生物标志化合物在高熟─过熟气源研究中的应用

以实例说明了生物标志化合物在高熟─过熟天然气气源研究中的应用。查明了松辽盆地北部汪家屯─宋站地区扶杨油层天然气主要来源于深层侏罗系煤系地层，并以垂向运移、就近捕集为主。研究结果表明，用生物标志化合物研究高熟─过熟气源是一种行之有效的方法。

烃源岩游离烃裂解与高熟气的排出

年轻盆地高速沉降区常伴有厚层泥岩欠压实现象，并因排烃困难而形成很厚的烃滞留带，使其中已生成的游离烃含量可高达5000ppm以上。随着埋深加大，地热的作用使游离烃裂解成气体。根据裂解过程中氢平衡的原理，选用渤海辽东湾地区的某些参数，可计算出1m^3游离烃裂解后可形成317.94m^3的甲烷，32.59m^3乙烷，19.22m^3丙烷和一定量的残渣，因此油气转换系数为369.75m^3/m^3。根据气体状态方程，并考虑对各种因素的校正以及把理想气体状态转移到真实气体的计算中，便可计算出任何深度下游离烃裂解后所形成的巨大压力值。当孔隙总压力超过岩石的破裂压力时，气体将被释放。本文阐述了研究的原理和方法，并对辽东湾地区下第三系沙河街组三段生油岩中游离烃的裂解气开始排出及高峰期出现的深度进行了剖析。

准噶尔盆地西北缘风城组烃源岩热演化生物标志化合物变化及意义

以准噶尔盆地西北缘玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组泥质烃源岩为研究对象,通过封闭体系热模拟实验,以热模拟温度为成熟度标尺,对风城组烃源岩的典型生物标志化合物判识参数,如姥植比、Pr/nC_(17)、β-胡萝卜烷绝对含量、C_(20)、C_(21)和C_(23)三环萜烷分布样式以及孕甾烷与规则甾烷比值等,进行不同成熟度阶段的生物标志化合物演化特征及其适用范围的研究,以期通过与盆1井西凹陷的原油进行对比,更加准确地判识盆地西北缘风城组来源的高熟油气。结果表明,除C_(20)、C_(21)与C_(23)三环萜烷的分布样式外,姥植比、Pr/nC_(17)、β-胡萝卜烷绝对含量等参数受成熟度影响较大,不能用作高熟凝析油气的来源判识。通过在油源对比分析过程中加入成熟度因素的考量,结合新建立的风城组烃源岩正构烷烃单体碳同位素图版,对盆1井西凹陷盆5井来源有争议的高熟凝析油进行对比分析,推测其主要来源于风城组烃源岩。

川南地区二叠系龙潭组页岩储层特征及勘探潜力

二叠系龙潭组是目前四川盆地页岩气勘探开发的新热点层位。通过偏光显微镜鉴定、场发射扫描电镜分析、X射线衍射测试、有机碳含量测定及高压压汞分析、现场解析气实验等手段和方法,对川南地区二叠系龙潭组页岩储层进行了综合研究。研究结果表明:(1)川南地区二叠系龙潭组为一套陆相曲流河沉积,河漫沉积的页岩发育,其矿物成分主要为石英和黏土矿物,含少量碳酸盐矿物。(2)研究区页岩储层主要发育粒间(缘)孔与微裂缝,局部发育粒内孔与溶蚀孔,偶见有机质孔隙,其中黏土矿物层间微裂缝最为发育。孔隙结构表现为以微孔为主,介孔(孔径为2~50 nm)次之,孔径普遍较小,分选较差,孔隙和喉道半径差异较大,非均质性强。(3)研究区页岩储层中煤岩含气量最高,炭质泥岩与泥岩次之,泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩与细砂岩含气量最低。与龙马溪组页岩储层相比,龙潭组泥岩孔隙度与总含气量更好,渗透率较差,其中炭质泥岩的孔隙度和总含气量最佳。(4)研究区二叠系龙潭组勘探潜力较大,烃源岩中有机质类型主要为Ⅲ型,其次为Ⅱ_(2)型;其R_(o)值平均约为2.8%,达到高熟阶段;TOC含量变化范围大,炭质泥岩中的TOC一般大于15%。(5)川南地区二叠系龙潭组发育河漫平原沉积,富有机质泥页岩分布稳定,具备良好的页岩气形成条件,估算其天然气资源量约为2.4×10^(12)m^(3),有利勘探区主要位于川南古蔺—叙永地区。

