“高线效应”与“毕尔巴鄂效应”——城市明星项目激活效应的差异化解读

全球化产业转型的浪潮下,部分衰落的后工业城市和片区成功地通过昂贵的明星项目介入,逐步带动周边的产业转型与其础设施更新,进而带来极其可观的经济回报,成为众多城市争相效仿的范例,但随着越来越多后继的效仿项目并未达到预期的回报以及明星项目及其所在区域的持续转型,这类成功项目背后特殊的、可持续的支持系统重发引起关注,本文以“高线效应”和“毕尔巴鄂效应”为例,从转型介入、片区与城市关系、扩张的形式与模式以及成功与失败四个方面,探讨纽约的高线公园和毕尔巴鄂的古根海姆博物馆两个项目的异同,为解读明星项目背后与城市的复杂关系提供一种多元化、左异化的视角。

A Straightforward Method of Calculating Finely the Soft X-Ray Spectra of Hydrogenlike Highly Ionized-States

A new method of calculating finely the soft X ray spectra of hydrogenlike highly ionized states is presented. It is based on the relation of the ionicity and the ionization energies of hydrogenlike atoms and the new model of potential function of hydrogenlike atoms. The relativistic revision and the spin orbit couping of excitation energy levels are taken into account. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experiments.

Modeling Regional and Local-scale Permafrost Distribution in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Using Equivalent-elevation Method

This study proposes an equivalent-elevation method to evaluate the integrated effects of latitude and elevation on regional and local-scale permafrost distribution in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and to model the general permafrost-distribution patterns in regional and local-scale area.It is found that the Gaussian curve―an empirical model describing the relation between variations of altitudinal permafrost lower limit (PLL) and latitude in the Northern Hemisphere―could be applied in regional-and local-scale areas in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in a latitude-sensitive interval of 30°-50°N.The curve was then used to evaluate the latitudinal effect on permafrost distribution through transforming the latitudinal effect into a kind of altitudinal difference of PLL.This study then calculated the local equivalent-elevation value by overlaying the altitudinal difference of PLL onto real elevation at a certain location.The equivalent-elevation method was verified in an experimental subwatershed of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.However,feasibility of the method should be further tested in order to extend for future studies.The use of equivalent-elevation values can build a platform for comparing the regional general permafrost distribution in the plateau,and for basing further evaluations of local factors' effects on regional permafrost distribution.

Contribution of Mass Elevation Effect to the Altitudinal Distribution of Global Treelines

Alpine treeline, as a prominent ecological boundary between forested mountain slopes and alpine meadow/shrub, is highly complex in altitudinal distribution and sensitive to warming climate. Great efforts have been made to explore their distribution patterns and ecological mechanisms that determine these patterns for more than 100 years, and quite a number of geographical and ecophysiological models have been developed to correlate treeline altitude with latitude or a latitude related temperature. However,on a global scale, all of these models have great difficulties to accurately predict treeline elevation due to the extreme diversity of treeline site conditions.One of the major reasons is that "mass elevation effect"(MEE) has not been quantified globally and related with global treeline elevations although it has been observed and its effect on treeline elevations in the Eurasian continent and Northern Hemisphere recognized. In this study, we collected and compiled a total of 594 treeline sites all over the world from literatures, and explored how MEE affects globaltreeline elevation by developing a ternary linear regression model with intra-mountain base elevation(IMBE, as a proxy of MEE), latitude and continentality as independent variables. The results indicated that IMBE, latitude and continentality together could explain 92% of global treeline elevation variability, and that IMBE contributes the most(52.2%), latitude the second(40%) and continentality the least(7.8%) to the altitudinal distribution of global treelines. In the Northern Hemisphere, the three factors' contributions amount to 50.4%, 45.9% and 3.7% respectively; in the south hemisphere, their contributions are 38.3%, 53%, and 8.7%, respectively. This indicates that MEE, virtually the heating effect of macro-landforms, is actually the most significant factor for the altitudinal distribution of treelines across the globe, and that latitude is relatively more significant for treeline elevation in the Southern Hemisphere probably due to fewer macro-landforms there.

Localized Properties of Rogue Wave for a Higher-Order Nonlinear Schr?dinger Equation

In this paper, we provide determinant representation of the n-th order rogue wave solutions for a higherorder nonlinear Schr6dinger equation （HONLS） by the Darboux transformation and confirm the decomposition rule of the rogue wave solutions up to fourth-order. These solutions have two parameters a and ;3 which denote the contribution of the higher-order terms （dispersions and nonlinear effects） included in the HONLS equation. Two localized properties, i.e., length and width of the first-order rogue wave solution are expressed by above two parameters, which show analytically a remarkable influence of higher-order terms on the rogue wave. Moreover, profiles of the higher-order rogue wave solutions demonstrate graphically a strong compression effect along t-direction given by higher-order terms.

Multi-Solitons and Combined Solitons with Self-Similar Behaviors in a Birefringent Fiber with Higher-Order Effects

A coupled variable-coefficient higher-order nonlinear Schrodinger equation in birefringent fiber is studied, and analytical multi-solton, combined bright and dark soliton, W-shaped and M-shaped soliton solutions are obtained. Nonlinear tunnelling of these combined solitons in dispersion barrier and dispersion well on an exponential background is discussed, and the decaying or increasing, even lossless tunnelling behaviors of combined solitons are decided by the decaying or increasing parameter.