寻找新油气藏的理论和方法

石油深部起源理论认为,石油、天然气与金属矿床一样都是地球排气作用的产物。含油气盆地的演化与地球外核的排气及表面的升降变化相呼应,表明了含油气盆地的深部构造本质。石油及天然气形成于地球排气作用出现冷分支的新生代,明显表现为热液期后的特征。油气以垂直运移为主聚集在流体动力学构造圈闭以及与此有关的地层、岩性圈闭中,与新构造运动关系密切,这些理论为寻找新油气藏指明了方向。中国含油气盆地的特点是盆地基底深,沉积地层厚度大,故在已发现油气藏以下地层直至基底内部都有望发现新的油气藏。在新构造运动活跃、深部脆性岩石发育、具有良好盖层形成圈闭的地区,应首先采用深部地震对以构造裂隙油气藏为目标进行勘探。需要指出的是,传统的地震勘探方法对于查明深部断裂、高孔隙带和裂隙带是无能为力的,亟需开发非传统的地震勘探方法,此外,还可结合遥感、地球化学、张量分析、放射性、形态构造模拟等方法。

Rock parameters inversion for estimating the maximum heights of two failure zones in overburden strata of a coal seam

In order to enter effective parameters of rock mass in a numerical model,the relationships between mechanical parameters of rock and rock mass were obtained by an inversion method and an orthogonal test,given our measurements of the maximum heights of two failure zones in the Longdong coal mine. Using the maximum heights of the caving zone and the water-conducting fractured zone as test indices the modulus of elasticity,the Poisson ratio,cohesion and tension strength as test factors and different values of reduction enhancement factors as test levels,an orthogonal test was designed to obtain an optimum simulation scheme.From the analysis of different values of reduction enhancement factors which affect the test indices,an optimum factor combination for modification of parameters could be inferred.By using modified parameters in our numerical simulation,the maximum heights of the caving zone and the water-conducting fractured zone in the extensive Xiyi area were determined as 15.06 m and 36.92 m.These values were almost the same as those obtained by similar material simulation（8.5 m and 37.0 m）and empirical prediction（8.4 m and 34.4 m）.These results indicate that the modification of parameters is a rational method.

Overburden failure and the prevention of water and sand inrush during coal mining under thin bedrock

Coal mining under thin bedrock or thick unconsolidated soil layers brings mining problems related to these special geological conditions. The meaning of the term ''thin bedrock'' is defined through the thick- ness statistics of the coal seam and the bedrock layer. The coal-bearing strata having thick, unconsoli- dated aquifers and thin bedrock located at the Taiping Coal Mine in Shandong province were taken as a geological prototype for subsequent study. The geological, hydro-geological and engineering character- istics of the thin bedrock were analyzed. An engineering geological model was than established. Overbur- den failure and the development of ''Three Zones'' were studied by physical model tests. The rupture pattern and rock failure were analyzed for mining conditions under thin bedrock. The height of the caving zone and the freely flowing water fractured zone of different mining thicknesses were separately calcu- lated. The results show that a mining thickness greater than 3.5 m causes the height of the freely flowing water fractured zone to be sufficient to touch the weathered zone and the bottom of the Quaternary sys- tem aquifer, to various degrees. This, then, would lead to water and sand inrush into the working face. Measures to prevent water and sand flow inrush disasters by eliminating the power source are put fore- word. A field dewatering scheme was designed and observational data were obtained. The dewatering project had an obvious effect and the water level at working face number 8309 dropped to a safe level. The average draw down of the groundwater was observed to be 7.86 m. This showed that the dewatering project played a role in decreasing the hydraulic pressure and ensuring safety mining.

Fractured zone height of longwall mining and its effects on the overburden aquifers

As mining depth becomes deeper and deeper,the possibility of undermining overburden aquifers is increasing.It is very important for coal miners to undertake studies on the height of fractured zone during longwall mining and the effects of longwall mining on the underground water while mining under surface water bodies and underground aquifers.In order to study this problem,piezometers for monitoring underground water levels were installed above the longwall panels in an American coalmine.Large amounts of pre-mining,during mining and post-mining monitoring data were collected.Based on the data,the heights of fractured zones were obtained and the effects of longwall mining on the underground water were studied.The results demonstrate that when the piezometer monitoring wells had an interburden thickness of less than 72.7 m,the groundwater level decreased immediately to immeasurable levels and the wells went dry after undermining the face of longwall.The height of the fractured zone is 72.7-85.3 m in the geological and mining conditions.The results also show that the calculated values of fractured zones by the empirical formulae used in China are smaller than the actual results.Therefore,it is not always safe to use them for analyses while mining under water bodies.