《说文解字》马部字的历时演变情况

《说文解字》是东汉时期许慎编撰的第一部系统辨音、析形、解义的字书。《说文解字》的马部收字丰富、流传甚广,研究价值较高。本文立足《说文解字》的编撰原则与体例,基于六书理论,结合马部诸字的形音义关系对比分析,对马部所收120字的基本情况及历时演变情况进行深入研究,并阐释马部字流传发展的动因。

Engineering The Neck Hinge Reshapes The Processive Movement of Kinesin-3

Objective In kinesin-3,the neck coil correlates with the following segments to form an extended neck that contains a characteristic hinge diverse from a proline in KIF13B to a long flexible linker in KIF1A.The function of this neck hinge for controlling processive movement,however,remains unclear.Methods We made a series of modifications to the neck hinges of KIF13B and KIF1A and tested their movement using a single-molecule motility assay.Results In KIF13B,the insertion of flexible residues before or after the proline differentially impacts the processivity or velocity,while the removal of this proline increases the both.In KIF1A,the deletion of entire flexible neck hinge merely enhances the processivity.The engineering of these hinge-truncated necks of kinesin-3 into kinesin-1 similarly boosts the processive movement of kinesin-1.Conclusion The neck hinge in kinesin-3 controls its processive movement and proper modifications tune the motor motility,which provides a novel strategy to reshape the processive movement of kinesin motors.

试探《穆天子传》传入日本的时间及途径

伊与部马养在《从驾应诏》诗中提到"瑶池"和"白云篇",而"瑶池"与"白云谣"典故出自《穆天子传》,明示他受到《穆天子传》影响。伊与部马养是有文献可证的《穆天子传》在日本的早期接受者,其接受时间在持统天皇702年逝世之前。731年葛井连广成奉试对策提到了"黄竹"和"白云","黄竹"典故也出自《穆天子传》,说明日本上层对《穆天子传》已很熟悉。日本学者在诗文中引用《穆天子传》,既与他们注意学习《昭明文选》和李善注有关,也与他们直接阅读《穆天子传》有关。《文选》李善注本可能不是直接从唐朝传入日本,而是通过新罗间接传入。《穆天子传》则更有可能是由日本遣隋使团、遣唐使团中的学问僧与留学生带回日本。基于此,笔者将《穆天子传》传至日本的时间上限定为隋文帝开皇二十年(600年),日本圣德太子初次派遣留学生到中国留学;下限则为日本持统天皇逝世之年,即武则天长安二年(702年)。具体时间难以确考。

Geochemistry of lower Silurian shale of Longmaxi Formation,southeastern Sichuan Basin,China:Implications for provenance and source weathering

Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale(SLS) in southeastern Sichuan Basin, China, was analyzed for major and selected trace elements, and their provenance, intensity of palaeoweathering of the source rocks were analyzed based on these elements. The results show that SiO_2, Al_2O_3 and Fe_2O_3, are dominant major elements with average contents of 60.59%, 15.91% and 5.87% in Upper Silurian Longmaxi Shale(USLS), and 65.14%, 13.24% and 4.68% in Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale(LSLS). The TiO_2-Zr plot, Hf(ppm) versus La/Th discriminant diagram, and abundance of Cr and Ni suggest a dominantly felsic source for the Longmaxi sediments. Average chemical index of alteration(CIA), plagioclase index of alteration(PIA) values(64.05% and 72.86%, respectively) imply low-degree chemical weathering of the source material in early Longmaxi time, and average CIA, PIA values(68.44% and 80.35%, respectively) imply moderate chemical weathering of the source material in late Longmaxi time.

Geochemistry of Tertiary sandstones from southwest Sarawak,Malaysia: implications for provenance and tectonic setting

Tertiary sandstones collected from southwest Sarawak, Malaysia, were analyzed to decipher their provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting. The studied sandstones have a sublitharenite composition and are dominantly composed quartz with little mica and feldspar, and a small amount of volcanic fragments. These sand- stones were generally derived from quartz-rich recycled orogenic sources. They have relatively high SiO2 content with low Na20, CaO, MnO, and MgO contents. Values of Chemical Index of Alteration （CIA） of these rock samples vary from 71 to 93, with an average of 81, implying intense chemical alteration during weathering. A felsic igneous source is suggested by a low concentration of TiO2 com- pared to CIA, enrichment of Light Rare Earth Elements, depletion of Heavy Rare Earth Elements, and negative Eu anomalies. A felsic origin is further supported by a Eu/Eu＊ range of 0.65-0.85 and high Th/Sc, La/Sc, La/Co, and Th/ Co ratios. This work presents the first reported geochemical data of Tertiary sandstones of the Sarawak Basin. These data led us to conclude that the sandstones were dislodged from recycled orogenic sources and deposited in a slowly subsiding rifted basin in a passive continental tectonic setting.

