Maritime-type glaciers in the eastern Nyainqêntanglha Range, located in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, are an important water source for downstream residents and ecological systems. To better under...Maritime-type glaciers in the eastern Nyainqêntanglha Range, located in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, are an important water source for downstream residents and ecological systems. To better understand the variability of glaciers in this region, we used the band ratio threshold（TM3/TM5 for the Landsat TM /ETM＋ and TM4/TM6 for Landsat OLI） to extract glacier outlines in ~1999 and ~2013. After that, we also generated a series of glacier boundaries and monitored glacier variations in the past 40 years with the help of the Chinese Glacier Inventory data（1975） and Landsat TM, ETM＋ and OLI data. The total glacier area decreased by 37.69 ± 2.84% from 1975 to 2013. The annual percentage area change（APAC） was ~1.32% a-1 and ~1.29% a-1 in the periods 1975-1999 and 1999-2013, respectively. According to the lag theory, the reaction time is probably about 10 years and we discuss the variations of temperature and precipitation between 1965 and 2011. Temperature and precipitation increased between 1965 and 2011 at a rate of 0.34°C /10 a and 15.4 mm/10 a, respectively. Extensive meteorological data show that the glacier shrinkage rate over the period may be mainly due to increasing air temperature, while the increasing precipitation partly made up for the mass loss of glacier ice resulting from increasing temperature may also lead to the low APAC between 1999 and 2013. The lag theory suggests that glacier shrinkage may accelerate in the next 10 years. Small glaciers were more sensitive to climate change, and there was a normal distribution between glacier area and elevation. Glaciers shrank in all aspects, and south aspects diminished faster than others.展开更多
Samples of thickened waste activated sludge （TWAS） at two different concentrations were exposed to microwave radiation. Some of the samples were not allowed to heat up, to study the athermal effect of microwaves. Th...Samples of thickened waste activated sludge （TWAS） at two different concentrations were exposed to microwave radiation. Some of the samples were not allowed to heat up, to study the athermal effect of microwaves. The samples exposed to microwaves where their temperature was allowed to increase showed a higher degree of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, protein and carbohydrate solubilization compared to a control. The size distribution of particles was changed after exposure of TWAS to microwaves. These results were also observed in the samples exposed to microwaves but kept at a constant temperature, suggesting the occurrence of a microwave athermal effect. Thermally （samples experiencing a temperature increase） and athermally （samples that were maintained at ambient temperature） microwaved subsequent anaerobic biodegradation. samples produced more methane than the non-microwaved controls in展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41271024, 41411130204)
文摘Maritime-type glaciers in the eastern Nyainqêntanglha Range, located in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, are an important water source for downstream residents and ecological systems. To better understand the variability of glaciers in this region, we used the band ratio threshold（TM3/TM5 for the Landsat TM /ETM＋ and TM4/TM6 for Landsat OLI） to extract glacier outlines in ~1999 and ~2013. After that, we also generated a series of glacier boundaries and monitored glacier variations in the past 40 years with the help of the Chinese Glacier Inventory data（1975） and Landsat TM, ETM＋ and OLI data. The total glacier area decreased by 37.69 ± 2.84% from 1975 to 2013. The annual percentage area change（APAC） was ~1.32% a-1 and ~1.29% a-1 in the periods 1975-1999 and 1999-2013, respectively. According to the lag theory, the reaction time is probably about 10 years and we discuss the variations of temperature and precipitation between 1965 and 2011. Temperature and precipitation increased between 1965 and 2011 at a rate of 0.34°C /10 a and 15.4 mm/10 a, respectively. Extensive meteorological data show that the glacier shrinkage rate over the period may be mainly due to increasing air temperature, while the increasing precipitation partly made up for the mass loss of glacier ice resulting from increasing temperature may also lead to the low APAC between 1999 and 2013. The lag theory suggests that glacier shrinkage may accelerate in the next 10 years. Small glaciers were more sensitive to climate change, and there was a normal distribution between glacier area and elevation. Glaciers shrank in all aspects, and south aspects diminished faster than others.
文摘Samples of thickened waste activated sludge （TWAS） at two different concentrations were exposed to microwave radiation. Some of the samples were not allowed to heat up, to study the athermal effect of microwaves. The samples exposed to microwaves where their temperature was allowed to increase showed a higher degree of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, protein and carbohydrate solubilization compared to a control. The size distribution of particles was changed after exposure of TWAS to microwaves. These results were also observed in the samples exposed to microwaves but kept at a constant temperature, suggesting the occurrence of a microwave athermal effect. Thermally （samples experiencing a temperature increase） and athermally （samples that were maintained at ambient temperature） microwaved subsequent anaerobic biodegradation. samples produced more methane than the non-microwaved controls in
