Response of Photosynthesis, Growth, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Osmotic Tolerance of Rice to Elevated CO_2

Four rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars 'IR72', 'Tesanai 2', 'Guichao 2' and 'IIyou 4480' were grown in two plastic house (15 m×3 m) with 35 μmol/mol and 60 μmol/mol CO 2 concentration which was controlled by computer. As compared with rice at ambient 35 μmol/mol CO 2, the changes in photosynthetic rate at elevated CO 2 showed up_regulation ('IR72' and 'Tesanai 2'), stable (unchanged) in 'Guichao 2' and down_regulation type ('IIyou 4480'). Growth rate, panicle weight, integrated water use efficiency (WUE) calculated from Δ 13 C and the capacity of scavenging DPPH · (1,1_diphenyl_2_picrylhydrazyl) free radical were increased at elevated CO 2. An increment in total biomass was observed in three cultivars by elevated CO 2, with the exception of 'IIyou 4480'. Ratios of panicle weight/total biomass were altered to different extents in tested cultivars by elevated CO 2. When leaf segments were subjected to PEG osmotic stress, the electrolyte leakage rate from leaves grown at elevated CO 2 was less than that at 35 μmol/mol CO 2. Those intraspecific variations of rice imply a possibility for selecting cultivars with maximal productivity and high tolerance to stresses adapted to elevated CO 2 in the future.

玉米叶绿素含量的全基因组关联分析

【目的】叶绿素含量与作物产量呈正相关。通过提高叶绿素含量来提高作物产量是作物育种的方向之一。因此,利用全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS)解析玉米叶绿素含量的遗传基础,可为玉米高光效理想株型设计育种提供理论指导。【方法】以538份玉米自交系构成的关联群体为研究对象,在5个环境下,通过对其授粉后5 d的棒三叶(穗位叶、穗上叶、穗下叶)叶绿素含量进行测定,并借助覆盖玉米全基因组的558 629个单核苷酸多态性标记(SNPs),利用3种模型(Q、K和Q+K)对叶绿素含量进行全基因组关联分析,随后选择最优模型的GWAS结果并结合eQTL(expression quantitative trait loci)分析对叶绿素含量的自然变异进行解析。【结果】5个环境下,棒三叶叶绿素含量均遵从正态分布且叶绿素含量间呈正相关;方差分析表明棒三叶叶绿素含量的环境效应、基因型效应、基因型与环境互作效应均达到了极显著水平;此外,穗上叶、穗位叶和穗下叶叶绿素含量的遗传力分别为0.66、0.66和0.67。比较3种模型发现K模型对假阳性(I型错误)控制最好,在此模型下共检测到29个与棒三叶叶绿素含量显著关联的SNP(P≤3.99×10-6),涉及到18个位点,共有76个候选基因落在这18个位点内,其中85.5%(65/76)的候选基因具有eQTL,11.8%(9/76)的候选基因与对应表型显著相关(P<0.05),说明这9个基因可能是通过表达量变化来调控表型变异。在这76个基因中,60个候选基因有功能注释,功能涉及到能量代谢、物质输送代谢途径和生物合成调节等过程。此外还发现2个可以在不同环境或不同叶片共定位的位点,其中,共定位位点内的基因GRMZM2G074759编码一种与AAE3高度相似的酰基活化酶,该基因通过提高α-酮戊二酸(ALA)和草酰乙酸含量进而影响氨基酸生物合成,提高籽粒赖氨酸含量,改善玉米品质。此外,ALA的合成会促使叶绿素含量升高,进而提高作物产量,推测该基因为最可能的候选基因。【结论】K模型对假阳性的控制效果最好,基于K模型,共检测到18个玉米叶绿素含量显著关联位点,发现多个参与叶绿素合成途径相关基因。

Recent Progress in High-speed and High Spectral Efficiency Optical Transmission Technology

Increasing the spectral efficiency and per channel data rate have historically been shown to be the most cost-effective method to meet the need of ever growing capacity demand in the core network. In this paper we review recent progress in high-speed and high-spectral-efficient optical transmission technology. We discuss spectrally efficient modulation and detection technologies that have been experimentally explored for future 100-Gb/s and above optical transmission system. Emerging methods aiming at extending system reach for noise and nonlinearity-stressed high spectral efficiency optical transmission systems have also been reviewed. We show that spectrallyefficient multilevel coding coupled with polarization multiplexing and digital coherent detection has the potential to enable 400Gb/s per channel WDM system operating with existing 50GHzspaced WDM infrastructure at a spectral efficiency of 8b/s/Hz.