COMPARISON OF PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA WITH TRAMADOL VS MORPHINE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL GYNECOLOGICAL SURGERY

Objective.To c ompare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of patient-controlled analges iawith tramadol and with morphine for postoperative middle or severe pain .Methods.Fifty-nine patients,scheduled for elective hysterectomy or hystero myomectomy ,were ran-domly divided into Group Tand Group M.The2drugs were administered intravenously v ia a patient-controlled analgesia device till24h postoperatively.Efficacy wa s assessed by comparing total pain reliefand the sum of pain intensity differencevalues over24h.Results.Statistically significant equival ence of tramadol and morphine was shown by TOTPAR values(15.9±4.4and1 6.4±3.5,respectively)and SPID values(9.2±4.7and9.0±2.0, respectively).Tramadol caused fewer adverse events than morphin e(16.7%and26.7%of patients,respectively).Conclusion.The analgesic efficacy of PCA with tramadol and with morphine were equivalent in the treatme nt of postoperative pain,and tramadol can cause slighter gastrointestinal adve rse effects.

The Enlarged Moral Self

Constitutional Patriotism is a new form of identity. It addresses the national component of identity formations in order to transform them in light of universal human rights principles. In this article, I seek to strengthen this theory left underdeveloped by Habermas. To do so, I use the idea of moral development which Habermas borrowed from Kohlberg. I argue that Constitutional Patriotism is the missing link in Habermas＇s reading of Kohlberg. I complement Kohlberg＇s reading of moral consciousness with the psychoanalytic idea of individuation. Communication, language, and autonomy all fall into their places in this interdisciplinary puzzle of Constitutional Patriotism spanning over the cultural terrain. This article takes part of the broader project of Constitutional Patriotism here only focusing on the notion of the selfhood.

Possessions Ceded for the Benefit of the Hospitals and Churches From the Sighisoara County

Transilvania is a province of the actual state of Romania, geographically situated in the middle of the country, in the inner arch of the Carpathians. Starting with the 10th century, the territory of Transilvania became attractive for the neighboring Hungarian royalty and later on, in the 1 lth century it was annexed into Hungary. For a better control of the newly annexed territory and in order to convert the orthodox population to Catholicism, the Hungarian rulers brought the Szeklers to Transilvania and two centuries later, German originating populations, from Rhine, Luxemburg, and Saxony （the name of Sas people, or Saxon of Transilvania derives from ＂Saxony＂）. The aim of this paper is to focus on the Sighisoara County, namely on the easement of certain areas for temporary or permanent maintenance or use by the church and hospitals in the region. That was a common practice in Medieval Europe aimed at ensuring the survival means for these institutions. However, it was not the only one to serve this goal. There were also donations on behalf of various people or allocations of money by the county authorities. The documents attesting this are unpublished, unedited and are to be found in the archives of the Brasov County, Budapest, and Vienna. They are the stepping stone of this paper and hence, they grant its originality. The objectives of the paper are to bring arguments in favor of the thesis that community money was directed towards meeting the needs of the hospitals, as well as towards supporting the widows, the orphans, and the needy ones. Worth noting in this respect is the management of the funds ceded to the church and county hospitals and that actually benefitted the whole community. Moreover, the paper also emphasizes the role played by education, since the latter is an important landmark for a community＇s development level

Local corrosion mechanism of SiO2-based refractories caused by slag movement near solid–liquid–gas interface in different slag systems

Slag movement on SiO2-based prism refractories in different slag systems was observed. The cross section shape evolution mechanism was discussed. Two types of shape evolution appear. For PbO-SiO2 slag whose surface tension improves with SiO2 concentration, slag film flows up along four edges under axial Marangoni shear force and wettability. Then, it flows down along four lateral faces under gravity. Corrosion rate at edges is larger than that on lateral faces due to different SiO2 solubilities of ascending and descending flow. Prism cross section shape changes from square to round. For FetO-SiO2 slag whose surface tension reduces with the increase of SiO2 concentration, slag film flows up under the inflence of wettability. Then, it flows down under Marangoni shear force and gravity. Compared to four edges, slag is mainly up and down on four lateral faces due to larger surface tension and size. So, prism cross section shape keeps square.

