A comparative test was conducted on 6 potato varieties in Songshan Vil- lage in Zhaoyang District during 3 years, and PB06, a new variety, was selected, which provides references for selecting highly-yielding, highly-...A comparative test was conducted on 6 potato varieties in Songshan Vil- lage in Zhaoyang District during 3 years, and PB06, a new variety, was selected, which provides references for selecting highly-yielding, highly-qualified and late blight- tolerant potatoes.展开更多
We investigated whether species richness, diversity and density of understory herbaceous plants differed along logging(gap) and grazing(primarily by cattle) disturbance gradients, and sought to identify drivers of ric...We investigated whether species richness, diversity and density of understory herbaceous plants differed along logging(gap) and grazing(primarily by cattle) disturbance gradients, and sought to identify drivers of richness, diversity and density of understory vegetation of logged sites. A factorial experiment was conducted in the mixed conifer forest of Gidakom in Western Bhutan. Levels of the logging treatment included small(0.15 – 0.24 ha), medium(0.25 – 0.35 ha) and large(0.36 – 1.31 ha) gaps. The grazing treatment included grazed(primarily by cattle) and ungrazed(where herbivores were excluded by a fence) plots nested within each gap. Data were collected from 12 gaps(4 replicates at each level of logging) using the point intercept method. Shannon Weaver Diversity and Margalef's indices were used to estimate species diversity and describe species richness, respectively. Soil samples were analyzed for pH and nutrients. The interaction effect of logging and grazing was significant(p≤0.001) only on species diversity. Relative to ungrazed areas, species diversity was significantly higher(0.01≤p≤0.05) in medium grazed gaps. Under grazed conditions, soil P was negatively correlated with gap size and species diversity. While species diversity was positivelycorrelated(0.01≤p≤0.05) with soil N in grazed plots species richness was positively correlated(0.001≤p≤0.01) with soil N in ungrazed plots. Relative density of Yushania microphylla and Carex nubigena were higher under ungrazed conditions. Our study suggests that the combined effect of cattle grazing and logging results in higher species diversity of understory vegetation in medium and grazed gaps in mixed conifer forests of Bhutan,whereas increase or decrease in relative density of major species is determined primarily by the independent effects of grazing and logging. From management perspective, forest managers must refrain from creating large gaps to avoid loss of nutrients(mainly P and N), which may eventually affect tree regeneration. Managers intending to maintain understory vegetation diversity must consider the combined effects of grazing and logging, ensuring low to moderate grazing pressure.展开更多
Systematic characterization of available crop varieties using morphological traits is needed to fuel breeders＇ efforts in African eggplant. Twenty-eight accessions of African eggplant from three species of Solanum ae...Systematic characterization of available crop varieties using morphological traits is needed to fuel breeders＇ efforts in African eggplant. Twenty-eight accessions of African eggplant from three species of Solanum aethiopicum （16）, Solanum macrocarpon （9） and Solanum anguivi （3） were characterized using standard morphological descriptors. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design （RCBD） with three replications. The results indicated distinct and wide variations between the three Solanum species studied. There were however a lot of similarities between the S. aethiopicum and S. anguivi lines. This suggests the two materials being closer to each other than they are to the S. macrocarpon.展开更多
Field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fluridone （PestanalR） for Phelipanche aegyptiaca control and the tolerance of potato cultivar to single or repeated foliar application of fluridone during 201...Field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fluridone （PestanalR） for Phelipanche aegyptiaca control and the tolerance of potato cultivar to single or repeated foliar application of fluridone during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Fluridone was sprayed on potato leaves at rates of l, 5, 10, 20 and 30 μM/ha. Each rate was tested for single and sequential application at 20 d and 35 d after potato emergence. Results indicated that fluridone at all the tested rates （single or sequential applications） significantly reduced Phelipanche infestation and shoot number compared to the control. Fluridone at 10 μM/ha reduced Phelipanche infestation by 99% when applied twice （20 d and 35 d after potato emergence）. All tested rates except for fluridone at 30μM/ha （single or two applications） were selective in potato and had no negative effect on potato growth and yield as compared to the control.展开更多
