不同土壤调理剂配合施用对高氮土壤氮素吸收影响研究

本试验采用腐植酸、明矾、白云石、沸石4种调理剂及配比共设7个处理对高氮土壤氮素吸收的影响进行研究。结果表明:施加土壤调理剂可以促进糯玉米生长,其株高、茎粗与叶绿素含量有所提高。在施加调理剂的各处理中,施加明矾可以增加作物生物量干重,单施明矾和腐植酸+明矾+沸石+白云石配合施用可以显著提高玉米吸氮量。调理剂白云石对降低土壤全氮含量效果最明显,施加明矾可以降低土壤中硝态氮含量,减少土壤中氮素的累积,改善环境风险。该试验将为设施土壤氮素面源污染控制提供某些技术途径。

等养分复合肥对高氮土壤线椒产量的影响

等养分复合肥对高氮土壤线椒产量的影响研究结果表明：在高氮土壤覆盖地膜种植线椒时,可以充分利用土壤供氮能力,施用高浓度等养分复合肥（15-15-15）,采取多次少施、对水打孔灌施方法,使线椒能及时补充养分,避免浪费,提高了肥料利用率。施肥量在825~1 050 kg/hm2,可增加株高、株幅、单株果数、单果鲜重等,增产显著,鲜果个头大、鲜亮,商品性较好。连续种植多年蔬菜的菜田土壤有机质和氮素水平较高,可施用氮磷钾三元素相等含量的复合肥,减少氮素投入,提高磷钾素效能和辣椒（线椒）产量。

腐植酸和生物炭配施对饲用甜高粱氮素吸收与土壤氮变化影响研究

为了提高设施农田氮素利用,减轻土壤氮素积累,本研究利用饲用甜高粱为供试作物,将腐植酸和生物炭作为供试材料进行盆栽试验,研究腐植酸和生物炭按照不同比例配合施用对饲用甜高粱氮素吸收与土壤氮变化的影响。试验设对照、生物炭、腐植酸、腐植酸+生物炭、腐植酸+1/2生物炭、1/2腐植酸+生物炭等6个处理。结果表明:腐植酸和生物炭不同配比各处理中,1/2腐植酸+生物炭处理地上部吸氮量占植株总吸氮量最大,说明此处理可以使氮素向地上部比例增加,对于饲用甜高粱氮素吸收效果较好;腐植酸+生物炭处理可以降低土壤氮素含量,有利于土壤氮素转化。因此,腐植酸和生物炭按照适宜比例进行配合施用对提高氮素利用率、促进土壤氮素转化、降低土壤氮素积累有积极作用。

Effects of Grassland Degradation and Re-vegetation on Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in the Soils of the Headwater Area Nature Reserve on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Both overgrazing and climate change contribute to grassland degradation in the alpine regions of China and negatively affect soil carbon and nitrogen pools. We quantified changes in soil organic carbon （SOC） and total nitrogen （TN） in black soil beach （BSB）. We measured SOC and TN in severely degraded and non-degraded grasslands to calculate differences in carbon and nitrogen storage, and field survey results were extrapolated to the entire headwaters area of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （36.3xlos krn~） to determine SOC and TN losses from these grasslands. We also evaluated changes in SOC and TN in severely degraded grasslands that were artificially re-vegetated five, seven and nine years ago. Totally 92.43 Tg C and 7.08 Tg N were lost from the BSB in the headwater area, which was approximately 50% of the original C and N soil pools. Re-vegetation of the degraded grasslands in the headwater area would result in a gain of 32.71 Tg C in the soil after five years, a loss of 5.5a Tg C after seven years and an increase of 44.15 Tg C after nine years. The TN increased by 53.09% and 59.98% after five and nine years, respectively, while it decreased by 4.92% after seven years of re-vegetation. The results indicate that C and N stocks followed a ＂V＂ shaped pattern with re- vegetation time. Understanding plant-soil interactions during succession of artificially planting grassland ecosystems is essential for developing scientifically sound management strategies for the effectively re-vegetated BSB.

