阿拉伯庇护制度的演变及其当代影响

阿拉伯社会长期存在着适用于外来人(马瓦拉)的庇护制度。该制度不仅决定着外来人的地位及其生存状况,也在一定程度上左右着阿拉伯群体的生存发展以及阿拉伯人与外来人之间的相互关系。公元7世纪以后,庇护制度无论从内容还是形式上都逐渐由部落习俗转变为正式的法律规范。一种涉及宗教、社会、国际关系的伊斯兰秩序也在这一背景下逐步建立。阿拉伯人曾希望借助庇护制度把自己在蒙昧时期的优势地位始终保持下去。然而,中东的民族融合以及阿拉伯统治者对外来人的倚重,使阿拉伯人与外来人的地位发生变化,外来人的地位日益上升。随着阿拉伯社会的历史变迁,庇护制度的重要性已大大下降,但庇护观念依然在很大程度上影响着当今阿拉伯国家的政治发展和社会思潮的形成。

Some Notable Chinese in Dublin in the Mid-Twentieth Century

The careers of three Chinese physicists,Hu Ning,Ma Shijun,and Peng Huanwu at the Dublin Institute for Advance Studies in the 1940s,and later,are described.A brief history of the foundation and operations of the institute,as well as the roles in it of Erwin Schrodinger,Walter Heitler,Max Born,and others are included.Some details are given of the works carried out there.The three men's post-institute careers are described,Ma eventually in Australia,and Hu and Peng in the People's Republic of China where they became distinguished leaders of theoretical physics research.