This study investigates the effects of corporate governance compliance on market valuation in Malaysia using a sample of 164 companies listed on the Main Board in Bursa Malaysia from 5 different industries (consumer,...This study investigates the effects of corporate governance compliance on market valuation in Malaysia using a sample of 164 companies listed on the Main Board in Bursa Malaysia from 5 different industries (consumer, trading & services, industrial, constructions and properties) within 2001 to 2005. Throughout, this study will use correlation and regression analysis in the SPSS software to determine the effects of corporate governance practices on Market Valuation. In analyzing firms' market valuation, we will use the Tobin's Q formula and for the corporate governance compliance, we will look at 4 criteria to compare with market valuation, which are (1) Board of Director's composition, (2) Board of Director's remuneration (salaries), (3) Board of Director's training and development, (4) Board of Director's meeting. In order to determine the effects between the corporate governance compliance and market valuation, we will use regression analysis. Based on the correlation analysis, the first null hypothesis must be rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, in which dependent variable and independent variables are significantly correlated with BOD remuneration and BOD training availability. Overall, there is a significant relationship between Tobin's Q and independent variables (BOD remuneration and BOD training). This study also recommends that for the company who did not comply with the code, they should follow the best practice because it will be a pivotal weapon in facing with the fierce competition in era globalization.展开更多
This study comprehensively considered the climate, soil, terrain, and land-use type conditions suitable for Rosa damascena trigintipetala and further established an ecological suitability evaluation model of R. damasc...This study comprehensively considered the climate, soil, terrain, and land-use type conditions suitable for Rosa damascena trigintipetala and further established an ecological suitability evaluation model of R. damascena triginffpetala in Sichuan Province, China, based on geographic information systems (GIS) and Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) models; then we assessed the different ecological suitability grades for this species in Sichuan Province of China and summarized the suitable land areas and spatial distribution pattern for R. damascena trigintipetala. The results show that the suitable areas (which contain highly suitable, generally suitable, and critically suitable areas) for R. damascena trigintipetala are 307.268×lO4 hm^2, which accounts for 6.34% of the total provincial area. Results also indicate that shrub land and open forest land are the major land-use types suitable for R. damascena trigintipetala, with the suitable areas of 303.162×lO4 hm2 (6.25% of the total provincial area). An introduction test was conducted in one of the suitable areas, Xichang City, which demonstrated that R. damascena trigintipetala grows well at theexperimental sites. The quality of rose oil extracted from R. damascena trigintipetala planted in Xichang meets the Bulgaria Rose Oil Standard, thus verifying the accuracy and reliability of the ecological suitability assessment results.展开更多
In the world, many research has been made to increase the quality and quantity of food production, and also to seek increase of accessibility of consumption for the population, especially in low economic income commun...In the world, many research has been made to increase the quality and quantity of food production, and also to seek increase of accessibility of consumption for the population, especially in low economic income communities, where the consumption of protein may be very important for public health and sustainable development. The main objective of this study was to generate knowledge to increase food safety in the production of meat through the assessment of cattle that are prospect to be stallions of the Simmental and Simbrah breeds. This took place in Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The period of time for the test to get accurate data regarding food consumption in this study was 70 d. The Simmental breed surpasses the Simbrah breed, with respect to increase in daily weight and increase in final weight (P ≤ 0.05). If Northeast México is looking to enhance food safety through a higher increase in final weight, then it should consider the Simmental breed as the most appropriate.展开更多
Mancozeb is a multi-site fungicide used to control late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and early blight (Alternaria solani) in potatoes, and is currently due for re-approval as part of the EU Sustainable Use Dire...Mancozeb is a multi-site fungicide used to control late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and early blight (Alternaria solani) in potatoes, and is currently due for re-approval as part of the EU Sustainable Use Directive---Authorisation of Plant Protection Products Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. In order to understand its value to the EU potato industry, a stakeholder survey was conducted to understand the implications for P. infestans control and the impact on EU potato production if mancozeb was not available. In total, 319 growers and advisers were surveyed in 8 countries: France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Spain and the UK, to determine how they use mancozeb, potential alternative control strategies and