延长防砂后高液量生产期探讨

不同的出砂原因而在不同时期采取的防砂治理措施通常称为先期防砂和后期防砂。先期防砂对比后期防砂具有对比后期防砂具有工序简单、施工难度低、套管保护和有效保持地层岩层胶结的优点,但是在实际生产过程中,先期防砂相对后期防砂也存在开发过程中降液快、易堵塞等问题。D油田在实际应用防砂过程中,为延长防砂后生产高液量生产时间,一般采取先期下泵生产排液后再采取防砂的方式,提升整体防砂效益。

海上高液量开发井潜油电泵系统化选型

海上高渗油藏通常采用“潜油电泵+水平井”的生产方式高速高效开发,生产井一般都会经历几个月到一年左右不等的相对低液量生产期,以及长达几年甚至十几年的高液量生产期,对于这种类型的开发井,在设计阶段如何选择地面设备,电泵类型以及配置电泵参数以确保将来可以长期高效运行。泵型如果选大了,与地质油藏条件不匹配,不仅泵效低,能耗大,还在一定程度上会影响电泵寿命;泵型和地面设备如果选小了,要么无法满足中后期高液量生产要求,影响油井经济性,要么没到寿命结束就要更换成大泵,同时还需要升级地面设备,升级油管尺寸以提液增产,造成不必要的浪费。本文结合南海合作油田实际生产经验,综合多种因素分析,为高液量开发井在设计阶段的电泵选型提供了参考。

不同置换液量血液透析滤过治疗尿毒症皮肤瘙痒疗效观察

目的 :观察不同置换液量血液透析滤过 (HDF)对尿毒症皮肤瘙痒的治疗作用。方法 :将 30例并发皮肤瘙痒的维持性血液透析尿毒症患者随机分为三个组 ,分别接受高置换液量后稀释HDF(置换液 2 0L)、低置换液量后稀释HDF(置换液 10L)和高通量血液透析治疗。均使用F6 0透析器 ,隔日 1次 ,连续 3次 ,其余治疗条件相同。对皮肤瘙痒症状定量计分 ,比较三组病人治疗前后皮肤瘙痒症状积分的改变以及血磷和甲状旁腺激素 (PTH )的变化。结果 :高置换液量HDF组治疗后皮肤瘙痒积分明显下降 ,有统计学意义。其余两组无差异。以皮肤瘙痒积分下降5 0 %为有效计算 ,高置换液量HDF组 7例有效 ,有效率 70 % ;低置换液量HDF组 3例有效 ,有效率 30 % ;透析组 1例有效 ,有效率 10 %。三组间比较有统计学差异。三组透析后血磷均明显下降 ,有统计学意义 ;PTH亦有下降 ,HDF组有统计学差异 ,HD组无统计学差异。结论 :增加置换液量可以提高HDF治疗尿毒症皮肤瘙痒的疗效 ;HDF治疗尿毒症皮肤瘙痒疗效优于高通量血液透析 ;HDF清除PTH的效果高于HD。

A HPLC Method for the Determination of Salmon Calcitonin in Injection by Gradient Elution

It was concluded that the described HPLC method could be used for the assayof salmon calcitonin in injection, as it offers qualified selectivity, accuracy and precision ofanalysis.

Relationship Between Leaf Structure and Aloin Content in Six Species of Aloe L.

The leaf structure, content and the storage location of aloin in the leaves of six species of Aloe L. were studied by means of semi-thin section, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescent microscope. Results showed that all leaves consisted of epidermis, chlorenchyma, aquiferous tissue and vascular bundles. The leaves had the xeromorphic characteristics, including thickened epidermal cell wall, thickened cuticle, sunken stomata and well-developed aquiferous tissue. With the exception of thus, there were remarkable differences in leaf structure among the six species. The chlorenchyma cells were similar to palisade tissues in Aloe arborescens Mill. and A. mutabilis Pillans, but isodiametric in A. vera L., A. vera L. var. chinensis Berg., A. saponaria Hawer and A. greenii Bali. A. arborescens, A. mutabilis, A. very and A. vera var. chinensis included large parenchymatous cells at the vascular bundles, whereas no such cells were observed at the vascular bundles of A. saponaria and A. greenii. In A. arborescens, A. mutabilis and A. vera, the aquiferous tissue sheaths were present and composed of a layer of small parenchymatous cells without chloroplasts around the aquiferous tissue. While there were no aquiferous tissue sheaths in A. vera var. chinensis, A. saponaria and A. greenii. The HPLC revealed that the content of aloin was high in A. arborescens, low in A. vera, and very low in A. saponaria among the six species. The fluorescent microscopy showed that the yellow-green globule only appeared in the large parenchymatous cells of vascular bundles, vascular bundle sheath and aquiferous tissue sheath, but not in the chlorenchyma and aquiferous tissue. Consequently, the large parenchymatous cells of vascular bundles, vascular bundle sheath and aquiferous tissue sheath were the storage location of aloin. They were positively correlated with the content of aloin.

