汽车风洞高品质流场气动设计方法

汽车风洞的高品质流场是指试验段速度稳定且均匀、轴向静压梯度低、湍流度低、背景噪声低以及无低频颤振且低频压力脉动低。本文围绕汽车风洞3/4开口试验段气动构型特点,结合理论分析、数值仿真和工程估算,将决定汽车风洞高品质流场的洞体气动轮廓、试验段喷口与收集口匹配关系、湍流度控制措施、背景噪声控制措施以及低频压力脉动控制方法等要素做了初步分析,研究表明:1) 气动轮廓决定着流场均匀性和气流偏角;2) 试验段喷口和收集口匹配关系决定着轴向静压梯度;3) 收缩段的收缩比、稳定段整流、拐角段整流、风扇段整流、洞壁粗糙元及洞体部段阶差决定着湍流度;4) 轴流风扇、拐角导流片、消声室决定着背景噪声;5) 喷口剪切层涡脱频率与风洞及驻室的声振频率决定着低频压力脉动。本文给出了汽车风洞高品质流场气动设计的基本流程与技术路线,初步形成了一套工程设计方法。

高流场中微细粉尘荷电凝并粗化对电捕集效率的影响

目前电除尘器存在微小颗粒粉尘捕集效率低、本体体积庞大和能耗高等问题。本文基于烟道中粒子动量高,放电通道中离子输运特性较好的特点,将离子源、荷电凝并装置设置于电除尘器前烟道中。实验结果表明,离子浓度随电场强度加大而增加;在高离子动量情况下,烟道中的离子浓度可达到1.97×109/cm3,比现有电除尘器的离子浓度高出2～3个数量级;矩形电晕极优于圆形电晕极,而芒刺电晕极起晕电压低,耗能少,产生离子浓度高且稳定,因此以芒刺电晕极为最佳;中位径为0.2μm的硅粉、中位径为6μm的滑石粉和两种粉体的混合粉等微细颗粒荷电凝并后被粗化为电除尘器有效捕集的颗粒,电捕集效率显著提高。本实验可在不增加电除尘器室数、不改变原有运行方式和运行参数条件下,有效解决现有电除尘器预荷电离子浓度过低问题,增大其捕集效率。

高速度梯度流场图像PIV-PSV混合处理算法

在流场测量中往往存在较大速度变化的区域,所获得测量图像若出现高速模糊的情况,则会出现单独使用现有PIV/PSV方法不能完全准确描述速度场的情况。本文提出一种结合PIV-PSV的图像处理方法,通过将高速度梯度图像进行高速度区域与低速度区域的拆分后,分别使用PIV和PSV方法进行对应处理,最终将结果进行整合,该方法相对于使用单一方法处理的准确度有超过2倍以上的提升,该方法具有进一步提升的空间以及处理三维速度场的可扩展性。

前体非对称涡高风速烟雾显示技术

通过在细长旋成体模型机身的不同位置设置出烟孔,使用新型发烟装置对模型注入雾化油滴,采用激光片光法在常规风洞中高风速(60m／s)条件下得到清晰、完整而稳定的截面涡结构图像．并通过同状态标定法和等比例网格法发展了简易涡位定量测量技术,为前体非对称涡Re数效应的研究提供了重要的技术平台．

烟道荷电凝并电场对电捕集微细粉尘效率的影响

针对目前电除尘技术存在亚微米（0.01-1μm）粉尘捕集难的问题,进行了微细粉尘的交变电场荷电凝并及对电除尘效率影响实验研究.结果表明,随着气体粒子动量、电场强度的增加,离子浓度也在增加,最大离子浓度为1.97×10^9/cm^3;在电离电场强度峰峰值为1.75kV/cm,频率为100Hz的交变电场里,中位径为0.2μm硅粉中的粒径〈2μm的质量为71%,凝并后降至53%,粒径为5-10μm的硅粉质量增加了162%;中位径为0.2μm硅粉质量除尘效率提高了27.6%,除尘效率提高了近1倍;粉尘浓度对电凝并后的除尘效率影响有限.高流场中微细粉尘的交变电场荷电凝并技术为电捕集亚微米粉尘的有效途径.