the implications of withdrawal. This study demonstrates that mancozeb is a widely used and cost-effective multisite active ingredient, which is a highly valued means of control for P. infestans. Based on the survey results, a loss of mancozeb would lead to a reduction in gross margin for potato producers in these countries of 787 million to 507 million depending on the level of P. infestans pressure. The combined impact of high cost of production and increased risks is likely to lead to reductions in the availability of EU potatoes and increased costs to consumers. In addition, an assessment was completed to determine the impact of mancozeb withdrawal on fungicide resistance development to single-site acting fungicides, finding that the loss of a multi-site active ingredient like mancozeb would severely compromise fungicide resistance management.展开更多
This study utilized two forecasting methods including ARFIMA (p, d, q)-GARCH (p, d, q), and extreme value techniques. One of the puzzling questions raised by evolutionary econometric theory is how two-way behavior...This study utilized two forecasting methods including ARFIMA (p, d, q)-GARCH (p, d, q), and extreme value techniques. One of the puzzling questions raised by evolutionary econometric theory is how two-way behavior is evaluated in two ways, which benefits the investors of the securities, traded on a stock exchange. For the purpose of this study, intra-day secondary data during period of 1997-2010 of the stock-market returns of Bangkok SET (Stock Exchange of Thailand) Index (Thailand) and Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (Malaysia) were collected. For the new perspective framework, the expected values were conducted using ARFIMA (p, d, q)-GARCH (p, q) forecasting method and Generalize Extreme Value (GEV) to confirm the final solutions. The Value-at-Risk (VaR) of those stock-market returns was tested. The new perspective framework of expected value confirmed that ARFIMA (1, 0.29, 1)-GARCH (1, 1) was the best forecasting method for VaR in case of the Kuala Lumpur Composite stock-market returns based on MAPE (%). And the perspective based on extreme case confirmed that Generalize Extreme Value (GEV) as F= (x,μ,σ,ξ): F = (x, 0.00616, 0.00573, 0.36900) was the best forecasting method for VaR in case of the Bangkok SET stock-market returns based on MAPE (%).展开更多
Oil price fluctuations affect equity values in North American, European, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets, as evidenced by prior studies. However, they only focus on market-wide level analysis. This ...Oil price fluctuations affect equity values in North American, European, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets, as evidenced by prior studies. However, they only focus on market-wide level analysis. This study, through both market level and sector level analyses, examines the sensitivity of Malaysian stock returns to oil price fluctuations over the period from January 2000 to March 2014. A multifactor market model has been employed to capture this sensitivity. The regression results show a positive impact of oil price changes on the Financial Times Stock Exchange Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (FTSE KLCI) market return. Consumer staples and energy sector index returns were also positively affected by oil price changes. On the other hand, utilities and telecom services were negatively affected over the study period. Moreover, Granger causality analysis was performed to see if oil price fluctuations Granger cause the stock indices to change. With one month lag period, oil price fluctuations Granger cause consumer staple, energy, industrials, and telecommunication services return. Relevant policymakers and market caretakers (Ministry of Finance, Central Bank, and Security Commission) may use the fmdings of this study to develop and incorporate a preventive mechanism to minimize the unfavorable impacts of oil price fluctuations on different sectors of stock market, and Malaysian economy in general.展开更多
Since the collapse of Euro-Communism in 1989, the ideas of Marx have largely been discarded as little more than historical relics. There is a good reason for the neglect. The governments that Marxism spawns are among ...Since the collapse of Euro-Communism in 1989, the ideas of Marx have largely been discarded as little more than historical relics. There is a good reason for the neglect. The governments that Marxism spawns are among the most brutal in history. Equally condemnable for a philosopher who bases his theory on a science of historical development, most of Marx's key predictions turn out to be incorrect. What then is left of Marx's principles? This paper argues that Marx is best understood as a critic of the injustice of industrial societies. Marx's essential critical concept is alienation. The paper presents the first complete analysis of Marx's treatment of alienation and offers a brief assessment of how this concept applies to our time.展开更多