General Overview of Olive Cultivation in the Southeastern Anatolia Region

The olive is an agricultural product that can be processed into olive oil and table olives. In addition, the by-products of olive production also find many uses. Due to the specific climatic requirements of the olive tree, olives are primarily cultivated in Mediterranean countries. The olive tree is widely distributed across Turkey. The Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean, and southeastern Anatolia regions are the leading olive-producing regions of Turkey. Similar to most olive-cultivating countries around the world, the majority （nearly 73%） of the olives produced in Turkey are processed into olive oil. The average annual production of olive oil in Turkey is 150,000 t. The leading olive-producing provinces in the southeastern Anatolia region are, in descending order of importance, Gaziantep, Kills, Sanllurfa, Mardin, Adlyaman, Slrnak, and Diyarbaklr.

Pond culture of seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum in southern China

The seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum is widely distributed throughout the coastal waters of Asia and has high commercial value. In recent years, its natural biomass has declined due to over-exploitation and environmental pollution. To seek for a feasible way to culture this seaweed efficiently, we designed a simple long-line system in a shrimp pond for the culture during winter, and the growth and nutritional composition of the seaweed were examined. Results show that the cul^re system was durable and flexible allowing S. hemiphyllum to grow vertically offthe muddy bottom of the pond. Although the length of pond- cultured S. hemiphyllum was inhibited by water depth, the weight-specific growth rate （（1.65±0.17）%/d） was nearly three times higher than that of wild plants （（0.62±0.19）%/d）. The crude protein （6.92%±0.88%） and ash content （21.52%±0.07%） of the pond-cultured seaweed were significantly lower than those of the wild plants （9.38%±-0.43% and 26.93%±0.07%, respectively）; however, crude fat （1.01%±0.04%） was significantly higher than that of the wild plants （0.87%±0.02%）. In addition, the nutritional composition of both pond-cultured and wild S. hemiphyllum was comparable to or even higher than those of other common seaweeds being used as food and/or aquaculture fodder. Future studies shall be focused on the impact of environmental parameters on its growth and nutritional composition.

EFFECT OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE ON SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IN CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA RATS

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on synaptic structure of hippocampal nerve felts and synaptophysin(SYN)expression in rats with cerebral ischemic injury. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were randomized into sham-operation group, cerebral ischemia (CI) group and EA group, each of which was further divided into 1week (W) and 5W subgroups. CI injury model was established by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries. 'Baihui'(百会 GV 20), 'Dazhui' (大椎 GV 14), 'Renzhong'(人中 GV 26) and 'Guangyuan'(关会 CV 4) were punctured and stimulated electrically. The brain tissue sections containing hippocampus region were stained with immu nohistochemical technique and observed under light microscope and transmission electronic microscope. Results: After CI, the ischemic injury as degeneration of the presynapse compositions, decrease of the synaptic numeral density, and low expression of SYN were observed in hippocampal CA1 area. By the 5th week after CI, the neonatal synapses of Cl and EA groups appeared, and SYN expression was upregulated. In EA group, the recovery of the numeral density of synapses was especially noticeable, being 93.8% of that of sham-operation group and significantly higher than that in Cl group (P<0.01). Compared with sham-operation group, the calibrated optical density (COD) values of SYN increased to 70% in CI group, and 93.3% in EA group, and COD value in EA group was significantly higher than that in Cl group (P<0.01). Conclusion: EA can function in promoting synaptic regeneration and enhancing and perfecting the actions of the reconstructed synapses in hippocampal CA1 area in Cl rats.

