唐西州马价考

唐代西州,是一个马匹贸易的重要市场,不仅西州当地用马会从西州市场购买,而且西北各地都有到西州购买的记录。吐鲁番出土文书,为研究西州的马匹市场提供了不可多得的宝贵资料。马价,是马匹市场研究的重要内容之一,文本通过吐鲁番出土文书,考证唐前期西州马价及其演变。再通过对比敦煌、中原的相关资料,考察西州马价在全国的状态,从而为全面理解唐代西州,提供一个新的具体观察视角。

从出土简牍看汉代马价

在河西汉简出土之前,学术界对两汉马价的探讨主要依据传世文献,认为汉代马价在1匹15—20万钱之间。河西汉简的出土,为学术界重新认识汉代马价创造了条件,一些学者认为汉代内地马匹的常价在1匹5000钱或1万钱,但这种意见仍有可商榷之处。本文认为两汉时期马价波动幅度很大,1匹5000钱左右的马价只是两汉时期内地的最低马价,汉代内地马匹的常价多数时期在1匹2万钱以上;河西地区的马价要低于内地,马的常价在一匹4000钱至1.5万钱之间,在王莽末和东汉初年,河西的最高马价也可能达到一匹数十万钱。此外,河西汉简记载的死马价格与文献记载的死马价格基本相当。

唐朝与回纥汗国的关系

历史上,唐朝与回纥汗国的关系,在政治方面,唐朝册封回纥可汗,在回纥境内设置机构,派遣官吏管辖,驻军防守,回纥汗国隶属于唐朝;在经济方面,绢马贸易、驱马市茶促进了商业贸易的繁荣,绢马贸易又有其深远影响;在文化方面,唐代的汉族文化与回纥文化相互交流产生了巨大的影响;唐朝王室与回纥可汗之间的和亲,加强了各族的内向力.促进经济文化交流,有利于统一的多民族国家的发展。这就是说唐朝与回纥汗国的关系是悠久的而且是非常密切的。

《金瓶梅词典》词条选登

虎中美女 指少年与美女。《太和正音谱·词林须知》:“妓女总称谓之猱。猱,猿属,贪兽也,喜食虎脑。虎见而爱之,负其背而取虱,遗其首而死,求其脑肝肠而食之。古人取喻,虎譬如少年,喜而爱其色;

把《金瓶梅》作者还给苍山兰陵(中)

本世纪80年代，大量学者投入对《金》学的研究。有关作者问题，向两个方向分流：1、有人不能摆脱大名士的情结，专门在官僚名士中找导作者，列名者50余人，然此立彼破，足证各文均有破绽。2、先是少数学者据书中前后情节、人物年龄不对榫，前7回、后20回与全书笔力不称，很多字记音不表意；词曲过多，不该唱时也唱；历史、地理、官名记载的大量错误，及全书属俗文学套路……得出结论：此书系为说唱潘金莲、西门庆故事的底本，后经一人写定，最后写成时间约为万历30年前后。将《金瓶梅》的作者和山东兰陵联系起来的思路是对的。

The effects of corporate governance compliance on market valuation in Malaysia

This study investigates the effects of corporate governance compliance on market valuation in Malaysia using a sample of 164 companies listed on the Main Board in Bursa Malaysia from 5 different industries （consumer, trading ＆ services, industrial, constructions and properties） within 2001 to 2005. Throughout, this study will use correlation and regression analysis in the SPSS software to determine the effects of corporate governance practices on Market Valuation. In analyzing firms＇ market valuation, we will use the Tobin＇s Q formula and for the corporate governance compliance, we will look at 4 criteria to compare with market valuation, which are （1） Board of Director＇s composition, （2） Board of Director＇s remuneration （salaries）, （3） Board of Director＇s training and development, （4） Board of Director＇s meeting. In order to determine the effects between the corporate governance compliance and market valuation, we will use regression analysis. Based on the correlation analysis, the first null hypothesis must be rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, in which dependent variable and independent variables are significantly correlated with BOD remuneration and BOD training availability. Overall, there is a significant relationship between Tobin＇s Q and independent variables （BOD remuneration and BOD training）. This study also recommends that for the company who did not comply with the code, they should follow the best practice because it will be a pivotal weapon in facing with the fierce competition in era globalization.

