高海拔气候特征对风力发电电气设备技术性能的影响与设计要求

近年来随着新能源领域的不断发展,现在环保型绿色能源大受欢迎。现在我国工业生产对能源的需求量越来越大,开发新能源也是越来越重要,尤其是风力发电倍受国家和能源领域的关注。高海拔地区的风力有利于发电设备的工作但是由于高海拔地区的温度、湿度、气压、强风、雷电等因素对发电电气设备都有很大的破坏性,所以在高海拔地区进行风力发电时一定要处理好这些因素对发电设备的影响。文章主要针对高海拔气候对风力发电电气设备技术性能的影响与设计要求进行了分析及阐述。

高海拔冷凉气候区胡萝卜高效栽培技术研究

在甘肃河西走廊沿祁连山高海拔冷凉气候区开展了胡萝卜种植密度、播种时期及平衡施肥的技术研究,结果表明,该区域胡萝卜最佳种植密度为10cm×15cm;播种期和出苗期的气温在10℃以上为佳;N,P,K平衡施肥(尿素450kg/hm2、过磷酸钙750kg/hm2、硫酸钾300kg/hm2)可使胡萝卜植株生长健壮,商品性状好,产量高,效益好。

西双版纳高海拔山地小气候和橡胶宜林地

通过对多年来西双版纳高海拔山地逆温和橡胶树试种研究资料分析，论述了以坡向为主导因素的西双版纳高海拔山地小气候和精选橡胶树宜林地的问题，为制止盲目扩种橡胶树提供依据。

高海拔地区气候对敞开环式焙烧炉火道燃料燃烧的影响

描述了敞开环式焙烧炉所需空气量、排烟气量的计算,分析了高海拔地区气候对敞开环式焙烧炉工艺控制的影响。

Distribution of Borehole Temperature at Four High-altitude Alpine Glaciers in Central Asia

The distribution of borehole temperature at four high-altitude alpine glaciers was investigated. The result shows that the temperature ranges from -13.4℃ to -1.84℃, indicating the glaciers are cold throughout the boreholes. The negative gradient （i.e., the temperature decreasing with the increasing of depth） due to the advection of ice and climate warming, and the negative gradient moving downwards relates to climate warming, are probably responsible for the observed minimum temperature moving to lower depth in boreholes of the Gyabrag glacier and Miaoergou glacier compared to the previously investigated continental ice core borehole temperature in West China. The borehole temperature at 10m depth ranges from -8.0℃ in the Gyabrag glacier in the central Himalayas to -12.9℃ in the Tsabagarav glacier in the Altai range. The borehole temperature at 10 m depth is 3-4 degrees higher than the calculated mean annual air temperature on the surface of the glaciers and the higher 10 m depth temperature is mainly caused by the production of latent heat due to melt-water percolation and refreezing. The basal temperature is far below the melting point, indicating that the glaciers are frozen to bedrock. The very low temperature gradients near the bedrock suggest that the influence of geothermal flux and ice flow on basal temperature is very weak. The low temperature and small velocity of ice flow of glaciers are beneficial for preservation of the chemical and isotopic information in ice cores.

Ecological Responses to Holocene Millennial-Scale Climate Change at High Altitudes of East and Central Asia: A Case Study of Picea/Abies Pollen Changes in Lacustrine Sediments

Ecosystem response to climate change in high-altitude regions is a focus on global change research. Picea/Abies forests are widely distributed at high altitudes of East and Central Asia, and their distribution changes are sensitive to climate change. Humidity is an important climatic factor that affects high-altitude ecosystems; however, the relationship between distribution changes of Picea/Abies forests and millennial-scale variability of humidity is still not dear. Palynological records can provide insights into millennial-scale paleovegetation changes, which have been successfully used to reconstruct past climate change in East and Central Asia. In this study, we synthesized 24 Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture changes based upon Holocene lake records in East and Central Asia in order to explore the response of high-latitude ecosystem to millennial-scale climate change. The changing pattern of Holocene lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen in arid Central Asia differs from that of monsoonal East Asia, which can be due to different millennial-scale climate change patterns between monsoonal and arid Central Asia. Then, the relationship between changes in Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture conditions was examined based on a comparison of pollen and humidity/moisture records. The results indicate that millennial-scale Picea/Abies distribution changes aremainly controlled by moisture variability at high altitudes, while the temperature effect plays a minor role in Picea/Abies distribution changes. Moreover, this research proves that lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen can be used as an indicator of millennial-scale humidity/moisture evolution at high altitudes in East and Central Asia.