Soy yogurt has gained significant popularity due to its nutritional health benefits. The objectives of this study were to develop flavored yogurt from soybean milk with reduced soy aftertaste by the addition of 30% (...Soy yogurt has gained significant popularity due to its nutritional health benefits. The objectives of this study were to develop flavored yogurt from soybean milk with reduced soy aftertaste by the addition of 30% (wt/wt) strawberry or orange jam in conjunction with a lactic acid fermentation. Soy milk-based yogurt products were assessed for microbial quality and for acceptability by a panel of Jordanian and Malaysian consumers. Sixty-one individuals, of whom 75.4% (n = 46) were Jordanian and 24.6% (n = 15) were Malaysian, evaluated the plain and flavored soy milk-based yogurt. The overall acceptability of orange and strawberry soy yogurt was rated significantly higher than plain soy yogurt. In general, the orange and strawberry soy yogurt received higher sensory ratings from Malaysian than Jordanian consumers. In addition, formulations with orange jam received higher scores than those flavored with strawberry. Shelf life tests showed that soy yogurt was acceptable for at least 8 d without perceptible spoilage. Therefore, the approach used yielded flavored products with better acceptability and improved sensory attributes, including decreased intensity of off flavor, with suitable shelf life at 4 ℃.展开更多
The empirical study shows that the return rate of the stock price has a long memory, which can be described by fractal Brown motion. The fact that fractal Brown motion does not have the characteristics of Markov makes...The empirical study shows that the return rate of the stock price has a long memory, which can be described by fractal Brown motion. The fact that fractal Brown motion does not have the characteristics of Markov makes the American option value depends on the price change path of the underlying asset. And the ordinary American option pricing model underestimates the American option value. In order to fully reflect the long memory of the underlying asset return rates, we propose fractal American option pricing model, fractal Bermuda option pricing model, and a fractal combination of American option pricing model. Fractal American option value is greater than the ordinary American option value.展开更多
The present paper is the first study conducted in Romania on the inventory of wetlands of a large surface of the country. The focus of this study is the Moldavian Plateau, located in the east of Romania. It is delimit...The present paper is the first study conducted in Romania on the inventory of wetlands of a large surface of the country. The focus of this study is the Moldavian Plateau, located in the east of Romania. It is delimitated by the Eastern Carpathians on the west, the Romanian Plain on the south, the Ukrainian border on the north and the Prut Valley (border with the Republic of Moldavia) on the east. Although the Moldavian Plateau is situated in the driest region of Romania, the majority of the wetlands and of the low discharge rivers is found in this region. The existence of numerous wetlands, respectively small ponds, is influenced by the human activities and the scarcity of water resources. The impermeable clayey substratum favored the occurrence and survival of a large number of wetlands. Most of them are found in the northern Moldavian Plain, and the fewest to the south, in the Covurlui Plateau. The most important wetlands are those developed along the two main rivers draining this territory: Prut and Siret. Unfortunately, Siret River floodplain has been in most of its part protected by means of flood prevention dikes. Consequently, many of the wetlands entered agricultural use.展开更多
The acrylamide level of some commercial bread assortments have been evaluated. The influence of several flour types on the content of acrylamide in 14 samples of bread, purchased from 5 different suppliers from the ma...The acrylamide level of some commercial bread assortments have been evaluated. The influence of several flour types on the content of acrylamide in 14 samples of bread, purchased from 5 different suppliers from the market in Bucharest, Romania was studied. For all bread assortments which have been analyzed for acrylamide, the International Commission of Illumination (CIELab) parameters, L*, a* and b* have been also measured in an attempt to correlate the colour of the final product with its acrylamide content. Determination of acrylamide in bread samples was performed by Gas Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), using isotope dillution calibration after derivatization (bromination). The results revealed that the acrylamide level vary between bread assortments of different brands and bread assortments of same brand, but different lots. In the case of commercial bread samples, the use of whole wheat flours lead to formation of higher quantity in acrylamide (165.53 μg/kg), compared to the use of white wheat flours (28.02μg/kg).展开更多
At the moment there is no system to evaluate climate suitability for oil palm cultivation. Most of land evaluation systems in Peninsular Malaysia often overlooked climate as not important on the assumption that the ef...At the moment there is no system to evaluate climate suitability for oil palm cultivation. Most of land evaluation systems in Peninsular Malaysia often overlooked climate as not important on the assumption that the effect of climatic factors on oil palm yield are small. The system to evaluate climate suitability was proposed and it follows the FAO Framework for Land Evaluation but employs a parametric approach using climatic data which are easily available. The climatic criteria used are mean annual temperature, mean daily maximum temperature, mean daily minimum temperature, mean annual rainfall, length of dry season, amount of sunshine and mean annual relative humidity. The evaluation of climate was carried out using information from nine meteorological stations in Peninsular Malaysia viz. Alor Star (Kedah), Ipoh (Perak), Kuala Lumpur, Malacca (Malacca), Kluang (Johore), Senai (Johore), Kuantan (Pahang), Kuala Krai (Kelantan) and Tanah Merah (Kelantan). The results for actual suitability classification showed that eight of the stations are highly suitable (S 1) for oil palm cultivation with land indices ranging from 75 to 93. One station Alor Star is moderately suitable (S2y) due to dry season. The results for potential suitability classification showed that all the stations are highly suitable for oil palm cultivation with land indices ranging from 90 to 99.展开更多