Determination of 1-Phenylpropanol in Raw Material and Preparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph

Ahn To establish an RP-HPLC method for determination of content of 1-phenylpropanol in its raw material and preparations. Methods Chromatography was carried out on a Dikma DiamonsilTM ODS column, using a mobile phase of methanol-water （55：45） with a flow rate at 1.0 mL·min^-1. The detection wavelength was 258 nm. Results Under the chromatographic condition, the peaks of 1-phenylpropanol and its related impurities separated completely; noninterference between the principal agent and adjuvants in preparations was performed. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 250 - 750μg·mL^-1 with the correlation coefficient of 0. 999 9. The average recovery was 100.2% （ RSD = 1.35% ）. Conclusion This method is simple, rapid, accurate, specific, and can be used to detect the content and related compounds of phenylpropanol in its raw material and preparations.

Determination Content of the Magnolol from Magnolia officinalia Leaves by HPLC

[Objective] This study aimed to extract magnolol from wild Magnolia offici- nalia leaves by ultrasonic-assisted extraction. [Method] Magnolol was qualitatively id- entified by coloration method and thin layer chromatography, and magnolol content in Magnolia officinalia leaves was measured by high performance liquid chromatog- raphy （HPLC）. The HPLC was conducted with C18 as the stationary phase while different mobile phases were selected. The measurement wavelength, flow velocity and sample size adopted in the HPLC were 294 nm, 1 ml/min and 20 μl, respec- tively. [Result] Magnolol content in Magnolia officinalia leaves was 0.75%. When methyl alcohol and water with a volume ratio of 78：22 was used as the mobile phase, the retention time of magnolol was 4.528 min and the separation effect was good. In addition, it was easy to operate with good reproducibility and sensitivity. [Conclusion] This method is suitable for the measurement of magnolol content in Maonolia officinalia leaves.

Simultaneous Determination of Baicalin, Berberine and Rhein by HPLC in Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine Sanhuang Tablets

Aim To establish a reversed phase liquid chromatographic method forsimultaneous determination of three main medicinal constituents, baicalin, berberine and rhein, inSanhuang tablets. Methods The separation was performed on a Kromasil C_(18) column with TEA-adjusted0.02 mol·L^(-1) H_3PO_4 (pH 6.78)-acetonitrile-methanol (40 : 9 : 7) as mobile phase at aflow-rate of 1.0 mL·min^(-1), with detection at 254 ran. Considering interaction between acidic andalkaline compounds, three standard markers were added respectively and the volume of samplesolution was doubled in recovery experiments. Results Three regression equations revealed excellentlinear relationship between the peak areas and concentrations and the correlation coefficients allsurpassed 0.999 8. The average recovery was 96.1% (RSD = 2.1%) baicalin, 98.5% (RSD = 2.4%) forberberine, and 101.5% (RSD =1.3%) for rhein. Conclusion The method developed can be used to controlthe quality of Sanhuang tablets comprehensively.

Analysis on Interaction between Genotype of Four Main Flavonoids of Barley Grain and Environment

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the interaction between genotype of flavonoids of barley grain and environment, to increase the flavonoid content of barley grain in cultivation and breeding. [Method] In this study, the content of cate- chin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol of barley grain planted in Kunming, Qujing and Baoshan were determined by HPLC, and the genotype, environment, genotype- environment interaction of the flavonoid content of barley grain were analyzed. [Result] According to the experimental results, the genotype variance, environmental variance and G x E interaction variance of catechin and kaempferol contents show the same trend： genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation, which all reach a extremely significant level; the genotype variance, envi- ronmental variance and G × E interaction variance of quercetin and total flavonoid contents show the same trend： genetype variation 〉 G × E interaction variation 〉 environmental variation, which all reach a extremely significant level; the genotype variance and environmental variance of myricetin content both reach a extremely sig- nificant level, while the G × E interaction variance reaches a significant level, showing an order of genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation; the genotype variance, environmental variance and G x E interaction vari- ance of total flavonoid content show an order of genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation. Among different barley varieties, Ziguang- mangluoerling and Kuanyingdamai in Qujing, Kunming and Baoshan have relatively high content of quercetin, while other barley varieties barely contain any quercetin. The grains of Ziguangmangluoerling and Kuanyingdamai are purple, while the grains of other barley varieties are yellow. [Conclusion] Four main flavonoids and the total flavonoids of barley grain are mainly under genetic control and affected by genetic- environment interactions; the purple barley grains contain high content of quercetin.