Uptake and Recovery of Soil Nitrogen by Bryophytes and Vascular Plants in an Alpine Meadow

Due to their particular physiology and life history traits, bryophytes are critical in regulating biogeochemical cycles and functions in alpine ecosystem. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their nutrient utilization strategies in comparison with vascular plants and understand their responses to the variation of growing season caused by climate change. Firstly, this study testified whether or not bryophytes can absorb nitrogen(N) directly from soil through spiking three chemical forms of 15N stable isotope tracer. Secondly, with stronger ability of carbohydrates assimilation and photosynthesis, it is supposed that N utilization efficiency of vascular plants is significantly higher than that of bryophytes. However, the recovery of soil N by bryophytes can still compete with vascular plants due to their greater phytomass. Thirdly, resource acquisition may be varied from the change of growing season, during which N pulse can be manipulated with 15N tracer addition at different time. Both of bryophytes and vascular plants contain more N in a longer growing season, and prefer inorganic over organic N. Bryophytes assimilate more NH4+ than NO3– and amino acid, which can be indicated from the greater shoot excess 15N of bryophytes. However, vascular plants prefer to absorb NO3– for their developed root systems and vascular tissue. Concerning the uptake of three forms N by bryophytes, there is significant difference between two manipulated lengths of growing season. Furthermore, the capacity of bryophytes to tolerate N-pollution may be lower than currently appreciated, which indicates the effect of climate change on asynchronous variation of soil N pools with plant requirements.

Nitrogen Recoveries and Yields Improvement in Cowpea sorghum and Fallow sorghum Rotations in West Africa Savannah

The effects of previous cowpea （Vignaunguiculata） and annual fallow on N recoveries, succeeding sorghum yields and soil properties were studied using a 5-year-old （1995-1999） field experiment at Kouar6 （11°59′ North, 0°19′ West and 850 m altitude） in Burkina Faso. A 3 4 factorial design in a split plot arrangement with three rotation treatments and four fertilizer treatments was used. Total N uptake by succeeding sorghum increased from 26 kg N ha~ in mono cropping of sorghum to 31 and 48 kg N ha~ when sorghum was rotated with fallow or cowpea respectively. Nitrogen derived from fertilizer increased from 10% in mono cropping of sorghum to 22% and 26% when sorghum was rotated with fallow or cowpea respectively. While fallow did not increase N derived from soil, cowpea doubled the quantity of N derived from soil （Ndfs）. Sorghum grain yields increased from 75% and 100% when sorghum was rotated with fallow or cowpea respectively. All rotations treatments decreased soil organic C and N but soil organic C was the highest in fallow-sorghum rotation. It was concluded that cowpea-sorghum rotation was more effective than fallow-sorghum rotation and five management options were suggested to improve traditional system productivity.

Patterns of Soil ^(15)N and Total N and Their Relationships with Environmental Factors on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The patterns of soil nitrogen （N） isotope composition at large spatial and temporal scales and their relationships to environmental factors illustrate N cycle and sources of N, and are integrative indicators of the terrestrial N cycle and its response to global change. The objectives of this study were： i） to investigate the patterns of soil N content and natural abundance of 15N （δ15N） values in different ecosystem types and soil profiles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; ii） to examine the effects of climatic factors and soil characteristics on the patterns of soil N content and soil δ15N values; and iii） to test the relationship between soil δ15N values and soil C/N ratios across ecosystems and soil profiles. Soil profiles were sampled at 51 sites along two transects 1 875 km in length and 200 km apart and distributed in forest, meadow and steppe on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Each site was sampled every 10 cm from a soil depth of 0 to 40 cm and each sample was analyzed for soil N content and δ15N values. Our results indicated that soil N and 515N values （0-40 cm） in meadows were much higher than in desert steppe. Soil N decreased with soil depth for each ecosystem, while variations of soil ~15N values along soil profiles were not statistically significant among most ecosystems but for mountain meadow, lowland meadow, and temperate steppe where soil δ15N values tended to increase with soil depth. The parabolic relationship between soil δ15N values and mean annual precipitation indicated that soil δ15N values increased with increasing precipitation in desert steppe up to 500 mm, and then decreased with increasing precipitation across all other ecosystems. Moreover, the parabolic relationship between δ15N values and mean annual temperature existed in all individual ecosystem types. Soil N and δ15N values （0-0 cm） increased with an increase in soil silt and clay contents. Furthermore, a threshold of C/N ratio of about 11 divided the parabolic relationship between soil δ15N values and soil C/N ratios into positive （C/N 〈 11） and negative （C/N 〉 11） parts, which was valid across all ecosystems and soil profiles. The large explanatory power of soil C/N ratios for soil δ15N values suggested that C and N concentrations, being strongly controlled by precipitation and temperature, were the primary factors determining patterns of soil δ15N on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.