马运动产业发展亟待新思维

本文通过文献资料法、逻辑分析法、观察法分析了我国马运动产业发展困境的一些主要问题。之后,对中国市场开展马运动体育产业的思路提出一点警示,也即在考虑盈利的同时,还要考虑该产业整体的国际收支,否则无利于国家整体的经济效益。最后,通过介绍一种优秀的具有典型中国特色的马运动项目,为中国马运动产业服务的多样性上提供一种新思路。

非洲国家民族建构的理论与实践研究——兼论乌贾马运动对坦桑尼亚民族建构的作用

非洲国家的民族建构经历了十分复杂甚至痛苦的过程。正是这种痛苦的经历使非洲人民逐渐认识到 ,民族冲突不仅影响到国家的发展与人民的生活 ,也是对既定社会秩序和民主政治的威胁。国家强盛需要统一的民族 ,民族建构因此成为很多非洲国家的重要任务。在民族建构的过程中 ,众多非洲政治领袖选择社会主义作为官方意识形态 ,对促进民族一体化起了重要作用。乌贾马运动对坦桑尼亚民族建构的贡献更是功不可没。

坦桑尼亚的“乌贾马运动”

一九六七年初,坦桑尼亚政府宣布在全国推行“乌贾马运动”。所谓“乌贾马运动”,就是试图把个体生产的农民组织起来,走集体化的道路。这在非洲大陆是一个创举。尼雷尔把“乌贾马运动”看作是坦桑尼亚坚持走“社会主义”

Engineering The Neck Hinge Reshapes The Processive Movement of Kinesin-3

Objective In kinesin-3,the neck coil correlates with the following segments to form an extended neck that contains a characteristic hinge diverse from a proline in KIF13B to a long flexible linker in KIF1A.The function of this neck hinge for controlling processive movement,however,remains unclear.Methods We made a series of modifications to the neck hinges of KIF13B and KIF1A and tested their movement using a single-molecule motility assay.Results In KIF13B,the insertion of flexible residues before or after the proline differentially impacts the processivity or velocity,while the removal of this proline increases the both.In KIF1A,the deletion of entire flexible neck hinge merely enhances the processivity.The engineering of these hinge-truncated necks of kinesin-3 into kinesin-1 similarly boosts the processive movement of kinesin-1.Conclusion The neck hinge in kinesin-3 controls its processive movement and proper modifications tune the motor motility,which provides a novel strategy to reshape the processive movement of kinesin motors.

Transient Expression of BYDV-MP in Nicotiana benthamiana

[Objective]The aim of this study was to identify transient expression of movement protein （MP） gene in Nicotinana benthaminana rapidly and further investigate the function of this exogenous gene. [Method]The movement protein gene of barley yellow dwarf virus （BYDV） was cloned into potato virus X （PVX） viral vector of pGR107,and PVX-recombinant vector was obtained. After electroporation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens,PVX was inoculated into the lower leaves of tobacco by Agrobacterium infiltration assay to observe the infection of virus on tobacco. [Result]After infection for 7 days,upper non-inoculated leaves of tobacco infected by the PVX-recombinant vector showed the virus infection symptoms,while the control group had no viral infection phenomenon. Daily follow-up observations for two groups revealed that tobacco infected by PVX-recombinant vector had severe symptoms of virus infection and curling leaves,or even led to necrosis both in infiltrated and systemic leaves in late period. However,tobacco infected by PVX vector had only slight symptoms of virus infection and could recover from infection. RT-PCR of the infected tobacco indicated that exogenous gene BYDV-MP had a normal transcription and expression in tobacco. [Conclusion]As a determinant factor for viral disease,BYDV-MP promotes the systemic infection rate of PVX and its symptom. In addition,it is feasible to express exogenous MP gene in Nicotiana benthaminan via PVX expression vector.

