To reduce network redundancy,innetwork caching is considered in many future Internet architectures,such as Information Centric Networking.In in-network caching system,the item sojourn time of LRU(Least Recently Used) ...To reduce network redundancy,innetwork caching is considered in many future Internet architectures,such as Information Centric Networking.In in-network caching system,the item sojourn time of LRU(Least Recently Used) replacement policy is an important issue for two reasons:firstly,LRU is one of the most common used cache policy;secondly,item sojourn time is positively correlated to the hit probability,so this metric parameter could be useful to design the caching system.However,to the best of our knowledge,the sojourn time hasn't been studied theoretically so far.In this paper,we first model the LRU cache policy by Markov chain.Then an approximate closedform expression of the item expectation sojourn time is provided through the theory of stochastic service system,which is a function of the item request rates and cache size.Finally,extensive simulation results are illustrated to show that the expression is a good approximation of the item sojourn time.展开更多
Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest British novelists in the 19th century. The Mayor of Casterbridge, which is usually regarded as one of the best novels for Thomas Hardy, has received different interpretations since it...Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest British novelists in the 19th century. The Mayor of Casterbridge, which is usually regarded as one of the best novels for Thomas Hardy, has received different interpretations since its publication. This thesis tries to explore novel from the perspective of Darwinsm and Social Darwinism. The spirit of Darwinism is expressed all through the novel. Thomas Hardy＇s firm adherence to Darwinism and social Darwinism is reflected in his design of the rise and fall of Henchard, and the competition between Henchard and Farfrae. The rise and fall of Henchard, the competition between Henchard and Farfrae are analyzed by employing the principle of adaptation and the principle of struggling for existence.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the clinical features and survival of patients treated for cholangiocarcinoma in our institution and to analyze the factors affecting their survival.METHODS:This retrospective cohort study assessed ...AIM:To investigate the clinical features and survival of patients treated for cholangiocarcinoma in our institution and to analyze the factors affecting their survival.METHODS:This retrospective cohort study assessed patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma between January 1997 and December 2007 at the University Malaya Medical Centre in Malaysia.The clinical data and associated outcomes were collected using a structured proforma.RESULTS:Of the 69 patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma,38 (55%) were male;mean patient age was 61 years.Twelve patients (17%) had intrahepatic,38 (55%) had perihilar and 19 (28%) had distal tumors.Only 12 patients underwent curative surgery,including seven R0 resections.Only one patient died within 30 d after surgery.The overall median survival was 4 mo,whereas the median survival of R0 resected patients was 16 mo.The overall 1-,2-and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 67%,17% and 17%,respectively.Survival rates were significantly associated with curative resection (P=0.002),intrahepatic tumor (P=0.003),negative margin status (P=0.013),early tumor stage (P=0.016),higher tumor differentiation (P=0.032) and absence of jaundice (P=0.038).Multivariate analysis showed that tumor location was a significant independent predictor of patient survival.CONCLUSION:Curative,margin-negative resection of early stage,well-differentiated intrahepatic tumors is associated with improved patient survival.展开更多
The ecological environment in the Yellow Sea has changed greatly from the 1950s to 1990s and this has had significant impact on marine organisms. In this study, data on soft-sediment macrobenthos occurring in depths f...The ecological environment in the Yellow Sea has changed greatly from the 1950s to 1990s and this has had significant impact on marine organisms. In this study, data on soft-sediment macrobenthos occurring in depths from 25 m to 81 m in the South Yellow Sea were used to compare changes in community structure. The agglomerative classification (CLUSTER) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods were applied. Five communities were recognized by cluster analysis: 1. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass community dominated by cold water species, which changed slightly in species composition since the 1950s; 2. The mixed community with the coexistence of cold water species and warm water species, as had been reported previously; 3. The polychaete-dominated eurythermal community in which the composition changed considerably as some dominant species disappeared or decreased; 4. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuarine community, with some typical estuarine species; 5. The community affected by the Yellow Sea Warm Current. The greatest change occurred in the coastal area, which indicated that the change may be caused by human activities. Macrobenthos in the central region remained almost unchanged, particularly the cold water species shielded by the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. The depth, temperature and median grain size of sediments were important factors affecting the distributions of macrobenthos in the South Yellow Sea.展开更多
文摘To reduce network redundancy,innetwork caching is considered in many future Internet architectures,such as Information Centric Networking.In in-network caching system,the item sojourn time of LRU(Least Recently Used) replacement policy is an important issue for two reasons:firstly,LRU is one of the most common used cache policy;secondly,item sojourn time is positively correlated to the hit probability,so this metric parameter could be useful to design the caching system.However,to the best of our knowledge,the sojourn time hasn't been studied theoretically so far.In this paper,we first model the LRU cache policy by Markov chain.Then an approximate closedform expression of the item expectation sojourn time is provided through the theory of stochastic service system,which is a function of the item request rates and cache size.Finally,extensive simulation results are illustrated to show that the expression is a good approximation of the item sojourn time.