Two hundred and eighty six lines were selected randomly from the tetraploid wheat （Tritieum turgidum L.var Durum） landrace ＂Safra Ma＇an＂. The whole population with three check cultivars （ACSAD 65, HOURANI 27 and...Two hundred and eighty six lines were selected randomly from the tetraploid wheat （Tritieum turgidum L.var Durum） landrace ＂Safra Ma＇an＂. The whole population with three check cultivars （ACSAD 65, HOURANI 27 and AMRA） was evaluated at Maru Agriculture Research Station for 16 characters including grain yield per plant. The objectives were to assess the magnitude of phenotypic variations for the traits in ＂Safra Ma＇an＂ and to evaluate the potential usefulness of some of the traits identified. Results showed wide range of phenotypic variation for several traits. Monomorphism was common for juvenile growth habit, whereas, the rest of the characters exhibited polymorphism in varying degrees. Considering all characters, the average diversity （H＇） for ＂Safra Ma＇an＂ landrace was 0.65 ± 0.047. Ten lines were superior to the check （HOURANI 27） for grain yield per plant. Subsequently, the population lines were clustered into six distinct groups at a distance of about 0.55 based on their similarity for all traits, ACSAD 65 and AMRA located in separate clusters, whereas, HOURANI 27 cultivar was presented in cluster with the most lines of ＂Safra Ma＇an＂. Thirteen lines from the population showed a bluish green cast or glaucousness characters. Glaucous lines had greater kernels per spike. In contrast, this character showed no significant association with grain yield per plant despite the greater grain yield per plant obtained for the glaucous lines. The results are important for the breeding and selection in this land race.展开更多
The presence and introduction of new potato cultivars in Kosovo has increased the yield per unit area but reduced the cultivation of native potato population. Indigenous potato is linked to specific adaptations to loc...The presence and introduction of new potato cultivars in Kosovo has increased the yield per unit area but reduced the cultivation of native potato population. Indigenous potato is linked to specific adaptations to local fanning system and specific agro ecological conditions. This research was conducted in Prishtina region which is located in the Kosovo agro ecological region （42°38′97″ latitude and 21°08′45＂ longitude at 574 m.a.s.l ）. Plant material used in this research was 18 potato accessions with different origins. The experimental design was a randomized complete block （RCB） with three replicates, while the plot sizes were 4.20 m^2. All observation and analysis were carried out on 12 plants from each accession. All characters were measured in the field and laboratory at the normal harvest time. Morphological diversity was characterized using standard descriptors. The genetic diversity studies of the investigated potato accessions showed significant genetic variation on 17 physiological and chemical parameters, which could be largely due to that they were of different origins. The genetic diversity of potato cultivars offers a wealth of natural resources from which breeders can select the most desirable genotypes based on their favorable traits.展开更多
The effects of potato cultivar, frying temperature and slice thickness on oil uptake and sensory quality of potato crisps were investigated in four Kenyan cultivars. Potato tubers were peeled, washed and cut into slic...The effects of potato cultivar, frying temperature and slice thickness on oil uptake and sensory quality of potato crisps were investigated in four Kenyan cultivars. Potato tubers were peeled, washed and cut into slices of thickness 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm. Each size was fried at a constant temperature of 170 ℃ for 3-5 minutes. For frying temperature evaluation, the potatoes for all cultivars were cut into a uniform thickness of 1.5 mm and fried at temperatures of 160, 170 and 180 ℃ for 2-5 minutes. Crisps made from the four cultivars differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） in oil absorbed which ranged from 35.12% in Dutch Robyjn to 36.52% in clone 391,691.96. Tuber dry matter differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） among the cultivars ranging from 20.99% in clone 391691.96 to 25.29% in variety Dutch Robyjn. Tuber dry matter content was found to be negatively correlated to oil content of crisps; oil content increased with decrease in dry matter content. For each cultivar, the oil content of crisps differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） with temperatures and was higher at frying temperatures of 160 ℃ and lowest at 180 ℃, respectively. The oil content was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in slices of 1.0 mm thick than in slices of 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm; the amount ofoil absorbed decreased with increase in slice thickness. There was significant correlation （P 〈 0.05, r = -0.834） between oil content as determined in the laboratory and sensory scores. Results showed that high dry matter, slice thickness and temperature of frying resulted in reduced oil absorption by crisps during processing.展开更多