This study evaluated in vitro activity of ethanol extract, fractions, and isolated substance from Amazon species against promastigotes of L. amazonensis. The ethanol extracts were concentrated and fractionation. The a...This study evaluated in vitro activity of ethanol extract, fractions, and isolated substance from Amazon species against promastigotes of L. amazonensis. The ethanol extracts were concentrated and fractionation. The anti-promastigote activity was evaluated through the cell viability assessment method (MTT). The ethanol extract, fractions, and isolated substance from Himatanthus articulatus and Parahancorniafasciculata were inactive in promastigote ofL. amazonensis, as the ethanol extract ofPhysalis angulata. The hexane fractions from different parts ofMontrichardia linifera showed anti-promastigote activity probably due to the presence of steroids and terpenes. All species in studies were inactive, except ofM. linifera. The few polar constituents can be responsible for the activity. Therefore, the isolation and purification of the active on L. amazonensis promastigotes are urgently required.展开更多
文摘This study investigates the effects of corporate governance compliance on market valuation in Malaysia using a sample of 164 companies listed on the Main Board in Bursa Malaysia from 5 different industries (consumer, trading & services, industrial, constructions and properties) within 2001 to 2005. Throughout, this study will use correlation and regression analysis in the SPSS software to determine the effects of corporate governance practices on Market Valuation. In analyzing firms' market valuation, we will use the Tobin's Q formula and for the corporate governance compliance, we will look at 4 criteria to compare with market valuation, which are (1) Board of Director's composition, (2) Board of Director's remuneration (salaries), (3) Board of Director's training and development, (4) Board of Director's meeting. In order to determine the effects between the corporate governance compliance and market valuation, we will use regression analysis. Based on the correlation analysis, the first null hypothesis must be rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, in which dependent variable and independent variables are significantly correlated with BOD remuneration and BOD training availability. Overall, there is a significant relationship between Tobin's Q and independent variables (BOD remuneration and BOD training). This study also recommends that for the company who did not comply with the code, they should follow the best practice because it will be a pivotal weapon in facing with the fierce competition in era globalization.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant N0s. 41201274, D010505)The Spark Project (No. 2010GA600017) The Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS, China (No. KSCX2-YW-NF-01)
文摘This study comprehensively considered the climate, soil, terrain, and land-use type conditions suitable for Rosa damascena trigintipetala and further established an ecological suitability evaluation model of R. damascena triginffpetala in Sichuan Province, China, based on geographic information systems (GIS) and Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) models; then we assessed the different ecological suitability grades for this species in Sichuan Province of China and summarized the suitable land areas and spatial distribution pattern for R. damascena trigintipetala. The results show that the suitable areas (which contain highly suitable, generally suitable, and critically suitable areas) for R. damascena trigintipetala are 307.268×lO4 hm^2, which accounts for 6.34% of the total provincial area. Results also indicate that shrub land and open forest land are the major land-use types suitable for R. damascena trigintipetala, with the suitable areas of 303.162×lO4 hm2 (6.25% of the total provincial area). An introduction test was conducted in one of the suitable areas, Xichang City, which demonstrated that R. damascena trigintipetala grows well at theexperimental sites. The quality of rose oil extracted from R. damascena trigintipetala planted in Xichang meets the Bulgaria Rose Oil Standard, thus verifying the accuracy and reliability of the ecological suitability assessment results.
文摘In the world, many research has been made to increase the quality and quantity of food production, and also to seek increase of accessibility of consumption for the population, especially in low economic income communities, where the consumption of protein may be very important for public health and sustainable development. The main objective of this study was to generate knowledge to increase food safety in the production of meat through the assessment of cattle that are prospect to be stallions of the Simmental and Simbrah breeds. This took place in Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The period of time for the test to get accurate data regarding food consumption in this study was 70 d. The Simmental breed surpasses the Simbrah breed, with respect to increase in daily weight and increase in final weight (P ≤ 0.05). If Northeast México is looking to enhance food safety through a higher increase in final weight, then it should consider the Simmental breed as the most appropriate.