Ecological Suitability Assessment and Introduction Experiment on Rosa damascena trigintipetala in Sichuan Province, China

This study comprehensively considered the climate, soil, terrain, and land-use type conditions suitable for Rosa damascena trigintipetala and further established an ecological suitability evaluation model of R. damascena triginffpetala in Sichuan Province, China, based on geographic information systems （GIS） and Agro-Ecological Zone （AEZ） models; then we assessed the different ecological suitability grades for this species in Sichuan Province of China and summarized the suitable land areas and spatial distribution pattern for R. damascena trigintipetala. The results show that the suitable areas （which contain highly suitable, generally suitable, and critically suitable areas） for R. damascena trigintipetala are 307.268×lO4 hm^2, which accounts for 6.34% of the total provincial area. Results also indicate that shrub land and open forest land are the major land-use types suitable for R. damascena trigintipetala, with the suitable areas of 303.162×lO4 hm2 （6.25% of the total provincial area）. An introduction test was conducted in one of the suitable areas, Xichang City, which demonstrated that R. damascena trigintipetala grows well at theexperimental sites. The quality of rose oil extracted from R. damascena trigintipetala planted in Xichang meets the Bulgaria Rose Oil Standard, thus verifying the accuracy and reliability of the ecological suitability assessment results.

Meat Production through Evaluation of Stallion Prospects for Simmental and Simbrah Cattle

In the world, many research has been made to increase the quality and quantity of food production, and also to seek increase of accessibility of consumption for the population, especially in low economic income communities, where the consumption of protein may be very important for public health and sustainable development. The main objective of this study was to generate knowledge to increase food safety in the production of meat through the assessment of cattle that are prospect to be stallions of the Simmental and Simbrah breeds. This took place in Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The period of time for the test to get accurate data regarding food consumption in this study was 70 d. The Simmental breed surpasses the Simbrah breed, with respect to increase in daily weight and increase in final weight （P ≤ 0.05）. If Northeast México is looking to enhance food safety through a higher increase in final weight, then it should consider the Simmental breed as the most appropriate.

Mancozeb： Its Value to the EU Potato Industry

Mancozeb is a multi-site fungicide used to control late blight （Phytophthora infestans） and early blight （Alternaria solani） in potatoes, and is currently due for re-approval as part of the EU Sustainable Use Directive---Authorisation of Plant Protection Products Regulation （EC） No 1107/2009. In order to understand its value to the EU potato industry, a stakeholder survey was conducted to understand the implications for P. infestans control and the impact on EU potato production if mancozeb was not available. In total, 319 growers and advisers were surveyed in 8 countries： France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Spain and the UK, to determine how they use mancozeb, potential alternative control strategies and the implications of withdrawal. This study demonstrates that mancozeb is a widely used and cost-effective multisite active ingredient, which is a highly valued means of control for P. infestans. Based on the survey results, a loss of mancozeb would lead to a reduction in gross margin for potato producers in these countries of 787 million to 507 million depending on the level of P. infestans pressure. The combined impact of high cost of production and increased risks is likely to lead to reductions in the availability of EU potatoes and increased costs to consumers. In addition, an assessment was completed to determine the impact of mancozeb withdrawal on fungicide resistance development to single-site acting fungicides, finding that the loss of a multi-site active ingredient like mancozeb would severely compromise fungicide resistance management.

Frontiers of Value-at-Risk Forecasting for the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index of Malaysia and Bangkok SET Index of Thailand

This study utilized two forecasting methods including ARFIMA （p, d, q）-GARCH （p, d, q）, and extreme value techniques. One of the puzzling questions raised by evolutionary econometric theory is how two-way behavior is evaluated in two ways, which benefits the investors of the securities, traded on a stock exchange. For the purpose of this study, intra-day secondary data during period of 1997-2010 of the stock-market returns of Bangkok SET （Stock Exchange of Thailand） Index （Thailand） and Kuala Lumpur Composite Index （Malaysia） were collected. For the new perspective framework, the expected values were conducted using ARFIMA （p, d, q）-GARCH （p, q） forecasting method and Generalize Extreme Value （GEV） to confirm the final solutions. The Value-at-Risk （VaR） of those stock-market returns was tested. The new perspective framework of expected value confirmed that ARFIMA （1, 0.29, 1）-GARCH （1, 1） was the best forecasting method for VaR in case of the Kuala Lumpur Composite stock-market returns based on MAPE （%）. And the perspective based on extreme case confirmed that Generalize Extreme Value （GEV） as F= （x,μ,σ,ξ）： F = （x, 0.00616, 0.00573, 0.36900） was the best forecasting method for VaR in case of the Bangkok SET stock-market returns based on MAPE （%）.