松辽盆地古龙页岩油富集层地球物理定量表征方法及其应用

松辽盆地古龙页岩为陆相淡水湖盆沉积,地质条件优越、资源量潜力大,与海相页岩油相比,具有自身的特殊性,相应的地球物理定量评价方法匮乏。在岩心、测井、地震、地质等多种资料综合分析的基础上,提出了古龙页岩油富集层井—震联合定量评价技术体系。以岩石物理分析为基础,确定古龙页岩油富集层岩石物理特征,优选w(TOC)、总孔隙度、脆性等富集层地质工程参数的敏感弹性参数,建立基于弹性模量和泊松比的新弹性参数脆性评价因子;通过叠前地质统计学反演获得高精度弹性参数反演数据体,并根据岩石物理分析结果进行古龙页岩储层w(TOC)、总孔隙度、脆性等富集层地质工程参数的地震定量预测;再利用叠后地震属性分析裂缝检测技术及叠前各向异性反演手段,实现高角度构造缝和水平页理缝地震定量表征;对w(TOC)、总孔隙度、脆性和裂缝等参数的预测结果进行综合分析及评价。结果表明:研究区地震预测结果与实钻结果吻合较好,w(TOC)、孔隙度、脆性等参数预测符合率较高,证实了地震预测方法及结果的可靠性。研究成果为松辽盆地古龙页岩油富集层的勘探开发提供有力的依据。

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷深层油气流体相态研究

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷深层(>5000m)是我国深层油气勘探当前的一个热点风险领域。为给区域下步油气勘探提供参考,通过对区内烃源岩和油气进行系统的地质地球化学正演、反演对比综合研究,重点分析了油气流体相态。结果表明,研究区深层稳定发育石炭系—二叠系四套烃源岩,有机质丰度高,普遍达到中等—好质量,类型多种多样,既可生油亦可生气,加之所有烃源岩均已基本进入高—过成熟演化,因此深层油气流体相态总体应高熟轻质,可能包括高熟轻质油、干酪根裂解气、油裂解气等。原油地球化学研究表明,原油随埋藏深度增加、层位变老,油质有逐渐变轻的趋势,成熟度有逐渐增大的趋势,保存条件亦逐渐变好,因此预测深层原油油质更轻、成熟度更高、保存条件更好。天然气地球化学研究表明,中浅层天然气可能属于混合来源,包括干酪根裂解气和油裂解气,规模性的高过成熟天然气可能在深层。因此,研究区深层油气资源丰富,相态轻质,成藏有利,值得勘探。这些认识还可供具有相似油气地质背景地区在研究和勘探时类比参考。

High-efficiency Planting Techniques of Five Crops a Year for Fresh Edible "Faba Bean/Spring Mazie+Soybean-Autumn Maize/Autumn Soybean"

The high-efficiency planting mode for five crops a year of fresh edible ＂faba bean/spring maize＋soybean-autumn maize/autumn soybean＂ was introduced, and its yield and economic benefits were compared with the planting mode of three crops a year of ＂faba bean-spring maize/red bean＂. The results showed that the planting method for fresh edible ＂faba bean/spring maize＋soybean-autumn maize/autumn soybean＂ was much easier to operate with the input-output ratio of about185.6%, and its yield and economic benefits were 2.09 and 1.83 times of that of the planting mode for three crops a year, significantly improving the agricultural yield and income of farmers. In addition, the cropping index of the planting mode for fresh edible fresh edible ＂faba bean/spring maize ＋soybean-autumn maize/autumn soybean＂ reached up to 350%, and planting faba bean once a year and soybean twice a year could make the biological fixation amount of nitrogen increase 350-450kg/m^2, which equaled to up to 700 kg/m^2 of urea, showing significant ecological and social benefits. Based on the comparison results, the high-yield culture techniques of the planting mode of fresh edible ＂faba bean/spring maize＋soybean-autumn maize/autumn soybean＂ were summarized.