文摘Mancozeb is a multi-site fungicide used to control late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and early blight (Alternaria solani) in potatoes, and is currently due for re-approval as part of the EU Sustainable Use Directive---Authorisation of Plant Protection Products Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. In order to understand its value to the EU potato industry, a stakeholder survey was conducted to understand the implications for P. infestans control and the impact on EU potato production if mancozeb was not available. In total, 319 growers and advisers were surveyed in 8 countries: France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Spain and the UK, to determine how they use mancozeb, potential alternative control strategies and the implications of withdrawal. This study demonstrates that mancozeb is a widely used and cost-effective multisite active ingredient, which is a highly valued means of control for P. infestans. Based on the survey results, a loss of mancozeb would lead to a reduction in gross margin for potato producers in these countries of 787 million to 507 million depending on the level of P. infestans pressure. The combined impact of high cost of production and increased risks is likely to lead to reductions in the availability of EU potatoes and increased costs to consumers. In addition, an assessment was completed to determine the impact of mancozeb withdrawal on fungicide resistance development to single-site acting fungicides, finding that the loss of a multi-site active ingredient like mancozeb would severely compromise fungicide resistance management.
文摘This study utilized two forecasting methods including ARFIMA (p, d, q)-GARCH (p, d, q), and extreme value techniques. One of the puzzling questions raised by evolutionary econometric theory is how two-way behavior is evaluated in two ways, which benefits the investors of the securities, traded on a stock exchange. For the purpose of this study, intra-day secondary data during period of 1997-2010 of the stock-market returns of Bangkok SET (Stock Exchange of Thailand) Index (Thailand) and Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (Malaysia) were collected. For the new perspective framework, the expected values were conducted using ARFIMA (p, d, q)-GARCH (p, q) forecasting method and Generalize Extreme Value (GEV) to confirm the final solutions. The Value-at-Risk (VaR) of those stock-market returns was tested. The new perspective framework of expected value confirmed that ARFIMA (1, 0.29, 1)-GARCH (1, 1) was the best forecasting method for VaR in case of the Kuala Lumpur Composite stock-market returns based on MAPE (%). And the perspective based on extreme case confirmed that Generalize Extreme Value (GEV) as F= (x,μ,σ,ξ): F = (x, 0.00616, 0.00573, 0.36900) was the best forecasting method for VaR in case of the Bangkok SET stock-market returns based on MAPE (%).
文摘Oil price fluctuations affect equity values in North American, European, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets, as evidenced by prior studies. However, they only focus on market-wide level analysis. This study, through both market level and sector level analyses, examines the sensitivity of Malaysian stock returns to oil price fluctuations over the period from January 2000 to March 2014. A multifactor market model has been employed to capture this sensitivity. The regression results show a positive impact of oil price changes on the Financial Times Stock Exchange Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (FTSE KLCI) market return. Consumer staples and energy sector index returns were also positively affected by oil price changes. On the other hand, utilities and telecom services were negatively affected over the study period. Moreover, Granger causality analysis was performed to see if oil price fluctuations Granger cause the stock indices to change. With one month lag period, oil price fluctuations Granger cause consumer staple, energy, industrials, and telecommunication services return. Relevant policymakers and market caretakers (Ministry of Finance, Central Bank, and Security Commission) may use the fmdings of this study to develop and incorporate a preventive mechanism to minimize the unfavorable impacts of oil price fluctuations on different sectors of stock market, and Malaysian economy in general.
文摘Since the collapse of Euro-Communism in 1989, the ideas of Marx have largely been discarded as little more than historical relics. There is a good reason for the neglect. The governments that Marxism spawns are among the most brutal in history. Equally condemnable for a philosopher who bases his theory on a science of historical development, most of Marx's key predictions turn out to be incorrect. What then is left of Marx's principles? This paper argues that Marx is best understood as a critic of the injustice of industrial societies. Marx's essential critical concept is alienation. The paper presents the first complete analysis of Marx's treatment of alienation and offers a brief assessment of how this concept applies to our time.
文摘Soy yogurt has gained significant popularity due to its nutritional health benefits. The objectives of this study were to develop flavored yogurt from soybean milk with reduced soy aftertaste by the addition of 30% (wt/wt) strawberry or orange jam in conjunction with a lactic acid fermentation. Soy milk-based yogurt products were assessed for microbial quality and for acceptability by a panel of Jordanian and Malaysian consumers. Sixty-one individuals, of whom 75.4% (n = 46) were Jordanian and 24.6% (n = 15) were Malaysian, evaluated the plain and flavored soy milk-based yogurt. The overall acceptability of orange and strawberry soy yogurt was rated significantly higher than plain soy yogurt. In general, the orange and strawberry soy yogurt received higher sensory ratings from Malaysian than Jordanian consumers. In addition, formulations with orange jam received higher scores than those flavored with strawberry. Shelf life tests showed that soy yogurt was acceptable for at least 8 d without perceptible spoilage. Therefore, the approach used yielded flavored products with better acceptability and improved sensory attributes, including decreased intensity of off flavor, with suitable shelf life at 4 ℃.