文摘Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest British novelists in the 19th century. The Mayor of Casterbridge, which is usually regarded as one of the best novels for Thomas Hardy, has received different interpretations since its publication. This thesis tries to explore novel from the perspective of Darwinsm and Social Darwinism. The spirit of Darwinism is expressed all through the novel. Thomas Hardy＇s firm adherence to Darwinism and social Darwinism is reflected in his design of the rise and fall of Henchard, and the competition between Henchard and Farfrae. The rise and fall of Henchard, the competition between Henchard and Farfrae are analyzed by employing the principle of adaptation and the principle of struggling for existence.
文摘AIM:To investigate the clinical features and survival of patients treated for cholangiocarcinoma in our institution and to analyze the factors affecting their survival.METHODS:This retrospective cohort study assessed patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma between January 1997 and December 2007 at the University Malaya Medical Centre in Malaysia.The clinical data and associated outcomes were collected using a structured proforma.RESULTS:Of the 69 patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma,38 (55%) were male;mean patient age was 61 years.Twelve patients (17%) had intrahepatic,38 (55%) had perihilar and 19 (28%) had distal tumors.Only 12 patients underwent curative surgery,including seven R0 resections.Only one patient died within 30 d after surgery.The overall median survival was 4 mo,whereas the median survival of R0 resected patients was 16 mo.The overall 1-,2-and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 67%,17% and 17%,respectively.Survival rates were significantly associated with curative resection (P=0.002),intrahepatic tumor (P=0.003),negative margin status (P=0.013),early tumor stage (P=0.016),higher tumor differentiation (P=0.032) and absence of jaundice (P=0.038).Multivariate analysis showed that tumor location was a significant independent predictor of patient survival.CONCLUSION:Curative,margin-negative resection of early stage,well-differentiated intrahepatic tumors is associated with improved patient survival.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-YW-417)
文摘The ecological environment in the Yellow Sea has changed greatly from the 1950s to 1990s and this has had significant impact on marine organisms. In this study, data on soft-sediment macrobenthos occurring in depths from 25 m to 81 m in the South Yellow Sea were used to compare changes in community structure. The agglomerative classification (CLUSTER) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods were applied. Five communities were recognized by cluster analysis: 1. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass community dominated by cold water species, which changed slightly in species composition since the 1950s; 2. The mixed community with the coexistence of cold water species and warm water species, as had been reported previously; 3. The polychaete-dominated eurythermal community in which the composition changed considerably as some dominant species disappeared or decreased; 4. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuarine community, with some typical estuarine species; 5. The community affected by the Yellow Sea Warm Current. The greatest change occurred in the coastal area, which indicated that the change may be caused by human activities. Macrobenthos in the central region remained almost unchanged, particularly the cold water species shielded by the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. The depth, temperature and median grain size of sediments were important factors affecting the distributions of macrobenthos in the South Yellow Sea.