Impact of Oil Price Fluctuations on Returns of Different Sectors of Malaysian Stock Market

Oil price fluctuations affect equity values in North American, European, and Gulf Cooperation Council （GCC） stock markets, as evidenced by prior studies. However, they only focus on market-wide level analysis. This study, through both market level and sector level analyses, examines the sensitivity of Malaysian stock returns to oil price fluctuations over the period from January 2000 to March 2014. A multifactor market model has been employed to capture this sensitivity. The regression results show a positive impact of oil price changes on the Financial Times Stock Exchange Kuala Lumpur Composite Index （FTSE KLCI） market return. Consumer staples and energy sector index returns were also positively affected by oil price changes. On the other hand, utilities and telecom services were negatively affected over the study period. Moreover, Granger causality analysis was performed to see if oil price fluctuations Granger cause the stock indices to change. With one month lag period, oil price fluctuations Granger cause consumer staple, energy, industrials, and telecommunication services return. Relevant policymakers and market caretakers （Ministry of Finance, Central Bank, and Security Commission） may use the fmdings of this study to develop and incorporate a preventive mechanism to minimize the unfavorable impacts of oil price fluctuations on different sectors of stock market, and Malaysian economy in general.

Marx＇s Concept of Alienation： With a Brief Assessment

Since the collapse of Euro-Communism in 1989, the ideas of Marx have largely been discarded as little more than historical relics. There is a good reason for the neglect. The governments that Marxism spawns are among the most brutal in history. Equally condemnable for a philosopher who bases his theory on a science of historical development, most of Marx＇s key predictions turn out to be incorrect. What then is left of Marx＇s principles？ This paper argues that Marx is best understood as a critic of the injustice of industrial societies. Marx＇s essential critical concept is alienation. The paper presents the first complete analysis of Marx＇s treatment of alienation and offers a brief assessment of how this concept applies to our time.

Sensory Evaluation of Flavored Soy Milk-Based Yogurt： A Comparison between Jordanian and Malaysian Consumers

Soy yogurt has gained significant popularity due to its nutritional health benefits. The objectives of this study were to develop flavored yogurt from soybean milk with reduced soy aftertaste by the addition of 30% （wt/wt） strawberry or orange jam in conjunction with a lactic acid fermentation. Soy milk-based yogurt products were assessed for microbial quality and for acceptability by a panel of Jordanian and Malaysian consumers. Sixty-one individuals, of whom 75.4% （n = 46） were Jordanian and 24.6% （n = 15） were Malaysian, evaluated the plain and flavored soy milk-based yogurt. The overall acceptability of orange and strawberry soy yogurt was rated significantly higher than plain soy yogurt. In general, the orange and strawberry soy yogurt received higher sensory ratings from Malaysian than Jordanian consumers. In addition, formulations with orange jam received higher scores than those flavored with strawberry. Shelf life tests showed that soy yogurt was acceptable for at least 8 d without perceptible spoilage. Therefore, the approach used yielded flavored products with better acceptability and improved sensory attributes, including decreased intensity of off flavor, with suitable shelf life at 4 ℃.

Fractal Nonstandard American Option Pricing Model

The empirical study shows that the return rate of the stock price has a long memory, which can be described by fractal Brown motion. The fact that fractal Brown motion does not have the characteristics of Markov makes the American option value depends on the price change path of the underlying asset. And the ordinary American option pricing model underestimates the American option value. In order to fully reflect the long memory of the underlying asset return rates, we propose fractal American option pricing model, fractal Bermuda option pricing model, and a fractal combination of American option pricing model. Fractal American option value is greater than the ordinary American option value.

Territorial Repartition and Ecological Importance of Wetlands in Moldova （Romania）

The present paper is the first study conducted in Romania on the inventory of wetlands of a large surface of the country. The focus of this study is the Moldavian Plateau, located in the east of Romania. It is delimitated by the Eastern Carpathians on the west, the Romanian Plain on the south, the Ukrainian border on the north and the Prut Valley （border with the Republic of Moldavia） on the east. Although the Moldavian Plateau is situated in the driest region of Romania, the majority of the wetlands and of the low discharge rivers is found in this region. The existence of numerous wetlands, respectively small ponds, is influenced by the human activities and the scarcity of water resources. The impermeable clayey substratum favored the occurrence and survival of a large number of wetlands. Most of them are found in the northern Moldavian Plain, and the fewest to the south, in the Covurlui Plateau. The most important wetlands are those developed along the two main rivers draining this territory： Prut and Siret. Unfortunately, Siret River floodplain has been in most of its part protected by means of flood prevention dikes. Consequently, many of the wetlands entered agricultural use.