Direct Optical Resolution of Chiral Pesticides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Enantiomer separation is one of the most important prerequisites for the investigation of environmental enantioselective behavior for chiral pesticides.The enantiomeric separation of three chiral pesticides,indoxacarb,lambda-cyhalothrin,and simeconazole,were studied on cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate)-coated chiral stationary phase(CDMPC-CSP) using high-performance liquid chromatography under normal phase condition.The effects of chromatographic conditions,such as the mobile phase composition including the concentration and type of alcohol modifiers in hexane,flow rate and column temperature,on enantiomer separation were examined.The thermodynamical mechanism of enantioseparation and chiral recognition mechanism were discussed.Better separation were achieved using 20% n-propanol for indoxacarb,2% iso-butanol for lambda-cyhalothrin,and 20% iso-propanol for simeconazole as modifiers in hexane at 25℃ with the selectivity factor(a) of 1.69,1.82 and 1.70,respectively.The resolution factor(Rs) decreased as the flow rate increased from 0.4 to 1.1 ml·min-1.The retention factor(k') and selectivity factor for the enantiomers of analytes decreased as temperature increased.The lna-1/T plots for racemic chiral pesticides were linear in the range of 15-35℃ in hexane/iso-propanol and the chiral separation was controlled by enthalpy.Hydrogen bonding,π-π and dipole-dipole interactions between enantiomers and CDMPC-CSP play an important role in chiral identification,and the fitting of the asymmetric portion of solutes in a chiral cavity or channel of the CSP is also important.

神奇的蔬菜光合肥

近年来,亚硫酸钠被人们称之为光合肥。蔬菜施光合肥后,可抑制消耗自身同化碳素的呼吸作用。因此,光合肥具有提高光合效率,促进生长发育,减少营养消耗,增加物质积累,从而提高产量的作用。这项施肥技术先后在辽宁、吉林、江西、内蒙古等省区试验示范。结果证明:在蔬菜上施用亚硫酸钠能增产10％～30％。

Estimating Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation of Corn with Vegetation Indices and Neural Network from Hyperspectral Data

The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation （FPAR） is a key variable in the assessment of vegetation productivity and land ecosystem carbon cycles. Based on ground-measured corn hyperspectral reflectance and FPAR data over Northeast China, the correlations between corn-canopy FPAR and hyperspectral reflectance were analyzed, and the FPAR estimation performances using vegetation index （VI） and neural network （NN） methods with different two-band-combination hyperspectral reflectance were investigated. The results indicated that the corn-canopy FPAR retained almost a constant value in an entire day. The negative correlations between FPAR and visible and shortwave infrared reflectance （SWIR） bands are stronger than the positive correlations between FPAR and near-infrared band re- flectance （NIR）. For the six VIs, the normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） and simple ratio （SR） performed best for estimating corn FPAR （the maximum R2 of 0.8849 and 0.8852, respectively）. However, the NN method esti- mated results （the maximum Rz is 0.9417） were obviously better than all of the VIs. For NN method, the two-band combinations showing the best corn FPAR estimation performances were from the NIR and visible bands; for VIs, however, they were from the SWIR and NIR bands. As for both the methods, the SWIR band performed exceptionally well for corn FPAR estimation. This may be attributable to the fact that the reflectance of the SWIR band were strongly controlled by leaf water content, which is a key component of corn photosynthesis and greatly affects the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation （APAR）, and makes further impact on corn-canopy FPAR.