Germination and Expression of α-Amylase of KF0680-1 and KF0680-2(Cultivars of Sweet Sorghum) under Salt Stress

[Objective] The aim was to study on germination and expression of α-amy- lase of KF0680-1 and KF0680-2 （cultivars of sweet sorghum） under salt stress. [Method] In the research, KF0680-1 and KF0680-2, cultivars of sweet sorghum, were used to measure related indices of germination and expression of co-amylase to discuss effect of salt stress on two cultivars. [Result] Germination of sweet sorghum would be promoted if treated with salt in low concentration and inhibited if treated in high concentration. In the latter condition, roots and seedlings were smaller than that of control group in length, but expression of s-amylase in the two cultivars was pro- moted under proper salt stress. [Conclusion] The research indicates that KF0680-1 and KF0680-2 are inhibited in growth by salt stress and the latter is stronger in salt resis- tance than the former under low salt concentration. In addition, expression of α-amy- lase could be promoted by salt in proper volume. The results provide references for selection of sweet sorghum which could be planted in northwestern areas.

Molt and reproduction enhancement together with hemolymph ecdysteroid elevation under eyestalk ablation in the female fiddler crab,Uca triangularis(Brachyura:Decapoda)

We present the results of eyestalk extirpation experiments performed on the fiddler crab, Uca triangularis at seasons of molting and reproduction, with a view to have a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of these two highly energy-demanding processes. Bilateral eyestalk ablation resulted in precocious acceleration of both molting and reproduction, irrespective of the season at which each experiment was conducted. The rate of accelerated ovarian growth, however, was maximum if the eyestalk ablation was conducted during August-January, the breeding season in the wild, or in February- May （molting-reproductive season）, wherein a section of the wild population would be engaged in molting and another section in breeding. The highest degree of precocious molt acceleration, on the other hand, was obtained during June-July when the population was primarily engaged in molting, but with no reproductive activity. The precocious oocyte maturation （due to de-eyestalking） was minimal in June--July. Significantly, the eyestalk ablation also resulted in a dramatic increase in the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer, revealing that a high ecdysteroid titer would have no restraining influence on vitellogenesis. No spawning was, however, observed among de-eyestalked females, even though their final oocyte size surpassed the size of the normal mature oocytes, implying that spawning is not exclusively under the control of eyestalk hormones. A comparative study performed on the viteUine components of the experimentals and the controls revealed that the precociously incorporated yolk under eyestalk ablation was biochemically impoverished. These results indicate that throughout the annual cycle, both the somatic and the reproductive growth of U. triangularis are under the influence of inhibitory principles from the eyestalks. It is also revealing that mere deprival of the inhibitory principles does not culminate into successful vitellogenesis. Arguably, the inhibitory influence from the eyestalks could be a prerequisite for normal healthy maturation of the oocytes and spawning.

OXIDIZED HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN PROMOTES MATURATION AND MIGRATION OF BONE MARROW DERIVED DENDRITIC CELLS FROM C57BL/6J MICE