Estimations of Net Primary Productivity and Evapotranspiration Based on HJ-1A/B Data in Jinggangshan City, China

Net primary productivity （NPP） and evapotranspiration （ET） are two key variables in the carbon and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, to test a newly developed NPP algorithm designed for H J-1 A/B data and to evaluate the usage of HJ-1 A/B data in the quantitative assessment of environments, NPP and ET in Jinggangshan city, Jiangxi province, are calculated using H J-1 A/B data. The results illustrate the following： （1） The NPP and ET in Jinggangshan city in 2olo both show obvious seasonal variation, with the highest values in summer and the lowest values in winter, and relatively higher values were observed in autumn than in spring. （2） The spatial pattern indicates that the annual NPP is high in the southern area in Jinggangshan city and low in the northern area. Additionally, high NPP is distributed in forests located in areas with high elevation, and low NPP is found in croplands at low elevations. ET has no significant north-south difference, with high values in the southeast and northwest and low values in the southwest, and high ET is distributed in forests at low elevations in contrast to low ET in forests in high-elevation areas and in cropland and shrub grassland in low-elevation areas. （3） Compared to the MODIS product, the range of H J-1 NPP is larger, and the spatial pattern is more coincident with the topography. The range of H J-1 ET is smaller than that of the MODIS product, and ET is underestimated to some extent but can reflect the effect of topography. This study suggests that the algorithm can be used to estimate NPP and ET in a subtropical monsoon climate if remotely sensed images with high spatial resolution are available.

Local Variability in Temperature, Humidity and Radiation in the BaekduDaegan Mountain Protected Area of Korea

A novel embedded sensor network records changes in key climatic-environmental variables over a range of altitude in the BaekduDaegan Mountain （BDM） of Gangwon Province in Korea, a protected mountain region with unique biodiversity undergoing climate change research. The investigated area is subdivided into three horizontal north-south study areas. Three variables, temperature （T, °C）, relative humidity （RH, %）, and light intensity （LI, lumens m-2, or lux, lx）, have been continuously measured at hourly intervals from June, 2olo to September, 2011 using HOBO H8 devices at lO fixed study sites. These hourly observations are aggregated to monthly, seasonal and annual mean values, and results are summarized to inaugurate a long-term climate change investigation. A region wide T difference in accordance with altitude, or lapse rate, over the interval is calculated as o.4°C l00 m-1. T lapse rates change seasonally, with winter lapse rates being greater than those of summer. RH is elevated in summer compared to other seasons. LI within forestland is lower during summer and higher during other seasons. The obtained results could closely relate to the vegetation type and structure and the terrain state since data loggers were located in forestland.

Mixed signals in trends of variance in high-elevation tree ring chronologies

Increases in climate variability, including extremes, may be expected with anthropogenic climate change, but some evidence is contrary. The issue is important because the consequences of variability can be critical for ecosystems. It has long been known and often rehearsed that ecological consequences of increased variability may be greater than those that result from expected changes in mean temperature and precipitation. Tree rings have been useful indicators of ecological response to climate change and used as proxies for climate variability;work in the Rocky Mountains, USA, has been particularly informative. Chronologies from two high elevation species ranging over 2500 km were analyzed for changes in variance through time. These spatially extensive and disaggregated tree ring records do not show a consistent pattern of change in variance over the past 500 or 100 years; heteroscedasticity has recently been greater. A lack of consistent response in growth over a period encompassing changes in mean climate indicates that mountain environments, with inconsistent trends in temperature and precipitation,may be too complex to act as sentinels.

The features of cloud overlapping in Eastern Asia and their effect on cloud radiative forcing

Characteristics of cloud overlap over Eastern Asia are analyzed using a threeyear dataset （20072009） from the cloud observing satellite CloudSat. Decorrelation depth Lis retrieved, which represents cloud overlap characteristics in the simulation of cloudradiation processes in global climate models. Results show that values of L in six study regions are generally within the range 03 km. By categorizing L according to cloud amount in subregions, peak L appears near subregions with cloud amount between 0.6 and 0.8. Average L is 2.5 km. L at higher altitudes is generally larger than at lower lati tudes. Seasonal variations of L are also clearly demonstrated. The sensitivity of cloud radiative forcing （CRF） to L;y in Community Atmosphere Model 3.0 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research （CAM3/NCAR） is analyzed. The result shows that L can have a big impact on simulation of CRF, especially in major monsoon regions and the MidEastern Pacif ic, where the difference in CRF can reach 4050 W m2. Therefore, accurate parameterization of cloud vertical overlap struc ture is important to CRF simulation and its feedback to climate.

High-altitude tree growth responses to climate change across the Hindu Kush Himalaya

Aims Rapid warming at high altitudes may lead to a higher sensitivity in tree growth to temperature.The key factors constraining tree radial growth and to what extent regional tree growth has suffered from climatic changes are unclear.Methods Tree-ring width data were collected from 73 sites across the Hindu Kush Himalaya(HKH),including three dominant genera(Abies,Juniperus and Picea)at high altitudes over 3000 m.Dynamic time warping was introduced to develop subregional chronologies by considering the synchrony of annual tree growth among different sites.We quantified the contribution of the climate variables,and analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of the growth–climate relationship.Important Findings The site chronologies were grouped into three clusters,corresponding to the three distinct bioclimatic zones,i.e.the western HKH,central-eastern HKH and southeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP).Tree growth was positively correlated to winter and spring precipitation in the drier western HKH,and to winter temperature and spring precipitation in the humid southeastern TP.Tree growth was markedly constrained by the minimum temperature,especially in winter,with its importance increasing from the west toward the east.As shown by moving correlation analysis,the signal of winter temperature in tree growth was weakened in the western and central-eastern HKH,while it was enhanced in the southeastern TP following rapid warming since the 1980s.Our results highlight that continuous warming may cause forest recession due to warming-induced moisture deficit in the western HKH,but forest expansion in the southeastern TP.