大断面隧道“楔形掏槽+高能孔”布设方法研究

在大断面隧道爆破中,由于掏槽孔的位置布置不合理,导致掌子面中间岩体时常出现“鼓肚”现象。为解决大断面隧道爆破“鼓肚”现象,提出了一种“楔形掏槽+高能孔”的炮孔布设新方法。以云南省鲁巧高速共和村隧道为工程背景,采用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立“楔形掏槽+高能孔”的数值模型,研究了炮孔底部有效应力和岩体动态损伤,并与现场隧道掏槽爆破方案进行对比,同时结合现场爆破试验对所提新方法进行验证。研究结果表明:现场实验验证了“楔形掏槽+高能孔”炮孔布设方法可有效消除“鼓肚”现象,减少掏槽孔和数码电子雷管数量,确定了该方法的合理性以及适用性;主掏槽孔底部测点1、2和3产生的应力值较小,当高能孔爆炸后,应力急剧上升至454.9 MPa,可对主掏槽孔爆破后遗留的中间保留岩体进行有效破除;采用改进后的爆破方法,掘进效率提升16.9%,炮孔平均利用率达到91.5%,炸药单耗降低19.7%。提出的大断面隧道“楔形掏槽+高能孔”布设方法在保障施工安全的同时,达到了降低成本提高施工效率的效果,为大断面隧道爆破方案优化设计提供借鉴。

High-temperature acoustic properties of porous titanium fiber metal materials

The high-temperature acoustic absorption performance of porous titanium fiber material was investigated in terms of sample thickness, porosity, temperature, air-cavity thickness and double-layer structure arrangement. The effects on absorption coefficient were systematically assessed. The results show that the sound absorption performance is improved by increasing the sample porosity and/or thickness, and/or increasing the air-cavity thickness. Meanwhile, increasing the temperature gives better acoustic absorption performance in the low frequency range but also lowers the performance in the high frequency range, while double-layer structure enables better acoustic absorption performance.

Species-area relationship within and across functional groups at alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau,China

The species-area relationship （SAR） is one of the most fundamental concepts in community ecology and is helpful for biodiversity conservation. However, few studies have systematically addressed this topic for different alpine grassland types on the Tibetan Plateau, China. We explored whether the plant composition of different functional groups affects the manner in which species richness inereases with increasing area at scales ≤ 1.0 m^2. We also compared species richness （S） within and across forbs, legumes, sedges and grasses, with sampling subplot area （A） increasing from 0.0625 m^2 to 1.0 m^2 between alpine meadow and steppe communities. We applied a logarithmic function （S = b0 ＋ b1 ln A） to determine the slope and intercept of SAR curves within and across functional groups. The results showed that the logarithmic relationship holds true between species richness and sampling area at these small scales. Both the intercept and slope of the logarithmic forbs-area curves are significantly higher than those for the three other functional groups （P 〈 0.05）. Forb accounts for about 91.9 % of the variation in the intercept and 75.0% of the variation in the slope of the SAR curve when all functional groups＇ data were pooled together. Our results indicated that the different SAR patterns should be linked with species dispersal capabilities, environmental filtering, and life form composition within alpine grassland communities. Further studies on the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functions should specify the differential responses of different functional groups to variations in climate and anthropogenic disturbances.

Increased working voltage of hexamine-coated porous carbon for supercapacitors

Highly porous carbon, both unmodified and hexamine-coated on the pore surfaces, is tested at high working voltages in organic electrolyte for supercapacitors in order to enhance the energy density and power density.Sol–gel processing allows for excellent control of the porous structure and chemical composition of carbon,resulting in a material with high surface area and a low level of impurities. This porous carbon can be modified using a simple solution-based method to enhance capacitance. Increasing the working voltage from 2.0 to 3.0 V significantly improves performance for both unmodified and hexamine-coated carbon. The energy density and power density increase at higher working voltage, and under certain conditions, the capacitance increases as well.Cyclic stability is also investigated, with hexamine-coated carbon retaining more of its initial capacitance than unmodified carbon at all working voltages.

Graphene-based Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors with ultrahigh performance

There is a growing demand for hybrid supercapacitor systems to overcome the energy density limitation of existing-generation electric double layer capacitors （EDLCs）, leading to next generation-Ⅱ supercapacitors with minimum sacrifice in power density and cycle life. Here, an advanced graphene-based hybrid system, consisting of a graphene-inserted Li4Ti5O12 （LTO） composite anode （G-LTO） and a three-dimensional porous graphene-sucrose cathode, has been fabricated for the purpose of combining both the benefits of Li-ion batteries （energy source） and supercapacitors （power source）. Graphene-based materials play a vital role in both electrodes in respect of the high performance of the hybrid supercapacitor. For example, compared with the theoretical capacity of 175 mA-h.g-1 for pure LTO, the G-LTO nanocomposite delivered excellent reversible capacities of 207, 190, and 176 mA·1h·g-1 at rates of 0.3, 0.5, and 1 C, respectively, in the potential range 1.0-2.5 V vs. Li/Li＋; these are among the highest values for LTO-based nano- composites at the same rates and potential range. Based on this, an optimized hybrid supercapacitor was fabricated following the standard industry procedure; this displayed an ultrahigh energy density of 95 Wh·kg-1 at a rate of 0.4 C （2.5 h） over a wide voltage range （0-3 V）, and still retained an energy density of 32 Wh·kg-1 at a high rate of up to 100 C, equivalent to a full discharge in 36 s, which is exceptionally fast for hybrid supercapacitors. The excellent performance of this Li-ion hybrid supercapacitor indicates that graphene-based materials may indeed play a significant role in next-generation supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical performance.