Tuber slices of newly introduced potato cultivars （cvs） in Libya, namely Spunta, Pamela, Daisy, Daifla, Atlas and Apollina were tested for their susceptibility to soft rot bacterium （Erwinia carotovora subsp, carot...Tuber slices of newly introduced potato cultivars （cvs） in Libya, namely Spunta, Pamela, Daisy, Daifla, Atlas and Apollina were tested for their susceptibility to soft rot bacterium （Erwinia carotovora subsp, carotovora）. Atlas cv was proved to be the most susceptible cv, meanwhile, Daisy cv was the most resistant one. The activities of pectolytic and oxidative enzymes in diseased tubers were profoundly higher than these in healthy ones. The highest enzymatic activities of pectin methyl esterase （PME） and polygalacturonase （PG） were observed in diseased tubers of Daifla cv. However, diseased tubers of Spunta gave the highest activities of polymethyl galacturonase （PMG）. On the other hand, the highest significant activities of the enzyme PME in healthy tubers was detected in Pamela cv compared to other cvs. Moreover, there were insignificant differences in PG and PMG enzymes activities between healthy tubers of the different cvs. The cv Daisy gave the highest activity of the enzyme peroxidase （PO） in diseased tubers, whereas the highest activity of enzyme polyphenol oxidase （PPO） was detected in infected tubers of Atlas cv. Concerning healthy tubers, the highest activities of enzymes PO and PPO were noticed in Atlas and Pamella cvs respectively as compared to other cvs. Electrolyte leakage from plant cells was estimated by measuring electrical conductivity as indicator for permeability changes in potato tissues. Values of electrolyte leakage in infected tubers of all tested cvs showed significant increase compared with those of healthy ones, especially, with the most susceptible one.展开更多
The acrylamide level of some commercial bread assortments have been evaluated. The influence of several flour types on the content of acrylamide in 14 samples of bread, purchased from 5 different suppliers from the ma...The acrylamide level of some commercial bread assortments have been evaluated. The influence of several flour types on the content of acrylamide in 14 samples of bread, purchased from 5 different suppliers from the market in Bucharest, Romania was studied. For all bread assortments which have been analyzed for acrylamide, the International Commission of Illumination （CIELab） parameters, L＊, a＊ and b＊ have been also measured in an attempt to correlate the colour of the final product with its acrylamide content. Determination of acrylamide in bread samples was performed by Gas Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry （GC-MS/MS）, using isotope dillution calibration after derivatization （bromination）. The results revealed that the acrylamide level vary between bread assortments of different brands and bread assortments of same brand, but different lots. In the case of commercial bread samples, the use of whole wheat flours lead to formation of higher quantity in acrylamide （165.53 μg/kg）, compared to the use of white wheat flours （28.02μg/kg）.展开更多
文摘A comparative test was conducted on 6 potato varieties in Songshan Vil- lage in Zhaoyang District during 3 years, and PB06, a new variety, was selected, which provides references for selecting highly-yielding, highly-qualified and late blight- tolerant potatoes.
基金support of the Government of Austria with funds routed through the sterreischer Austauschdienst(OeAD)
文摘We investigated whether species richness, diversity and density of understory herbaceous plants differed along logging(gap) and grazing(primarily by cattle) disturbance gradients, and sought to identify drivers of richness, diversity and density of understory vegetation of logged sites. A factorial experiment was conducted in the mixed conifer forest of Gidakom in Western Bhutan. Levels of the logging treatment included small(0.15 – 0.24 ha), medium(0.25 – 0.35 ha) and large(0.36 – 1.31 ha) gaps. The grazing treatment included grazed(primarily by cattle) and ungrazed(where herbivores were excluded by a fence) plots nested within each gap. Data were collected from 12 gaps(4 replicates at each level of logging) using the point intercept method. Shannon Weaver Diversity and Margalef's indices were used to estimate species diversity and describe species richness, respectively. Soil samples were analyzed for pH and nutrients. The interaction effect of logging and grazing was significant(p≤0.001) only on species diversity. Relative to ungrazed areas, species diversity was significantly higher(0.01≤p≤0.05) in medium grazed gaps. Under grazed conditions, soil P was negatively correlated with gap size and species diversity. While species diversity was positivelycorrelated(0.01≤p≤0.05) with soil N in grazed plots species richness was positively correlated(0.001≤p≤0.01) with soil N in ungrazed plots. Relative density of Yushania microphylla and Carex nubigena were higher under ungrazed conditions. Our study suggests that the combined effect of cattle grazing and logging results in higher species diversity of understory vegetation in medium and grazed gaps in mixed conifer forests of Bhutan,whereas increase or decrease in relative density of major species is determined primarily by the independent effects of grazing and logging. From management perspective, forest managers must refrain from creating large gaps to avoid loss of nutrients(mainly P and N), which may eventually affect tree regeneration. Managers intending to maintain understory vegetation diversity must consider the combined effects of grazing and logging, ensuring low to moderate grazing pressure.