Rome Ⅲ survey of irritable bowel syndrome among ethnic Malays

AIM:To survey irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) using Rome Ⅲ criteria among Malays from the north-eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia.METHODS:A previously validated Malay language Rome Ⅲ IBS diagnostic questionnaire was used in the current study.A prospective sample of 232 Malay subjects(80% power) was initially screened.Using a stratified random sampling strategy,a total of 221 Malay subjects(112 subjects in a "full time job" and 109 subjects in "no full time job") were recruited.Subjects were visitors(friends and relatives) within the hospital compound and were representative of the local community.Red flags and psychosocial alarm symptoms were also assessed in the current study using previously translated and validated questionnaires.Subjects with IBS were sub-typed into constipation-predominant,diarrhea-predominant,mixed type and un-subtyped.Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to test for association between socioeconomic factors and presence of red flags and psychosocial alarm features among the Malays with IBS.RESULTS:IBS was present in 10.9%(24/221),red flags in 22.2%(49/221) and psychosocial alarm features in 9.0%(20/221).Red flags were more commonly reported in subjects with IBS(83.3%) than psychosocial alarm features(20.8%,P < 0.001).Subjects with IBS were older(mean age 41.4 years vs 36.9 years,P = 0.08),but no difference in gender was noted(P = 0.4).Using univariable analysis,IBS was significantly associated with a tertiary education,high individual income above RM1000,married status,exsmoker and the presence of red flags(all P < 0.05).In multiple logistic regression analysis,only the presence of red flags was significantly associated with IBS(odds ratio:0.02,95%CI:0.004-0.1,P < 0.001).The commonest IBS sub-type was mixed type(58.3%),followed by constipation-predominant(20.8%),diarrheapredominant(16.7%) and un-subtyped(4.2%).Four of 13 Malay females(30.8%) with IBS also had menstrual pain.Most subjects with IBS had at least one red flag(70.8%),12.5% had two red flags and 16.7% with no red flags.The commonest red flag was a bowel habit change in subjects > 50 years old and this was reported by 16.7% of subjects with IBS.CONCLUSION:Using the Rome Ⅲ criteria,IBS was common among ethnic Malays from the north-eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia.

Management of the Innovation Process of a Small Amazonian Company in the Food Sector

The present article broaches aspects related to the management of the innovation process of a small company that works in the food industry of Manaus; the authors focus on the current types and levels of technological competencies existent in the company, describe their technological learning process and emphasize the innovation system that provides the organizational development support. This paper is based on a specific individual study and on empirical evidence collected using various techniques. It demonstrates how the management of the technological learning process and the innovation system boost the growth trajectory in a small company, by the fact that they contribute to the effective development of technological competencies considered fundamental to perfect the level of competitiveness of the company.

Fraud Prevention Mechanisms of Malaysian Government-Linked Companies： An Assessment of Existence and Effectiveness

Understanding the root causes of fraud and learning about the most effective fraud prevention mechanisms are critical in reducing the incidence of financial fraud. Therefore, this study solicits the views of fraud investigators on the existence and effectiveness of fraud prevention mechanisms within Government-Linked Companies （GLCs）. Specifically, effective fraud prevention mechanisms （FPM） should be undertaken by five critical groups, namely the board of directors, audit committees, external auditors, internal auditors, and anti-fraud specialists. A total of 147 questionnaires were distributed to fraud investigators of all public listed GLCs in Malaysia. Out of those, a total of 45 usable responses were received, which represents an effective response rate of 30.6%. In terms of existence, the respondents ranked ＂management review of internal controls＂ and ＂external audits of financial statements＂ as the top-most FPMs. This was followed by other mechanisms such as operational audits, internal audits and internal control review/improvements by departments. Out of the 27 fraud prevention mechanisms, fraud investigators perceiyed surprise audits, fraud hotline, fraud prevention program and training, anti-fraud policy, fraud vulnerability reviews, operational audits, whistle-blowing policy, internal audit or fraud examination department, and, imposing penalty and disciplinary action as more effective than the others. Overall, this study provides important insights to practitioners and organizations in identifying fraud prevention mechanisms that are most effective.

Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus urophylla in Northern Vietnam： The Relationship between Silvicultural Activity and Quality of Stand

This paper sets out to determine the link between socio-economic attributes of smallholders, silvicultural activity and the stand quality of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus urophylla plantations in two unrelated communes in Phu Tho province, Vietnam. The necessary data was collected by interviewing the smallholders and conducting inventory of the stands. The data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman correlations. More silvicultural practices were conducted by A. mangium planters with larger areas. Most of the smallholders practiced the suggested silvicultural activities. Productivity was affected by pruning in medium quality sites. This research recommends that smallholders were supported with incentives for the plantation establishment, education for smallholders in silvicultural techniques, organization and development activities for the wider market.