Aerodynamic noise characteristics of high-speed train foremost bogie section

This paper investigates the main scale analysis of the aerodynamic noise in the foremost bogie area by the large-eddy simulation(LES)and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)analogy.The mechanism of the aerodynamic noise in this area has been excavated.The aerodynamic excitation results show that the bogie divides the bogie compartment into two cavities,each of which contains a large circulating flow and presents multi-peak characteristics in the frequency domain.The far-field noise results suggest that in the speed range of 200−350 km/h,the aerodynamic noise mechanism in the bogie area is the same.Cavity noise is the main noise mechanism in the foremost bogie area,and the bogie divides the bogie cabin into two cavities,thereby changing the aerodynamic noise in this area.

Structure optimization and flow field simulation of plate type high speed on-off valve

There is a relatively complex flow state inside the high speed on-off valve,which often produces low pressure area and oil reflux in the high-speed opening and closing process of the spool,causing cavitation and vortex and other phenomena.These phenomena will affect the stability of the internal flow field of the plate valve and the flow characteristics of the high speed on-off valve.Aiming at the problems of small flow rate and instability of internal flow field,a new spool structure was designed.The flow field models of two-hole and three-hole plate spools with different openings were established,and software ANSYS Workbench was chosen to mesh the model.The standard k−εturbulence model was selected for numerical simulation using FLUENT software.The pressure distribution and velocity distribution under the same pressure and different opening degree were obtained.The structure and parameters of the optimization model were also obtained.The stability analysis of flow field under different pressure was carried out.The results demonstrate that the three-hole spool has a similar flow field change with the two-hole spool,but it does not create a low pressure zone,and the three-hole spool can work stably at 2 MPa or less.This method improves the appearance of low pressure area and oil backflow in the process of high speed opening and closing of spool.The stability of flow field and the flow rate of high speed switch valve are improved.Finally,the products designed in this paper are compared with existing hydraulic valve products.The results show that the three-hole plate type high speed on-off valve designed in this paper maintains the stability of the internal flow field under the condition of 200 Hz and large opening degree,and realizes the increase of flow rate.

EFFECT OF TIP CLEARANCE ON PERFORMANCE AND FLOW FIELD OF SMALL SIZED HIGH SPEED CENTRIFUGAL FAN

A centrifugal fan with the high speed and compact dimensions is studied numerically and experimentally. The centrifugal fan consists of a shrouded impeller rotating at 34 000 r/min with a small tip clearance 0.7 mm to the fixed outer casing. Computational models with/without the tip clearance are built and the κ-ω shear stress transport （SST） turbulence model and the unstructured mesh are applied to the numerical simulation for unsteady solutions. The overall performance is measured on a standard experimental bench and the major flow feature of each component inside the centrifugal fan is numerically investigated. In the presence of the tip clearance due to the difference of static pressure between leading and trailing edges of the clearance, i. e. , leading and trailing edges of the impeller, a strong return flow exists inside the clearance passage and re-circulates the main stream inside the impeller passage, and produces the strong flow interaction, thus changing the flow field and influencing the overall performance.

基于层流机翼的增升装置设计研究进展

层流机翼的增升装置设计可以起到减阻和降噪的作用。将低阻的层流区域与高效的增升装置相结合,通过采用有效的外形设计和恰当的结构选型,可以实现巡航时层流区域的扩大、起降时增升效果的提升,并显著降低机体噪声。本文根据绿色航空的发展需求,分析了层流机翼和增升装置的技术特征,阐述了在层流机翼状态下增升装置的设计方法,系统地介绍了结构外形、运动机构和辅助装置等的应用现状,在此基础上综述了实现增升装置适应性调整所需要重点研究的技术内容,给出了层流机翼增升装置的未来发展方向和思路。

Preparation of electrolytic copper powders with high current efficiency enhanced by super gravity field and its mechanism

Super gravity field was employed to enhance electrolytic reaction for the preparation of copper powders.The morphology, microstructure and size of copper powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry and laser particle analysis.The results indicated that current efficiencies of electrolytic copper powders under super gravity field increased by more than 20% compared with that under normal gravity condition.Cell voltage under super gravity field was also much lower.The size of copper powders decreased with the increase of gravity coefficient(G).The increase of current efficiency can be contributed to the disturbance of electrode/electrolyte interface and enhanced mass transfer of Cu2+ in super gravity field.Meanwhile,the huge gravity acceleration would promote the detachment of copper powders from electrode surface during electrolytic process,which can prevent the growth of copper powders.