文摘Systematic characterization of available crop varieties using morphological traits is needed to fuel breeders＇ efforts in African eggplant. Twenty-eight accessions of African eggplant from three species of Solanum aethiopicum （16）, Solanum macrocarpon （9） and Solanum anguivi （3） were characterized using standard morphological descriptors. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design （RCBD） with three replications. The results indicated distinct and wide variations between the three Solanum species studied. There were however a lot of similarities between the S. aethiopicum and S. anguivi lines. This suggests the two materials being closer to each other than they are to the S. macrocarpon.
文摘Field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fluridone （PestanalR） for Phelipanche aegyptiaca control and the tolerance of potato cultivar to single or repeated foliar application of fluridone during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Fluridone was sprayed on potato leaves at rates of l, 5, 10, 20 and 30 μM/ha. Each rate was tested for single and sequential application at 20 d and 35 d after potato emergence. Results indicated that fluridone at all the tested rates （single or sequential applications） significantly reduced Phelipanche infestation and shoot number compared to the control. Fluridone at 10 μM/ha reduced Phelipanche infestation by 99% when applied twice （20 d and 35 d after potato emergence）. All tested rates except for fluridone at 30μM/ha （single or two applications） were selective in potato and had no negative effect on potato growth and yield as compared to the control.
文摘Two hundred and eighty six lines were selected randomly from the tetraploid wheat （Tritieum turgidum L.var Durum） landrace ＂Safra Ma＇an＂. The whole population with three check cultivars （ACSAD 65, HOURANI 27 and AMRA） was evaluated at Maru Agriculture Research Station for 16 characters including grain yield per plant. The objectives were to assess the magnitude of phenotypic variations for the traits in ＂Safra Ma＇an＂ and to evaluate the potential usefulness of some of the traits identified. Results showed wide range of phenotypic variation for several traits. Monomorphism was common for juvenile growth habit, whereas, the rest of the characters exhibited polymorphism in varying degrees. Considering all characters, the average diversity （H＇） for ＂Safra Ma＇an＂ landrace was 0.65 ± 0.047. Ten lines were superior to the check （HOURANI 27） for grain yield per plant. Subsequently, the population lines were clustered into six distinct groups at a distance of about 0.55 based on their similarity for all traits, ACSAD 65 and AMRA located in separate clusters, whereas, HOURANI 27 cultivar was presented in cluster with the most lines of ＂Safra Ma＇an＂. Thirteen lines from the population showed a bluish green cast or glaucousness characters. Glaucous lines had greater kernels per spike. In contrast, this character showed no significant association with grain yield per plant despite the greater grain yield per plant obtained for the glaucous lines. The results are important for the breeding and selection in this land race.
文摘The presence and introduction of new potato cultivars in Kosovo has increased the yield per unit area but reduced the cultivation of native potato population. Indigenous potato is linked to specific adaptations to local fanning system and specific agro ecological conditions. This research was conducted in Prishtina region which is located in the Kosovo agro ecological region （42°38′97″ latitude and 21°08′45＂ longitude at 574 m.a.s.l ）. Plant material used in this research was 18 potato accessions with different origins. The experimental design was a randomized complete block （RCB） with three replicates, while the plot sizes were 4.20 m^2. All observation and analysis were carried out on 12 plants from each accession. All characters were measured in the field and laboratory at the normal harvest time. Morphological diversity was characterized using standard descriptors. The genetic diversity studies of the investigated potato accessions showed significant genetic variation on 17 physiological and chemical parameters, which could be largely due to that they were of different origins. The genetic diversity of potato cultivars offers a wealth of natural resources from which breeders can select the most desirable genotypes based on their favorable traits.