Determination of Phytoene Content in Tomato Ketchup by HPLC

[Objective] The aim was to establish an HPLC method for determination of phytoene content in tomato ketchup. [Method] The chromatographic conditions were as follows： column, Agilent AT C18 （250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）; mobile phase, methanol-THF （75：25）; detection wavelength, 287 nm; flow rate, 1.0 ml/min; column temperature, 30 ℃; sample size, 50 μl. [Result] There was a good linear relation- ship in the phytoene content range of 0.186-1.116μg. The average recovery rate was 103.8% with RSD of 1.47%. The phytoene content in the tomato ketchup sample was determined as 10.7 rag/100 g simple, accurate, rapid and reliable, and phytoene content in tomato ketchup. [Conclusion] The established method is it can be used for the determination of

Determination of Eleutheroside B and E in Acanthopanax Preparations by High-P erformance Liquid Chromatography with Solid-Phase Extraction

Aim An HPLC method for analyzing eleutheroside B (ELU B) and eleutheroside E(ELU E) , two of the main active substances of Acanthopanax preparations were studied. Methods Thesamples were analyzed on a kromasil ODS column with water-acetonitrile as a gradient mobile phase.The flow rate was 0.8 mL·min^(-1) and detecting wavelengths were 206 nm for ELU B, 220 nm for ELUE, solid phase extraction (SPE) and internal standard-salicin were selected. Results The recoveriesof Acanthopanax tablets and injection were 90.4% - 96.8% and 96.4% - 99.8% for ELU B, 87.7% -93.3%and 95.7% - 98.5% for ELU E, respectively. The linear ranges were 4.45 - 22.25 μg· mL^(-1) (r =0.999 8) and 5.11 - 25.55 μg·mL^(-1) ( r = 0.999 7) respectively. Conclusion This method can savethe time for cleaning the chromatographic system and improve sensitivity for Acanthopanaxpreparations , thus providing a way to evaluate the quality of Acanthopanax preparations.

Determination of Barbaloin in Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger and Aloe barbadensis Miller by HPLC

A reserved-phase HPLC method was developed for the determination of barbaloin in Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger and Aloe barbadensis Miller, and whether there was a close relationship between the contents of barbaloin and their environments in which they were growing was decided. A Hypersil ODS column (4.6 mm×200 mm, 5 μm)was used with a mobile phase of methanol-water (40:60, containing 0.1% acetic acid), the flow rate being 1.0 mL·min -1, detection wavelength at 359 nm, and the column temperature being 30℃. The linear range of barbaloin was between 0.0726 and 0.726 μg with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998 and the regression equation being Y=1.9202×10 6X-1801.9. Barbaloin was stable in methanol in 48 h and the instrument precision was 1.2% while the method precision was 4.9%. The contents of barbaloin of 12 samples ranged from 6.160 to 319.1 μg·g -1. The method developed was fast and simple with good reproducibility. There was high correlation between the contents of barbaloin and their growing environments.

测堵疏一体化生产剖面调整技术探索应用

特高含水开发后期,平面流线固定、不同层系井网存在差异、层系间动用状况差异大,高耗水条带发育,低效无效水循环,导致部分油井单层突进,全井高含水高见聚,治理困难,效益开发难度大,等等。因此,针对常规油井主力层段高含水、潜力层段低液量的开发矛盾,探索应用测堵疏一体化生产剖面调整技术,实现多层系油藏效益开发。

HPLC Determination of Harpagoside and Cinnamic Acid in Radix Scrophulariae

A gradient HPLC method was established for the determination of harpagoside and cinnamic acid in Radix Scrophulariae (Xuanshen) and a proposition was put forward for the lowest content of the characteristic and active constituent (harpagoside) for qualified Radix Scrophulariae. The experimental conditions were as follows: Ultrasphere ODS column (250 mm 4.6 mm, 5 mm), mobile phase: acetonitrile-water (containing 1.0% acetic acid) (20:8050:50) (20 min), flow-rate 1 mLmin-1, room temperature, detection wavelength 278 nm. Twenty-eight samples of Xuan-shen (Radix Scrophulariae) from different districts of China were analyzed and the contents of harpagoside and cinnamic acid in Xuan-shen were 0.041~0.244% and 0.012~0.068% respectively. The recoveries (RSD)% were 97.13(0.80)% for harpagoside and 99.38(0.51)% for cinnamic acid. The method is simple and accurate. It can be used for the quality control of Radix Scrophulariae. We propose that the content of harpagoside in qualified Radix Scrophularia should be no less than 0.05%.

