"白莲教"之有无,原本无人怀疑,但细加推敲,历史上确实有过"白莲教"这一教派吗?则令人难以回答。以杨讷为代表的传统观点认为,"白莲教"是一个统一的教派名称或是一个通称,虽然在具体表述上存在诸多差异,..."白莲教"之有无,原本无人怀疑,但细加推敲,历史上确实有过"白莲教"这一教派吗?则令人难以回答。以杨讷为代表的传统观点认为,"白莲教"是一个统一的教派名称或是一个通称,虽然在具体表述上存在诸多差异,但总体上认可中国历史上存在"白莲教(派)"。专攻民间宗教史的马西沙否定明清时期存在"白莲教",认为真正的"白莲教"只存在于元代。荷兰学者田海(Barend ter Haar)分析了自宋至清这一长时段中"白莲教"一词的语义变迁,认为历史上并不存在一个所谓的"白莲教";宋元时期存在具有积极意义的"白莲传统",在16世纪时被一种新出现的贬义性标签--"白莲教"所掩盖,这一标签成为政府和文人实施宗教迫害的依据,进而也被一般民众所接受。通过辨别传统的、新出的相关观点,可得出结论:如果说历史上确有白莲教的话,那是专指南宋茅子元创立的白莲宗,属于佛教净土系统;后世意义上的"白莲教",乃明清王朝对于各种主要含有弥勒救世思想的民间教派的攻讦之词,或曰标签性用语;同时,由于传统惯性的原因,用"白莲教"指称那些具有融合白莲宗、摩尼教与弥勒信仰等宗教教义,后来又糅合佛、道、巫术内容(如扶乩)的民间教派未尝不可,但要注意区分"标签"与"史实"、宏观与个案之间的差距。展开更多
Urban forestry is understood to be the management of trees and forests in urban areas. It yieldsmany environmental and material benefits. In Sabah, the environmental services of urban forestry are moreimportant than m...Urban forestry is understood to be the management of trees and forests in urban areas. It yieldsmany environmental and material benefits. In Sabah, the environmental services of urban forestry are moreimportant than material products. The potential of practising urban forestry in various zones and underdifferent land ownership is evaluated. As urbanisation has occurred recently in Sabah, urban forestry hasonly been practised to a limited extent. Tourism is an economic sector which has gained prominence in recentyears and has huge growth potential. With the numerous environmental services provided by urban forestryto make urban areas more inhabitable, the increasing tourism activities necessitate intensification of urbanforestry activities. The main urban centres contain many tourist attractions, and are also the gateways tomany other ecotourist destinations located throughout Sabah. With tourism high on the development agendain Sabah, urban forestry needs to be promoted so that both locals and visitors can enjoy the numerous social,environmental and economic benefits.展开更多
文摘"白莲教"之有无,原本无人怀疑,但细加推敲,历史上确实有过"白莲教"这一教派吗?则令人难以回答。以杨讷为代表的传统观点认为,"白莲教"是一个统一的教派名称或是一个通称,虽然在具体表述上存在诸多差异,但总体上认可中国历史上存在"白莲教(派)"。专攻民间宗教史的马西沙否定明清时期存在"白莲教",认为真正的"白莲教"只存在于元代。荷兰学者田海(Barend ter Haar)分析了自宋至清这一长时段中"白莲教"一词的语义变迁,认为历史上并不存在一个所谓的"白莲教";宋元时期存在具有积极意义的"白莲传统",在16世纪时被一种新出现的贬义性标签--"白莲教"所掩盖,这一标签成为政府和文人实施宗教迫害的依据,进而也被一般民众所接受。通过辨别传统的、新出的相关观点,可得出结论:如果说历史上确有白莲教的话,那是专指南宋茅子元创立的白莲宗,属于佛教净土系统;后世意义上的"白莲教",乃明清王朝对于各种主要含有弥勒救世思想的民间教派的攻讦之词,或曰标签性用语;同时,由于传统惯性的原因,用"白莲教"指称那些具有融合白莲宗、摩尼教与弥勒信仰等宗教教义,后来又糅合佛、道、巫术内容(如扶乩)的民间教派未尝不可,但要注意区分"标签"与"史实"、宏观与个案之间的差距。
文摘Urban forestry is understood to be the management of trees and forests in urban areas. It yieldsmany environmental and material benefits. In Sabah, the environmental services of urban forestry are moreimportant than material products. The potential of practising urban forestry in various zones and underdifferent land ownership is evaluated. As urbanisation has occurred recently in Sabah, urban forestry hasonly been practised to a limited extent. Tourism is an economic sector which has gained prominence in recentyears and has huge growth potential. With the numerous environmental services provided by urban forestryto make urban areas more inhabitable, the increasing tourism activities necessitate intensification of urbanforestry activities. The main urban centres contain many tourist attractions, and are also the gateways tomany other ecotourist destinations located throughout Sabah. With tourism high on the development agendain Sabah, urban forestry needs to be promoted so that both locals and visitors can enjoy the numerous social,environmental and economic benefits.