文摘The empirical study shows that the return rate of the stock price has a long memory, which can be described by fractal Brown motion. The fact that fractal Brown motion does not have the characteristics of Markov makes the American option value depends on the price change path of the underlying asset. And the ordinary American option pricing model underestimates the American option value. In order to fully reflect the long memory of the underlying asset return rates, we propose fractal American option pricing model, fractal Bermuda option pricing model, and a fractal combination of American option pricing model. Fractal American option value is greater than the ordinary American option value.
文摘The present paper is the first study conducted in Romania on the inventory of wetlands of a large surface of the country. The focus of this study is the Moldavian Plateau, located in the east of Romania. It is delimitated by the Eastern Carpathians on the west, the Romanian Plain on the south, the Ukrainian border on the north and the Prut Valley (border with the Republic of Moldavia) on the east. Although the Moldavian Plateau is situated in the driest region of Romania, the majority of the wetlands and of the low discharge rivers is found in this region. The existence of numerous wetlands, respectively small ponds, is influenced by the human activities and the scarcity of water resources. The impermeable clayey substratum favored the occurrence and survival of a large number of wetlands. Most of them are found in the northern Moldavian Plain, and the fewest to the south, in the Covurlui Plateau. The most important wetlands are those developed along the two main rivers draining this territory: Prut and Siret. Unfortunately, Siret River floodplain has been in most of its part protected by means of flood prevention dikes. Consequently, many of the wetlands entered agricultural use.
文摘The acrylamide level of some commercial bread assortments have been evaluated. The influence of several flour types on the content of acrylamide in 14 samples of bread, purchased from 5 different suppliers from the market in Bucharest, Romania was studied. For all bread assortments which have been analyzed for acrylamide, the International Commission of Illumination (CIELab) parameters, L*, a* and b* have been also measured in an attempt to correlate the colour of the final product with its acrylamide content. Determination of acrylamide in bread samples was performed by Gas Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), using isotope dillution calibration after derivatization (bromination). The results revealed that the acrylamide level vary between bread assortments of different brands and bread assortments of same brand, but different lots. In the case of commercial bread samples, the use of whole wheat flours lead to formation of higher quantity in acrylamide (165.53 μg/kg), compared to the use of white wheat flours (28.02μg/kg).
文摘At the moment there is no system to evaluate climate suitability for oil palm cultivation. Most of land evaluation systems in Peninsular Malaysia often overlooked climate as not important on the assumption that the effect of climatic factors on oil palm yield are small. The system to evaluate climate suitability was proposed and it follows the FAO Framework for Land Evaluation but employs a parametric approach using climatic data which are easily available. The climatic criteria used are mean annual temperature, mean daily maximum temperature, mean daily minimum temperature, mean annual rainfall, length of dry season, amount of sunshine and mean annual relative humidity. The evaluation of climate was carried out using information from nine meteorological stations in Peninsular Malaysia viz. Alor Star (Kedah), Ipoh (Perak), Kuala Lumpur, Malacca (Malacca), Kluang (Johore), Senai (Johore), Kuantan (Pahang), Kuala Krai (Kelantan) and Tanah Merah (Kelantan). The results for actual suitability classification showed that eight of the stations are highly suitable (S 1) for oil palm cultivation with land indices ranging from 75 to 93. One station Alor Star is moderately suitable (S2y) due to dry season. The results for potential suitability classification showed that all the stations are highly suitable for oil palm cultivation with land indices ranging from 90 to 99.
文摘This study evaluated in vitro activity of ethanol extract, fractions, and isolated substance from Amazon species against promastigotes of L. amazonensis. The ethanol extracts were concentrated and fractionation. The anti-promastigote activity was evaluated through the cell viability assessment method (MTT). The ethanol extract, fractions, and isolated substance from Himatanthus articulatus and Parahancorniafasciculata were inactive in promastigote ofL. amazonensis, as the ethanol extract ofPhysalis angulata. The hexane fractions from different parts ofMontrichardia linifera showed anti-promastigote activity probably due to the presence of steroids and terpenes. All species in studies were inactive, except ofM. linifera. The few polar constituents can be responsible for the activity. Therefore, the isolation and purification of the active on L. amazonensis promastigotes are urgently required.