文摘The effects of potato cultivar, frying temperature and slice thickness on oil uptake and sensory quality of potato crisps were investigated in four Kenyan cultivars. Potato tubers were peeled, washed and cut into slices of thickness 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm. Each size was fried at a constant temperature of 170 ℃ for 3-5 minutes. For frying temperature evaluation, the potatoes for all cultivars were cut into a uniform thickness of 1.5 mm and fried at temperatures of 160, 170 and 180 ℃ for 2-5 minutes. Crisps made from the four cultivars differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） in oil absorbed which ranged from 35.12% in Dutch Robyjn to 36.52% in clone 391,691.96. Tuber dry matter differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） among the cultivars ranging from 20.99% in clone 391691.96 to 25.29% in variety Dutch Robyjn. Tuber dry matter content was found to be negatively correlated to oil content of crisps; oil content increased with decrease in dry matter content. For each cultivar, the oil content of crisps differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） with temperatures and was higher at frying temperatures of 160 ℃ and lowest at 180 ℃, respectively. The oil content was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in slices of 1.0 mm thick than in slices of 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm; the amount ofoil absorbed decreased with increase in slice thickness. There was significant correlation （P 〈 0.05, r = -0.834） between oil content as determined in the laboratory and sensory scores. Results showed that high dry matter, slice thickness and temperature of frying resulted in reduced oil absorption by crisps during processing.
文摘Tuber slices of newly introduced potato cultivars （cvs） in Libya, namely Spunta, Pamela, Daisy, Daifla, Atlas and Apollina were tested for their susceptibility to soft rot bacterium （Erwinia carotovora subsp, carotovora）. Atlas cv was proved to be the most susceptible cv, meanwhile, Daisy cv was the most resistant one. The activities of pectolytic and oxidative enzymes in diseased tubers were profoundly higher than these in healthy ones. The highest enzymatic activities of pectin methyl esterase （PME） and polygalacturonase （PG） were observed in diseased tubers of Daifla cv. However, diseased tubers of Spunta gave the highest activities of polymethyl galacturonase （PMG）. On the other hand, the highest significant activities of the enzyme PME in healthy tubers was detected in Pamela cv compared to other cvs. Moreover, there were insignificant differences in PG and PMG enzymes activities between healthy tubers of the different cvs. The cv Daisy gave the highest activity of the enzyme peroxidase （PO） in diseased tubers, whereas the highest activity of enzyme polyphenol oxidase （PPO） was detected in infected tubers of Atlas cv. Concerning healthy tubers, the highest activities of enzymes PO and PPO were noticed in Atlas and Pamella cvs respectively as compared to other cvs. Electrolyte leakage from plant cells was estimated by measuring electrical conductivity as indicator for permeability changes in potato tissues. Values of electrolyte leakage in infected tubers of all tested cvs showed significant increase compared with those of healthy ones, especially, with the most susceptible one.
文摘The acrylamide level of some commercial bread assortments have been evaluated. The influence of several flour types on the content of acrylamide in 14 samples of bread, purchased from 5 different suppliers from the market in Bucharest, Romania was studied. For all bread assortments which have been analyzed for acrylamide, the International Commission of Illumination （CIELab） parameters, L＊, a＊ and b＊ have been also measured in an attempt to correlate the colour of the final product with its acrylamide content. Determination of acrylamide in bread samples was performed by Gas Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry （GC-MS/MS）, using isotope dillution calibration after derivatization （bromination）. The results revealed that the acrylamide level vary between bread assortments of different brands and bread assortments of same brand, but different lots. In the case of commercial bread samples, the use of whole wheat flours lead to formation of higher quantity in acrylamide （165.53 μg/kg）, compared to the use of white wheat flours （28.02μg/kg）.
