concentrate. The operation performance of MEMD process was characterized by permeation flux J, performance ratio PR and acid rejection rate R. The effects of cold feed-in temperature, heated feed-in temperature, feed-in volumetric flow rate and feed-in concen- tration on MEMD performance were experimentally evaluated. Maximum values of J, PR and R were 4.8 L/（h-m2）, 9.84 and 99.93%, respectively. Moreover, MEMD process demonstrated a fairly good stability in a long-term experiment lasting for 30 d when aqueous solution of 4% （mass fraction） lactic acid was used as a feed.

Separation of Lactic Acid from Diluted Solution by Hybrid Short Path Evaporation and Reactive Distillation

This work describes the separation and purification of lactic acid from diluted solution by HSPE （hybrid short path evaporation） and RD （reactive distillation） as coupled process. The results showed that it is possible to increase lactic acid concentration up to 4.7 times higher than the raw material concentration.

Fractionation of Palm Kernel Oil by Short Path Distillation

Fractionation of palm kernel oil （PKO） by short path distillation （SPD） at two feed flow rates （135 g/h and 195 g/h） and six distillation temperatures, TD,s （200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 ℃） was investigated. Other distillation parameters, such as vacuum pressure （0.001 mbar）, blade rotation speed （400 rpm） and temperature of the feed material （60 ℃） were kept constant. The fractionated products, known as residue and distillate, were analysed for physico-chemical properties including fatty acid composition （FAC）, triacylglycerol （TAG） composition, slip melting point （SMP）, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and solid fat content （SFC）. Product yield was measured as well. Crystallisation behaviour of PKO and the fractionated products were studied by measurement of isothermal crystallisation, Tc,. at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ℃. The distillates, collected at all fractionation temperatures, were enriched with caprylic, capric and lauric acids. These fractions were also concentrated with low molecular weight and C36 TAGs. Distillates obtained at higher TDis （230-250 ℃） exhibited higher in SMP and SFC. On the other hand, the residual oils collected at all fractionation temperatures contained higher amount of long-chain fatty acid and palmitic acid. These fractions were enriched with high molecular weight TAGs. Residues obtained at lower Tois （200-220 ℃） were low in SMP and comparable SFC with PKO. Changes in fatty acid and TAG composition resulted in different crystallisation behaviour of the fractions. Distillates collected at all fractionation temperatures crystallised in a sharper peak while residues obtained at higher T Dis （230-250 ℃） showed broader crystallisation peaks, as shown by the DSC thermograms.

Interface-enhanced distillation beyond tradition based on well-arranged graphene membrane

Traditional distillation(TD)is generally an energy-intensive and inefficient process for separation and purification of liquids in chemical industries.Herein,we developed an interface-enhanced distillation(IED)by employing a well-arranged membrane of reduced graphene oxide(rGO)sheet arrays embedded with silicon dioxide nanofibres(rGO/SiO2)as the evaporation intermediate layer on the liquid surface.This IED enlarges the evaporation surfaces and weakens the intermolecular forces on the liquid/solid/gas interfaces,realizing the fast and even low temperature fraction collection with less energy consumption.The IED delivers evaporation rates 200%–300%times that of TD,meanwhile having an energy saving of 40%–60%and a time saving of 50%–70%for diverse liquid feeds.In atmospheric IED manner,high boiling point and perishable organics can be collected with high quality at a temperature lower than their boiling points.This IED provides an innovative strategy for highly efficient distillation in chemical industries.