Objective To explore the influence of oxidized high-density lipoprotein （oxHDL） on the maturation and migration of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells （BMDCs） from C57BL/6J mice. Methods The C57BL/6J mice bone marrow cell suspension was prepared and purified. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor （rmGM-CSF） and recombinant interleukin-4 （rmlL-4） were used to promote monocytes to differentiate and suppress lymphocytes. Then 50μg/mL oxHDL was added to stimulate BMDCs, using 50μg/mL high-density lipoprotein （HDL） as homologous protein control, PBS as negative control, and 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide （LPS） as positive control. The CD86 and MHCII expression rates were detected with fluorescence-activated cell sorting （FACS）. Liquid scintillation counting （LSC） was used in mixed lymphocyte reactions （MLRs） to reflect the ability of BMDCs in stimulating the proliferation of homologous T cells, Levels of cytokines IL-12 and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. The cell migration was evaluated with the transwell system. Results Compared with PBS group, the expressions of CD86 and MHCII, counts per minute of MLRs, secretion of IL-12 and IL-10, and number of migrated cells in oxHDL group and LPS group significantly increased （all P 〈 0.05）, while the increment was less in oxHDL group than LPS group. The number of migrated cells in oxHDL group was about twice of that in HDL group. Conclusion OxHDL may promote the maturation and migration of BMDCs in vitro.

Electrocardiographic measures of repolarization dispersion and their relationships with echocardiographic indices of ventricular remodeling and premature ventricular beats in hypertension

Objective To examine the relationship between Tpeak- Tend interval （Tpe） and Tpe/QT ratio with occurrence of ventricular premature beats （VPBs） and left ventricular remodeling in hypertension. Methods A total of 52 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were included, undergoing echocardiography and 24-hours Holter monitoring. Ventricular remodeling was assessed by left ventricular mass index （LVMI） using the Devereux formula and diastolic fimction by transmitral E and A wave velocities and E/A ratio. Tpe was measured in the precordial leads. The end of the T wave was set by the method of the tangent to the steepest descending slope of the T wave. Results Tpe and Tpe/QT in leads V2 （r = 0.33, P = 0.01; r = 0.27, P = 0.04 respectively） and V3 （r = 0.40, P = 0.002; r = 0.40, P = 0.003, respectively） correlated significantly with LVMI. A significant inverse relationship was observed between E/A ratio and QT （r = -0.33, P = 0.01）, Tpe in V3 （r = -0.39, P = 0.003） and Tpe/QT in V3 （r = -0.31, P = 0.02）. Tpe in V3, V5, mean Tpe and maximum Tpe with cut-offvalues of 60 ms, 59 ms, 62 ms and 71 ms, respectively, associated with the occurrence of ventricular premature beats. Conclusions The repolarization parameters Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio correlate with LVMI and indices of left ventricular diastolic function and show better predictive values than traditional parameters such as QT interval and QT dispersion. Lead V3 is the best lead for measuring Tpe and Tpe/QT. These ECG indices can therefore be used in clinical practice to monitor LV remodeling and predict occurrence of VPBs.

The Puritan Culture and Entrepreneurial Education Idea in American Universities

The USA is one of the very developed countries with entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities.After more than half a century of development,it has reached a mature stage,and the formation of the concept of entrepreneurial education has advanced.In this paper, through the analysis of entrepreneurship education thought by Jeffrey Timmons as the representative of the America University entrepreneurship education idea, it finds out the Puritan culture factors,in order to better understand the basis and provides the reference of college enterprise education in China.

Relative Feed Value of Different Varieties of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis

The aim of this paper is to analyze fluctuation in nutritional value of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis varieties grown on mineral and organic soil. Moreover, the paper deals with analysis of their nutritional value in terms of animal feeding. This paper has drawn on two field experiments set up and carried out between 2010 and 2013 by the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Slupia Wielka. The experiment was conducted in two experimental stations： one in the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Krzyzewo and the other in the Experimental Stations for Variety Testing in Uhinin, being a branch of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Cicibor Duzy. The experiment was arranged and conducted according to COBORU guidelines. The experimental plots were sown with varieties of Dactylis glornerata： Niva, Tukan, Amila, Crown Royale and with varieties of Festuca pratensis： Limosa, Pasja, Anturka, Amelka （d. AND 1009）. In the experimental plots with the varieties of Dactylis glornerata the grass was harvested six times a year and chemical analysis of the biomass was done taking dry matter only from five cuts. The varieties of Festuca pratensis were harvested four times. The RFV （relative feed value） was determined using the Linn and Martin method. Linn and Martin＇s test proved that Festuca pratensis had better nutritional value than Dactylis glomerata. For Dactylis glomerata, no matter what the variety and location was, the relative feed value ranged from 125 to 151, which puts that grass species in II quality class, good enough to feed high production dairy cows and heirs selected for replacements. The analysis of the relative feed value proved that no matter from which cut, the biomass ofDactylis glornerata belonged in Ill quality class, （RFV between 103 and 124） and it can be used to feed good beef cattle, older heifers and, in small quantities, dairy cows.