杂交水稻发展的战略

事物的发展无止境。杂交水稻经历了从第1代以细胞质雄性不育系为遗传工具的三系法杂交水稻到第2代以光温敏雄性不育系为遗传工具的两系法杂交水稻的快速发展,目前正在研究攻关以遗传工程雄性不育系为遗传工具的第3代杂交水稻。同时,提出了杂交水稻发展的战略,将沿着第4代C_4型杂交水稻和以利用无融合生殖固定水稻杂种优势的第5代杂交水稻的方向不断向前发展。

Efficient broadband near-infrared phosphor Sr_(2)ScSbO_(6):Cr^(3+) for solar-like lighting

For healthy lighting,daily lighting that considers both visible light and near-infrared(NIR)light is necessary.However,at~900 nm,the extensively used solar-like phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes(pc-LEDs)are limited by a lack of high-performance NIR luminescent materials.We report a broadband NIR phosphor Sr_(2)ScSbO_(6):Cr^(3+) with a double perovskite-type structure,thus simultaneously demonstrating high luminescence efficiency and good thermal stability.Under 550-nm excitation,Sr_(2)ScSbO_(6):Cr^(3+) demonstrates broadband NIR emission centered at~890 nm with luminescence internal/external efficiencies of 82.0%/35.7%,respectively.Furthermore,the luminescence integrated intensity at 430 K remains at~66.4% of the initial intensity.We successfully fabricated pc-LED devices using a 465-nm-sized blue chip and other commercial phosphors,presenting a relatively complete solar-like spectrum from blue to NIR light and is expected to be used in solar-like lighting.

Green perovskite light-emitting diodes with simultaneous high luminance and quantum efficiency through charge injection engineering

Metal halide perovskite light emitting diodes(PeLEDs)have recently experienced rapid development due to the tunable emission wavelengths,narrow emission linewidth and low material cost.To achieve stateof-the-art performance,the high photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY)of the active emission layer,the balanced charge injection,and the optimized optical extraction should be considered simultaneously.Multiple chemical passivation strategies have been provided as controllable and efficient methods to improve the PLQY of the perovskite layer.However,high luminance under large injection current and high external quantum efficiency(EQE)can hardly be achieved due to Auger recombination at high carrier density.Here,we decreased the electron injection barrier by tuning the Fermi-level of the perovskite,leading to a reduced turn on voltage.Through molecular doping of the hole injection material,a more balanced hole injection was achieved.At last,a device with modified charge injection realizes high luminance and quantum efficiency simultaneously.The best device exhibits luminance of 55,000 cd m^-2 EQE of 8.02%at the working voltage of 2.65 V,current density of 115 mA cm^-2,and shows EQE T50 stability around 160 min at 100 mA cm^-2 injection current density.

Anti-proton contamination design of the imaging energetic electron spectrometer based on Geant4 simulation

The measurement of energetic particles plays an important role in the space environment monitoring and space weather forecasting.The accuracy of the energetic electron measurement is seriously influenced by the proton contamination.An anti-proton contamination design for the sensor of imaging energetic electron spectrometer is introduced in this paper.According to the electron and proton spectrum on the typical satellite orbits calculated by the radiation belt models,the efficiency of the anti-proton contamination design is estimated by the Geant4 simulation and the design is optimized based on the simulation results.

Integrative self-assembly of covalent organic frameworks and fluorescent molecules for ultrasensitive detection of a nerve agent simulant

Binding of fluorescent molecules to the porous matrix through noncovalent interactions will synergistically expand their application spectrum. In this regard, we report an integrative self-assembly of molecule 1 with benzothiadizole and 9,9-dihexyl fluorene units, and covalent organic frameworks(COFs) via an emulsion-modulated polymerization process, within which molecules of 1 are able to interact with the scaffolds of COFs through CH-π interactions. Thus the π-πinteractions between the fluorescent molecules are largely suppressed, giving rise to their remarkable monomer-like optical properties. Of particular interest is that, given by the specific interaction between COFs and a nerve agent simulant diethyl chlorophosphite(DCP), these assembled composites show the ability of ultrasensitive detection of DCP with a detection limit of ~40 ppb. Moreover, the present integrative assembly strategy can be extended to encapsulate multiple fluorescent molecules, enabling the assemblies with white light emission. Our results highlight opportunities for the development of highly emissive porous materials by molecular selfassembly of fluorophores and molecular units of COFs.