Forensic Accounting and Fraud： Capability and Competence Requirements in Malaysia

The 2011 Global Economic Crime Survey instituted by PricewaterhouseCoopers （PwC） confirms the economic crime in Malaysia to be on the increase and, therefore, requires immediate attention to stem the tides. In anticipation of the challenges occasioned due to a shift from the modified cash basis to the accrual basis of accounting, the Malaysian State＇s determination to move from a developing nation to a developed nation, and to be ranked among the first 10 in 2020, this paper presents the need for forensic accountant and auditor capability （i.e., mindset and skills） on forensic accountant and auditor competence （i.e., task performance fraud risk assessment （TPFRA）） in the Malaysian public sector. It also draws the attention of the users of public sector accountants and auditors to the understanding of fraud mechanisms and how to deal with fraudsters. The population of this study comprised the accountants and auditors in the office of the Accountant General and Auditor General of Malaysia. The objective of this paper is to investigate the competence requirements of accountants and auditors in the effective and efficient utilization of capability requirements, which have the potentials to usher in the best global practices in fighting fraud in the Malaysian public sector.

Spatial Organization Mechanism of Aircraft Manufacturing

Unquestionably,aircraft industry plays an important part in both economy and security of a nation.However,few of articles have dealt with the spatial development of this industry sector.The purpose of this article is to analyze the dynamics of agglomeration and diffusion of aircraft industry.In a historical view,with some spatial analysis methods,this research discusses the characteristics and patterns of aircraft industry's spatial organization and evolution,globally,nationally and regionally respectively.We find out there is a ‘Matthew effect' in aircraft industry of the world,and the spatial evolution of the industry is consistent with the nation's industrialization process.Then,it concludes that the main agglomeration forces consist of capital,talents,technology and cluster's advantages,and the main diffusion forces include comparative advantages,cost and risk sharing,emerging markets,development policy for backward regions and military requirements.All the factors can be divided into market forces making the spatial development of aircraft industry normal and non-market forces making that irregular.In particular,lessons from the USA and France are expected to be conducive to the rise of China's aircraft industry in the future.

Climate change impact in the Western Himalaya:people's perception and adaptive strategies

The Himalaya represents a vast mountain system and globally valued for its significant role in regulation of global as well as regional climate that has direct impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services crucial for sustenance of millions of people in Himalaya and adjoining areas. However, mountain regions worldwide are impacted by climate change and at the same time represent distinctive area for the assessment of climate related impacts. Climate change impacts in Himalayan region have its implications on food production, natural ecosystems,retreat of glacier, water supply, human and animal health and overall human well being. The livelihood and food security of the people inhabited in region largely depend on climate sensitive sectors i.e.agriculture, livestock, forestry and their interlinkages with each other, and has the potential to break down food and nutritional security as well as livelihood support systems. People's perception and understanding of climate can be an important asset when it comes to adaptation to climate change impact;however it is not taken into consideration for the development of policy design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation strategies by governments and other civil society organizations.The knowledge of local people and farming communities for rural landscape management and sustainable use of bioresources is gaining credence as a key strategy to cope up with the climate change.Therefore, the present study analyzes the indigenous knowledge of local people and their perceptions on climate change, and also documented adaptation approaches at local level in mountain ecosystem of western Himalaya. The study could be useful to policy makers to design appropriate adaptation strategies to cope up with the impacts of climate change.

Response of fuzzy clustering on different threshold determination algorithms in spectral change vector analysis over Western Himalaya, India

Abstract： Change detection is a standard tool to extract and analyze the earth＇s surface features from remotely sensed data. Among the different change detection techniques, change vector analysis （CVA） have an exceptional advantage of discriminating change in terms of change magnitude and vector direction from multispectral bands. The estimation of precise threshold is one of the most crucial task in CVA to separate the change pixels from unchanged pixels because overall assessment of change detection method is highly dependent on selected threshold value. In recent years, integration of fuzzy clustering and remotely sensed data have become appropriate and realistic choice for change detection applications. The novelty of the proposed model lies within use of fuzzy maximum likelihood classification （FMLC） as fuzzy clustering in CVA. The FMLC based CVA is implemented using diverse threshold determination algorithms such as double-window flexible pace search （DFPS）, interactive trial and error （T＆E）, and 3x3-pixel kernel window （PKW）. Unlike existing CVA techniques, addition of fuzzy clustering in CVA permits each pixel to have multiple class categories and offers ease in threshold determination process. In present work, the comparative analysis has highlighted the performance of FMLC based CVA overimproved SCVA both in terms of accuracy assessment and operational complexity. Among all the examined threshold searching algorithms, FMLC based CVA using DFPS algorithm is found to be the most efficient method.