Determination of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

本文报道了用高效液相色谱-示差检测法(HPLC-RI)测定去氢表雄酮硫酸酯钠盐(DHA-S)及其制剂含量的方法。采用反相 ODS C_(18)色谱柱,乙腈-水(含0.8%磷酸和10μmol/L 四丁基氢氧化铵)作流动相,研究了色谱条件、回收率、检测限量及线性范围。

Determination of Candicidin/FR-008 and Related Components in Fermentation Broth by RP-HPLC

Aim A liquid chromatographic method for the determination ofcandicidin/FR-008 and related components in fermentation broth has been developed. Methods Therewere four major components in the candicidin/FR-008 complex, which were separated by HPLC under thefollowing conditions: SB-C8 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) was used, the mobile phase consisted ofacetonitrileam-monium acteate (20 mmol·L^(-1) , pH 4.0) (40:60, V/V) , with a flow rate of 1 .0mL·min^(-1) , the UV detection wavelength was 380 nm, and the whole process was performed at 25℃ .Results The linearity was obtained in the range of 6.25 - 500 μg· mL^(-1) candicidin/FR-008 withthe regression equation of Y = 20 461 x + 30 748 and the correlation coefficient of 0.999 1. Theinstrument precision was 1.84% and the method precision was 3.8%. Conclusion This method isaccurate, rapid and simple; it can be used for determination of candicidin/FR-008 and relatedcomponents in fermentation broth.

Investigation on reinforcement-sand-clay layer system using direct-shear test

The property of the contact surface between geosynthetics and soil directly affects the whole structure＇s stability. The interface property is one of the most important indices for the reinforced structure. Systematic direct-shear tests with large direct-shear apparatus are carded out for geobelt reinforced clay under different normal stresses and water content. A reinforcement-sand-clay layer system improving the interface behavior greatly is designed. The stress-strain relationship is investigated on the basis of the experimental results. The results show that with the increase of the normal stress, the shear strength between the clay and the reinforcement increases nonlinearly, and with the increase of the water content, the friction coefficient between the clay and the reinforcement decreases dramatically and the cohesion between the clay and the polypropylene geobelt increases initially, then decreases. There is an optimal value for the water content between the clay and the polypropylene geobelt, which is 2% lower than the optimal water content of clay compaction. This reinforcement-sand-clay layer system improves the shear strength of the interface remarkably. Therefore, the clay-sand-reinforcement layer system is a rather good design for practical use in reinforcement engineering.

Factors Influencing Droplet Size of Silicone Oil Emulsion with High Solid Content

A silicone oil emulsion with 60% of solid content was prepared with methyl silicone oil used as the main material by means of the emulsifier-in-oil method.The influence of emulsification conditions on the droplet diameter of silicone oil emulsion was discussed.The experimental results showed that the emulsification method,including the quantity of the emulsifier,the time and temperature of emulsification,the emulsifying water dosage,and the stirring speed,had significant impact on the droplet size.The optimal conditions were identified to achieve a smallest droplet diameter of the emulsion at an emulsifier dosage of 6%,an emulsification temperature of 70 ℃,an emulsification time of 30 min,and a stirring speed of 1100 r/min,with water added in two portions at a ratio of 1:1.The high-solid content silicone oil emulsion with a mean droplet diameter of 2.731 μm was prepared under these conditions that could ensure absence of stratification and floating oil under centrifuging at a speed of 3000 r/min for 30 min.

Determination of anthraquinone prodrug and its hydrolytically active compounds using RP-HPLC

In order to study the hydrolytic characterization of an anti-inflammatory prodrug （ RI-1 ） in vitro, an effective, accurate and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of the prodrug and its two hydrolytic active compounds is developed using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC）. The chromatographic separation is performed on an ODS-2 C18 column （250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5.0 μm particle size） with a simple elution program. The mobile phase is V（ methanol） ： V（0. 1% phosphoric acid solution） =90：10 （adjust pH to 2. 3）. A wavelength of 225 nm and a mobile phase flow rate of 1.0 mL/min are utilized for the quantitative analysis. Excellent linear behaviors over the investigated concentration ranges are observed with values of R2 higher than 0. 999 for all the analytes. The validated method is successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of the prodrug and its active components can be used to detect hydrolytic characterization in vitro.

Extrapolation of High Pressure VLE Data and Simultaneous Representation of Excess Enthalpies by Using NRTL Equation

The non-random two liquids （NRTL） equation together with the Pitzer/Curl Virial equation of state are used to investigate the simultaneous representation of excess enthalpies （h^E） and vapour-liquid equilibria （VLE） and the VLE prediction from h^E data. The calculation strategy for properly determining NRTL parameters and the effect of their temperature dependence on the simultaneous correlation of h^E and VLE data and the VLE extrapolation are analysed in detail.