High voltage DC leakage detection for double-lined hazardous waste landfill based on finite element method

According to the structural characteristics of hazardous waste landfill, a new model based on the finite element method （FEM） is developed. The detection layer is considered as a sealed space and it is assumed that total current flows through the leak for the high resistivity of geomembrane liner. The leak current is regarded as a positive point current ＋I and the other current source is -I. Electrical potential of an arbitrary point in detection layer satisfies Poisson equation. Experiments for detecting leaks in liner were carried out. Excellent agreement between experimental data and simulated model data validates the new model. Parametric curves for a single leak show that with optimum selection of field survey parameters leaks can be detected effectively. For multiple leaks, the simulated results indicate that they are detectable when leak separation is larger than measurement spacing.

Flow structure around high-speed train in open air

According to the analysis of the turbulent intensity level around the high-speed train, the maximum turbulent intensity ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 which belongs to high turbulent flow. The flow field distribution law was studied and eight types of flow regions were proposed. They are high pressure with air stagnant region, pressure decreasing with air accelerating region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region I, turbulent region, steady flow region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region II,pressure increasing with air decelerating region and wake region. The analysis of the vortex structure around the train shows that the vortex is mainly induced by structures with complex mutation and large curvature change. The head and rear of train, the underbody structure, the carriage connection section and the wake region are the main vortex generating sources while the train body with even cross-section has rare vortexes. The wake structure development law studied lays foundation for the train drag reduction.

Spatial and seasonal dynamics of soil loss ratio in mountain rangelands of south-western Kyrgyzstan

Vegetation cover is the main factor of soil loss prevention.The C-factor of the RUSLE(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) was predicted with NDVI,ground data and exponential regression equation for mountain rangelands of Kyrgyzstan.Time series of C-factor,precipitation and temperature were decomposed into seasonal and trend components with STL(seasonal decomposition by loess) to assess their interrelations.C-factor,precipitation and temperature trend components indicated significant lagged correlation,whereas seasonal components indicated more complex relations with climate factors which can be promoting as well as limiting factors for vegetation development,depending on the season.Rainy springs and hot summers may increase soil loss dramatically,whereas warm and dry springs with rainy summers can decrease it.Steep slopes indicated higher soil loss ratio,whereas flat areas were better protected by vegetation.

Effects of Compressibility and Knudsen Number on the Aero Optics in Hypersonic Flow Fields

Tsien summarized the similarity in hypersonic flows, and related Knudsen number to Mach number and Reynolds number. Recently, a path-based problem, aero-optical effect, arises in hypersonic flows, and it concerns about the compressibility and the Knudsen number of the gas flows, which differs from the Tsien's focus to some extent. In this paper, the similarity of hypersonic aero optics is theoretically studied, and both flow fields and induced aero-optical effect after flows pass through a cylinder are predicted by a well-accepted particle-based method, direct simulation Monte-Carlo(DSMC) method. The results show that the optical distortions are inversely proportional to the Knudsen number, while the compressibility plays an important role in the optical degradations.Hence, it is confirmed that the effects of Mach number and Knudsen number on the aero-optical effect induced by hypersonic flows are of great significance. Besides, since the Knudsen number is defined straightforwardly based on the optically active region, the physics is clearer than any other similarity criteria.

A rapid approach to convective aeroheating prediction of hypersonic vehicles

A rapid approach to hypersonic aeroheating predictions in the stagnation region and downstream is developed in the present paper.The engineering method is used to calculate inviscid hypersonic flowfields to reduce time cost,and a combination of the mass flow balance technique and the axisymmetric analog is proposed to account for the entropy swallowing effects.A three-dimensional linear method is derived to fit the vehicle surface flowfields.Then a new axisymmetric analog method based on linear flowfields and linear surface equations is developed,with the complexity and computational cost reduced dramatically.In the stagnation region,an implicit surface fitting is introduced to approximate the primary curvatures and a robust aeroheating prediction method is constructed.The proposed approach is verified on a variety of configurations including spherically blunted cone,double ellipsoid and aerospace vehicle.Numerical results indicate the followings:1)The approach predicts aeroheating in about one second and the results agree well with CFD simulations and wind-tunnel measurements;2)with the help of entropy correction,the precision is further improved in the streamline diverging regions on the vehicle surface,while little improvement is found after entropy correction in the regions where the streamlines do not diverge.