多样化发展与规范化治理的统一——基础教育良性发展的途径

促进我国基础教育良性发展,必须实现多样化发展与规范化治理的统一。学校要处理好个性与共性的统一问题,防止违背国家教育的总体要求而去搞所谓的个性,以及为了特色发展而热衷搞冷门,忽视教育面临的关键性问题;要处理好规范与多样的统一问题,使学校在教职员工广泛认同的价值观念体系的指引下获得多样化的发展;要处理好借鉴与创新的统一问题,用"微创新"实现科研兴校;要处理好设计与执行的统一问题,防止空谈顶层设计,防止在执行中出现浮躁和投机心理,扎实稳步推进学校的多样化发展。

Video-based vehicle tracking considering occlusion

To track the vehicles under occlusion, a vehicle tracking algorithm based on blocks is proposed. The target vehicle is divided into several blocks of uniform size, in which the edge block can overlap its neighboring blocks. All the blocks＇ motion vectors are estimated, and the noise motion vectors are detected and adjusted to decrease the error of motion vector estimation. Then, by moving the blocks based on the adjusted motion vectors, the vehicle is tracked. Aiming at the occlusion between vehicles, a Markov random field is established to describe the relationship between the blocks in the blocked regions. The neighborhood of blocks is defined using the Euclidean distance. An energy function is defined based on the blocks＇ histograms and optimized by the simulated annealing algorithm to segment the occlusion region. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can track vehicles under occlusion accurately.

Acute toxicity effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on sperm vitality,kinematics and fertilization success in zebrafish

Perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） has emerged as one of the most concerning contaminants in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity effect of PFOS on sperm viability, kinematics and fertilization success in zebrafish （Danio rerio）. Sperm were activated in aqueous media containing a range of PFOS concentrations （0, 0.09, 0.9 and 9 mg/L）. Viabilities and kinematics of the sperm exposed to different PFOS treatments were assessed via computer-assisted sperm analysis （CASA） at 20, 40, 60, and 80 s after activation. PFOS exposure decreased the percentage of motile sperm, the curvilinear velocity （VCL）, and the mean angular displacement （MAD） of spermatozoa, but showed no influence on the straight- line velocity （VSL） or the angular path velocity （VAP）. Furthermore, a significant decrease in fertilization success was observed in spermatozoa that were exposed to 0.9 mg/L PFOS or more. These findings indicate that PFOS pollution in natural aquatic environment may be a potential threaten to successful reproduction of fish.

Seasonal movement of the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus in a semi-enclosed bay on Cape Cod,Massachusetts (USA) as determined by acoustic telemetry

American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus were tracked using acoustic telemetry and traditional tagging in a semi-enclosed bay on Cape Cod （Pleasant Bay）, Massachusetts, USA, to determine seasonal movement patterns. Fifty-five actively spawning females were fitted with transmitters in 2008 and 2009 and were tracked using acoustic telemetry from May 2008 through July 2010. Fil^een crabs with transmitters also had archive depth-temperature tags attached. In addition, over 2000 spawning crabs （males and females） were tagged with US Fish and Wildlife CIdSFWS） button tags over the same period. Ninety-one percent of the crabs with transmitters were detected during this study. In the spring, crabs were primarily located in the northern section of the bay near spawning beaches, whereas in the fall crabs moved towards the deeper portions of the bay, and some may have overwIntered in the bay. There was evidence that a majority （58%-71%） of the females with transmitters spawned in two sequential seasons. One archive tag was recovered resulting in a year-long continuous record of depth and tem- perature data that, when integrated with telemetry data, indicated that the crab overwintered in the bay. The live recapture rate of crabs with USFWS button tags was 11%, with all re-sighted crabs except one observed inside Pleasant Bay. Eighty-three percent of recaptures were found within 2.5kin of the tagging location, and 51% were observed at the same beach where they were tagged. This study provides further evidence that horseshoe crabs in Pleasant Bay may be philopatric to this embayment