Periodical rocking long period gratings in PANDA fibers for high temperature and refractive index sensing

We report periodical rocking long period gratings(PR-LPGs) in PANDA fibers fabricated with CO_2 laser. The PR-LPGs achieve very high coupling efficiency of 19 dB with 12 periods and a 3.5° twist angle in just one scanning cycle, which is much more effective than the conventional CO_2 laser fabrication technique. This type of LPGs exhibits polarization-selective resonance dips which demonstrate different sensitivities to environmental parameters. The high temperature and external refractive index sensitivities are measured simultaneously, so it can be used as a wavelength-selective polarization filter and sensor.

Furan-based liquid-crystalline small-molecule donor guest improving the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells with amorphous packing

Introducing liquid-crystalline small-molecule donors(SMDs)into binary systems based on the strong intermolecular interactions of SMDs is a facile and effective strategy to tune the active layer morphology and improve the performance of organic solar cells(OSCs).Contrary to conventional understanding,this research proposes a new strategy for ternary OSCs implicating that"weakly crystalline materials can also optimize the morphology of the active layer and improve the OSCs performance".Herein,we designed and synthesized two liquid-crystalline SMDs,Z1 and Z2,based on benzodifuran(BDF)units.The amorphous Z2-incorporated ternary devices present an unexpectedly improved power conversion efficiency(PCE)>18%with good stability.By contrast,the highly ordered Z1-based ternary devices possess a significantly depressed efficiency.Multiple characterizations reveal that the Z2-based ternary blend films possess improved miscibility and efficient charge transport.This novel strategy for the selection of the third component is significant for the fabrication of high-efficiency ternary OSCs.

Exceptionally efficient deep blue anthracene-based luminogens:design,synthesis,photophysical,and electroluminescent mechanisms

Achieving high-efficiency deep blue emitter with CIE_(y)<0.06(CIE,Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage)and external quantum efficiency(EQE)>10%has been a long-standing challenge for traditional fluorescent materials in organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).Here,we report the rational design and synthesis of two new deep blue luminogens:4-(10-(4’-(9 H-carbazol-9-yl)-2,5-dimethyl-[1,1’-biphe nyl]-4-yl)anthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile(2 M-ph-pCzAnBzt)and 4-(10-(4-(9 H-carbazol-9-yl)-2,5-dimethyl phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile(2 M-pCzAnBzt).In particular,2 M-ph-pCzAnBzt produces saturated deep blue emissions in a non-doped electroluminescent device with an exceptionally high EQE of 10.44% and CIE_(x,y)(0.151,0.057).The unprecedented electroluminescent efficiency is attributed to the combined effects of higher-order reversed intersystem crossing and triplet-triplet up-conversion,which are supported by analysis of theoretical calculation,triplet sensitization experiments,as well as nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.This research offers a new approach to resolve the shortage of high efficiency deep blue fluorescent emitters.

Hyperpolarizabilities of alkaline-earth metal ions Be^+, Mg^+, and Ca^+

The knowledge of the hyperpolarizabilities of atoms and ions is helpful for the analysis of the high order effects of the frequency shifts in precision spectroscopy experiments. Liu et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 223001 （2015）] proposed to establish all-optical trapped ion clocks using laser at the magic wavelength for clock transition. To evaluate the high-order frequency shifts in this new scheme of optical clocks, hyperpolarizabilities are needed, but absent. Using the finite field method based on the B-spline basis set and model potentials, we calculated the electric-field-dependent energy shifts of the ground and low-lying excited states in Be＋, Mg＋, and Ca＋ in the field strength range of 0.0-6×10-5 a.u.. The scalar and tensor polarizabilities （α0, α2） and hyperpolarizabilities （Y0,Y2, 74） were deduced. The results of the hyperpolarizabilities for Be＋ showed good agreement with the values in literature, implying that the present method can be applied for the effective estimation of the atomic hyperpolarizabilities, which are rarely reported but needed in experiments. The feasibility of optical trapping of Ca＋ is discussed, and the contributions of hyperpolarizabilities to the transition frequency shift for Ca＋ in the optical dipole trap are estimated using quasi-electrostatic approximation.