Progress in research on mixing techniques for transverse injection flow fields in supersonic crossflows

The transverse injection flow field has an important impact on the flowpath design of scramjet engines. At present a combination of the transverse injection scheme and any other flame holder has been widely employed in hypersonic propulsion systems to promote the mixing process between the fuel and the supersonic freestream; combustion efficiency has been improved thereby, as well as engine thrust. Research on mixing techniques for the transverse injection flow field is summarized from four aspects, namely the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio, the geometric configuration of the injection port, the number of injection ports, and the injection angle. In conclusion, urgent investigations of mixing techniques of the transverse injection flow field are pro- posed, especiaUy data mining in the quantitative analytical results for transverse injection flow field, based on results from multi-objective design optimization theory.

Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over backward-facing at high Reynolds numbers

Direct numerical simulation(DNS) was performed for the first time to study the flow over a backward-facing step at a high Reynolds number on a coarse grid.The flow over backward-facing step is the typical turbulent flow controlled by large eddy,in which the effect of small eddy could be negligible as an approximation.The grid dimension could easily satisfy the resolution requirement to describe the characteristics of a large eddy flow.Therefore,direct numerical simulation of N-S equations to obtain the turbulent flow field on the coarse grid could be realized.Numerical simulation of a two-dimensional flow over a backward-facing step at a Reynolds number Re=44000 was conducted using Euler-Lagrange finite element scheme based on the efficient operator-splitting method(OSFEM).The flow field was descretized by triangle meshes with 16669 nodes.The overall computational time only took 150 min on a PC.Both the characteristics of time-averaged and instantaneous turbulent flow were simultaneously obtained.The analysis showed that the calculated results were in good agreement with the test data.Hence,the DNS approach could become the reality to solve the complex turbulent flow with high Reynolds numbers in practical engineering.

Experimental study on the motion of a spherical particle in a plane traveling sound wave

We present an experimental study on the motion of a spherical droplet in a plane traveling sound wave.The experiments were performed in the test section of a tunnel with two loudspeakers at the two ends of the tunnel.By adjusting the amplitude ratio and the phase difference between the two speakers,a plane traveling sound wave field can be achieved in the test section of the tunnel,which we checked by measuring the amplitudes and phases of the sound pressure along the tunnel and by simultaneously measuring the velocity field of the air flow at three different locations in the tunnel.When a liquid droplet was introduced in the test section,the motion of the droplet and the velocity of the air flow around the droplet were recorded by high speed cameras,from which we analyze and obtain the ratio of the velocity amplitudes and the phase difference between the particle motion and the fluid motion.The experimental data confirm the theoretical result from the wave equations in the long-wavelength regime,i.e.,when the particle size is much smaller than the wavelength.Moreover,we showed that in this regime,the theory on particle motion in an unsteady uniform fluid,when the history term is included,also yields the same results that are in agreement with the experimental data and the wave equation.Our result extends the parameter range over which the theory on particle motion in unsteady fluid is checked against experiments,especially to the range of particle-fluid density ratio that is of important practical applications.

Large field emission current and density from robust carbon nanotube cathodes for continuous and pulsed electron sources

Highly adhesive cold cathodes with high field emission performance are fabricated by using a screen-print- ing method. The emission density of carbon nanotube （CNT） cold cathode reaches 207.0 mA cm-2 at an electric field of 4.5 Vμm-1 under continuous driving mode, and high peak current emission of 315.8 mA corresponding to 4.5 A cm 2 at the electric field of 10.3 V μm-1 under pulsed driving mode. The emission patterns of the cold cathodes are of excellent uniformity that was revealed by vivid luminescent patterns of phosphor coated transparent indium tin oxide （ITO） an- ode. The cold cathodes also exhibit highly stable emission under continuous and pulsed driving modes. The high adhe- sion of CNTs to molybdenum substrates results in robust cold cathodes and is responsible for the high field emission performance. This robust CNT emitter could meet the operating requirements of continuous and pulsed electron sources, and it provides promising applications in various vacuum- micro/nanoelectronic devices.

Particle charging characteristics with the low-speed mixed fluid under high electric field

Air pollution caused by particles with small size has been a global concern because of threats to human health.A feasible way to remove these super fine suspended particles is using electrostatic precipitation technology.Herein,the PIV was used to measure the particle velocity distribution.By analyzing the particle motion trend in high electric field,a process of particle charging loss was observed.This phenomenon cannot be explained by current particle charging theories.Our conclusions may improve the understanding of particle charging processes.