A dynamic model for railway freight overbooking

In order to apply overbooking idea in Chinese railway freight industry to improve revenue, a Markov decision process(dynamic programming) model for railway freight reservation was formulated and the overbooking limit level was proposed as a control policy. However, computing the dynamic programming treatment needs six nested loops and this will be burdensome for real-world problems. To break through the calculation limit, the properties of value function were analyzed and the overbooking protection level was proposed to reduce the calculating quantity. The simulation experiments show that the overbooking protection level for the lower-fare class is higher than that for the higher-fare class, so the overbooking strategy is nested by fare class. Besides, by analyzing the influence on the overbooking strategy of freight arrival probability and cancellation probability, the proposed approach is efficient and also has a good application prospect in reality. Also, compared with the existing reservation(FCFS), the overbooking strategy performs better in the fields of vacancy reduction and revenue improvement.

Predicting Complex Word Emotions and Topics through a Hierarchical Bayesian Network

In this paper, we provide a Word Emotion Topic （WET） model to predict the complex word e- motion information from text, and discover the dis- trbution of emotions among different topics. A complex emotion is defined as the combination of one or more singular emotions from following 8 basic emotion categories： joy, love, expectation, sur- prise, anxiety, sorrow, anger and hate. We use a hi- erarchical Bayesian network to model the emotions and topics in the text. Both the complex emotions and topics are drawn from raw texts, without con- sidering any complicated language features. Our ex- periment shows promising results of word emotion prediction, which outperforms the traditional parsing methods such as the Hidden Markov Model and the Conditional Random Fields（CRFs） on raw text. We also explore the topic distribution by examining the emotion topic variation in an emotion topic diagram.

Mapping Mythical and Imaginary Places in d＇Anville＇s Carte de I＇Amrrique Meridionale

This article aims to discuss the blank spaces in the cartography of the Enlightenment, examining one map by French mapmaker Jean Baptist Bourguignon d＇Anville, the Carte de l＇Amdrique m＆idionale, first printed in 1748. Here, emptiness reflects the limits of the geographical knowledge of that continent. Moreover, it also indicates that a mythological geography still present on the maps of the time. This was also evident in the case of Lake Parima, which is represented within the Amazon region. In the first manuscript or print version of the Carte de [＇Amdrique mdridionale in 1748, on sheet l--depicting the Amazonian region--one can see that Lake Parima is not presente. Following the information of the French La Condamine had gathered on his expedition traveling down the Amazon and scorning tradition, d＇Anville did not include Lake Parima but Lake Amucu, placing it not in Guiana, in the Portuguese portion of the territory, below the Orinoco River and to the north of the Amazon. This was due to a manuscript map drawn up by a Prussian whom La Condamine had met during his trip down the Amazon, Nicholas Horstman. In the 1760 version--we see to our surprise that the geographer has included Lake Parima. This article aims to discuss the disappearance of the lake in the first version of the map and why does he then add it in 1760.

Ayla-Axum Amphorae Through the Red Sea Regions and the Arabian Peninsula During the Medieval Age

The aim of the paper is to present a repertory of all archaeological data about the Ayla-Axum amphorae and its content. The study of these class of material will also highlight some aspects of the Early Medieval trade, a period in which sensible political changes occurred after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Ayla-Axum amphorae, found in several Red Sea＇s sites, are significant indicators of trading activities in the region, whose production, transport and diffusion are far from having been thoroughly investigated up to now. Although most scholars think it was used to transport date wine, at least judging on some tituli picti found in these containers, in recent years Parker and Dolinka have suggested that they might have carried garum or a similar fish-sauce produced at Ayla-AqabaI.

Nonergodic Brownian Motion

The long-time behavior of a system is suggested to confirm nonergodicity of non-Markovian Brownian dynamics, namely, whether the stationary probability density function （PDF） of the system characterized mainly by low moments of variables depends on the initial preparation. Thus we classify nonergodic Brownian motion into two classes： the class-I is that the PDF of a force-free particle depends on the initial velocity and the equilibration can be recovered through a bounded potential; while the PDF in the class-H depends on the initial coordinate and the equilibration can not be approached by introducing any potential. We also compare our result with the conditions of three kinds for ergodicity.