The Main Characteristics of Early Maturing Kiwifroit Variety "Fengyue" and Its Cultivating Techniques for High Yield and Good Quality

The new kiwifruit variety 'Fengyue' has bigger,avg.90g,max.127.8g fruit with beautiful appearance and good storage tolerance.The fruit is fine and tender in pulp texture with a thick sweet taste and rich refreshing aroma in addition to over 15% soluble solids content.This variety matures in September,Changsha,and has a high fruit setting percentage.Fruiters should pay great attention to fertilizer or water management,pruning,and flower or fruit thinning in cultivating'Fengyue

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下三叠统百口泉组源外“连续型”油藏成藏机理与富集规律

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下三叠统百口泉组最近发现了该盆地首个源外"连续型"大型砂砾岩油气藏,展示出重要的典范研究意义。为及时丰富成藏理论与勘探实践,分析了成藏机理与富集规律。结果表明:百口泉组"连续型"油气成藏具有三大有利条件:资源基础好、储层和顶底板条件佳、油气充注和成藏演化配置好,这是油气能够源外大规模"连续型"成藏的机理。其富集规律与特色有三:优质湖相烃源岩提供了资源基础、沟通烃源和储集岩系的走滑断裂使得油气能够源外成藏、扇三角洲沉积体系提供了优越的储层与油气"连续型"分布条件。油气富集表现为"三元"控制:扇三角洲前缘沉积相带、构造鼻凸、断裂;此外,异常高压和裂缝对油气高产具有重要影响;这些多因素叠合之处为油气下步勘探的有利目标。

INCORPORATING LITERATURE INTO ENGLISH WRITING AS A PROCESS TO IMPROVE TRADITIONAL WRITING INSTRUCTION

This article, based on a solid literature review, provides an in-depth exploration of L2 writing process, including a detailed description of L2 writing behaviors and habits and the differences in the writing process between advanced and unskilled L2 learners. Findings indicate that writing is a dynamic, recursive interplay of three major processes: planning, drafting, and revising. Experiencing this writing process, L2 learners have more to write and write it well. Therefore, this article suggests incorporating literature into L2 writing process as an effective way to improve traditional writing instruction.

An Ostwald ripening route towards Ni-rich layered cathode material with cobalt-rich surface for lithium ion battery

An Ostwald ripening-based route is proposed to prepare Ni-rich layered cathodes with Co-rich surface for li- thium-ion batteries （LIBs）. Commercially available Nio.aCo0.1 Mn0.8（OH）2 and spray pyrolysis derived porous Co304 are used as mixed precursors. During the lithiation reaction process under high-temperature, the porous Co304 microspheres scatter primary particles and spontaneously redeposit on the surface of Ni-rich spheres according to Ostwald ripening mechanism, forming the Ni-rich materials with Co-rich outer layers. When evaluated as cathode for LIBs, the resultant material shows ability to inhibit the cation disorder, relieves the phase transition from H2 to H3 and diminishes side re- actions between the electrolyte and Ni-rich cathode material. As a result, the obtained material with Co-rich outer layers exhibits much more improved cycle and rate performance than the material without Co-rich outer layers. Particularly, NCM-Co-1 （molar ratio of Nio.sCo0.1Mn0.1（OH）2/Co3Oa is 60：1） delivers a reversible capacity of 159.2 mA h g-1 with 90.5% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C. This strategy pro- rides a general and efficient way to produce gradient sub- stances and to address the surface problems of Ni-rich cathode materials.