Analysis and Evaluation of the Acrylamide Levels in Some Bread Assortments on the Romanian Market by GC-MS/MS

The acrylamide level of some commercial bread assortments have been evaluated. The influence of several flour types on the content of acrylamide in 14 samples of bread, purchased from 5 different suppliers from the market in Bucharest, Romania was studied. For all bread assortments which have been analyzed for acrylamide, the International Commission of Illumination （CIELab） parameters, L＊, a＊ and b＊ have been also measured in an attempt to correlate the colour of the final product with its acrylamide content. Determination of acrylamide in bread samples was performed by Gas Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry （GC-MS/MS）, using isotope dillution calibration after derivatization （bromination）. The results revealed that the acrylamide level vary between bread assortments of different brands and bread assortments of same brand, but different lots. In the case of commercial bread samples, the use of whole wheat flours lead to formation of higher quantity in acrylamide （165.53 μg/kg）, compared to the use of white wheat flours （28.02μg/kg）.

Evaluation of Climate Suitability for Oil Palm （Elaeis guineensis Jacq,） Cultivation

At the moment there is no system to evaluate climate suitability for oil palm cultivation. Most of land evaluation systems in Peninsular Malaysia often overlooked climate as not important on the assumption that the effect of climatic factors on oil palm yield are small. The system to evaluate climate suitability was proposed and it follows the FAO Framework for Land Evaluation but employs a parametric approach using climatic data which are easily available. The climatic criteria used are mean annual temperature, mean daily maximum temperature, mean daily minimum temperature, mean annual rainfall, length of dry season, amount of sunshine and mean annual relative humidity. The evaluation of climate was carried out using information from nine meteorological stations in Peninsular Malaysia viz. Alor Star （Kedah）, Ipoh （Perak）, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca （Malacca）, Kluang （Johore）, Senai （Johore）, Kuantan （Pahang）, Kuala Krai （Kelantan） and Tanah Merah （Kelantan）. The results for actual suitability classification showed that eight of the stations are highly suitable （S 1） for oil palm cultivation with land indices ranging from 75 to 93. One station Alor Star is moderately suitable （S2y） due to dry season. The results for potential suitability classification showed that all the stations are highly suitable for oil palm cultivation with land indices ranging from 90 to 99.

Anti-promastigote Activity of the Amazon Plants

This study evaluated in vitro activity of ethanol extract, fractions, and isolated substance from Amazon species against promastigotes of L. amazonensis. The ethanol extracts were concentrated and fractionation. The anti-promastigote activity was evaluated through the cell viability assessment method （MTT）. The ethanol extract, fractions, and isolated substance from Himatanthus articulatus and Parahancorniafasciculata were inactive in promastigote ofL. amazonensis, as the ethanol extract ofPhysalis angulata. The hexane fractions from different parts ofMontrichardia linifera showed anti-promastigote activity probably due to the presence of steroids and terpenes. All species in studies were inactive, except ofM. linifera. The few polar constituents can be responsible for the activity. Therefore, the isolation and purification of the active on L. amazonensis promastigotes are urgently required.

唐对回纥“赐币十二车”证误

唐对回纥“赐币十二车”证误崔明德《新唐书·回鹘传》下载：“敬宗即位六年，可汗死，其弟局萨特勒立，遣使者册为爱登里汨没蜜施合毗伽昭礼可汗，赐币十二车。”其实不然。所谓“赐币十二车”应为赐给给帛等实物十二车。其一，《旧唐书》卷一九五《回纥传》在叙述同一件...

名家就好

《战国策·燕策》里有个“马价十倍”的故事。说“人有卖骏马者,比三旦立市,人莫知之”,站了三天,连搭话的人都没有,大家都不识货。于是,他就去找了伯乐,把自己的遭遇讲了一下,希望伯乐能来一下,绕着他的马细看一番,走的时候再回头看看,所谓“愿子还而视之,去而顾之”,然后他愿意“请献一朝之贾”,出大价钱。伯乐还真去了.