Mathematical Modelling of Response Amplitude Operator for Roll Motion of a Floating Body：Analysis in Frequency Domain with Numerical Validation

This paper investigates mathematical modelling of response amplitude operator （RAO） or transfer function using the frequency-based analysis for uncoupled roll motion of a floating body under the influence of small amplitude regular waves. The hydrodynamic coefficients are computed using strip theory formulation by integrating over the length of the floating body. Considering sinusoidal wave with frequency （ω ） varying between 0.3 rad/s and 1.2 rad/s acts on beam to the floating body for zero forward speed, analytical expressions of RAO in frequency domain is obtained. Using the normalization procedure and frequency based analysis, group based classifications are obtained and accordingly governing equations are formulated for each case. After applying the fourth order Runge-Kutta method numerical solutions are obtained and relative importance of the hydrodynamic coefficients is analyzed. To illustrate the roll amplitude effects numerical experiments have been carried out for a Panamax container ship under the action of sinusoidal wave with a fixed wave height. The effect of viscous damping on RAO is evaluated and the model is validated using convergence, consistency and stability analysis. This modelling approach could be useful to model floating body dynamics for higher degrees of freedom and to validate the result.

20世纪坦桑尼亚圣经解读与政治互动

圣经作为基督教的经典,伴随着西方殖民活动传播到坦桑尼亚。基督教在坦桑尼亚人民的生活、文化、政治建构等方面,都产生了重要影响。圣经与殖民主义有着千丝万缕的关系,殖民者和反抗者都从圣经中寻找契合需求的章节,进行重新解读和诠释,殖民者意在借助圣经维护殖民统治,反抗者则是"利用主人的工具拆毁主人的房子",借助圣经推翻殖民统治,赢得民族独立与尊严。20世纪坦桑尼亚圣经解读经历了三个阶段——阅读阐释(Soma)、精神体认(Roho)和乌贾马(Ujamaa)解读。通过对坦桑尼亚圣经解读史的梳理可以清晰地看到,坦桑尼亚圣经解读的阶段性发展及其与政治互动不仅满足了国内各部族人民现实中和心理上的需要,发挥了很大的感召团结作用,也为形成统一的民族意识、增进民族一体化和促进社会发展起到了一定的积极作用。

Self-powered macroscopic Brownian motion of spontaneously running liquid metal motors

We disclosed the interiorly driven macroscopic Brownian motion behavior of self-powered liquid metal motors. Such tiny motors in millimeter scale move randomly at a velocity magnitude of centimeters per second in aqueous alkaline solution, well resembling the classical Brownian motion. However, unlike the existing phenomena, where the particle motions were caused by collisions from the surrounding molecules, the current random liquid metal motions are internally enabled and self-powered, along with the colliding among neighboring motors, the substrate and the surrounding electrolyte molecules. Through uniformly dissolving only 1% （mass percentage） A1 into GaInl0, many tiny motors can be quickly fabricated and activated to take the Brownian-like random motions. Further, we introduced an experimental approach of using optical image contrast, which works just like the Wilson cloud chamber, to distinctively indicate the motor trajectory resulted from the generated hydrogen gas stream. A series of unusual complicated multi-phase fluid mechanics phenomena were observed. It was also identified that the main driving factor of the motors comes from the H2 bubbles generated at the bottom of these tiny motors, which is different from the large size self-fueled liquid metal machine. Several typical mechanisms for such unconventional Brownian-like motion phenomena were preliminarily interpreted.

The Qingzang Movement: The major uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Thirty-five years ago, the idea of a young Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was proposed based on a comprehensive investigation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This hypothesis suggested that the plateau began to rise from a planation surface （relict surface） that was less than 1000 m high formed during the Miocene to Pliocene. The fast uplift, i.e., the Qingzang Movement, began since -3.6 Ma, evidenced by massive molasse deposits around the plateau margin and the synchronous occurrence of faulted basins within the plateau. However, later studies challenged this idea and suggested earlier （8, 14 or 35 Ma） formation of the huge plateau topography. Here we reevaluate the Qingzang Movement on the basis of our previous results and in light of new studies in the recent decades. The plateau margin has been subjected to intensive incision by very large drainages and shows the landscape characteristics of an ＂infant＂ stage of the geomorphological cycle. However, these drainages were not formed until 1.7-1.9 Ma; headwater erosion has not yet reached the hinterland of the plateau, so the interior of Tibet is free of significant erosion despite its lofty elevation, and remains an ＂old stage＂ landform. If the mean erosion rate is equivalent to the sum of clastic and soluble discharges of the modern rivers draining the Tibetan Plateau, it should have been worn down to a lowland within 8.6 Ma, ignoring tectonic uplift and isostasy. The massive conglomerate around the plateau margin began to deposit at about 3.6 Ma, indicating an increased relief after that time. Furthermore, the Hipparion fauna sites were widely distributed, and elephants, giraffes, and rhinos were abundant in the Qaidam Basin until the early Pliocene. Cenozoic climate change alone is not able to account for the dense occurrence of Hipparion fauna, unless the paleo-elevation of Tibet was lowered. The rise of Tibet since the Qingzang Movement has had a great influence on the Asian interior aridification.

The Eternal ＂May Fourth Movement＂： Between Enlightenment and Tradition

This paper mainly discusses two key issues： how to evaluate the New Culture Movement and how to understand the relationship between enlightenment and the New Culture Movement. With regard to the former, the author puts forward the basic principles to be established for the evaluation of the New Culture Movement： not only to respect the historical facts, but also take a broad view to make a comprehensive survey of history and the world. Through an analysis of the current situation at home and abroad, this paper argues that it is precisely because the New Cul~＇e Movement rejected the darkness in the fields of politics, morality, academics and ideology which had ruled China for thousands of years, promoted insemination of political democracy, freedom of thought, and spiritual independence, which helped to prepare the mass basis for Marxism to spread in China, that it became possible to achieve the victory of socialism in China. Regarding the latter, the author believes the New Culture Movement could not complete the task of enlightenment once and for all in China. The reasons are as follows： China has thousands of years of old culture and old traditions, the Chinese culture and the European traditions are quite different, and the situation confronting China during the New Culture Movement period was far more complicated than the situation during the European Enlightenment in the 16th-18th centuries. So, when it was divorced from the future fate of the Chinese nation, the empty talk of personality liberation and personal freedom was not only unrealistic, but also poled apart from the rationalist analysis and application advocated by the Enlightenment.

Vertical motions of tide gauge stations near the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea

A modified Gauss-Markov model with weighted constraints was constructed by combining satellite altimeter and tide gauge records. Vertical motion rates of nine tide gauge stations around the Bohal Sea and Yellow Sea are estimated. This is the first time systematic estimates have been derived in this region. Downward trends were seen at the six tide gauge stations located at Tanggu, Longkou, Laohutan, Bayuquan, Xiaochangshan, and Yantai; with vertical motion rates of-1.82±0.50, -1.65±0.46, -0.88±0.42, -0.58±0.62, -0.13±0.43, and -0.01±0.43 mm/yr, respectively. Upward trends were seen at the three tide gauge stations located at Qinhuangdao, Huludao and Chengshantou; with vertical motion rates of 1.12±0.46, 0.55±0.49 and 0.26±0.44 mm/yr, respectively. There was significant subsidence in Tanggu and Longkou, and a rising trend in Qinhuangdao. According to our results, the rate of sea level rise calculated from these tide gauge records can be improved using a more accurate measurement of the land elevation accounting for lifting or subsidence. The model derived can be used to estimate vertical motions of tide gauge stations, and can be widely applied to revise the benchmark levels of tide gauges.