为研究黄茅海常见经济物种的热耐受性,采用动态实验法和静态实验法,研究了褐篮子鱼、褐菖鲉、褐石斑鱼、口虾蛄和日本蟳在不同基础水温(即驯化温度,14.0、18.0、24.0和30.8°C)和温升速率(0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、6.0、9.0、12.0...为研究黄茅海常见经济物种的热耐受性,采用动态实验法和静态实验法,研究了褐篮子鱼、褐菖鲉、褐石斑鱼、口虾蛄和日本蟳在不同基础水温(即驯化温度,14.0、18.0、24.0和30.8°C)和温升速率(0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、6.0、9.0、12.0和15.0°C/h)条件下的热耐受能力[最大临界温度(CTM)和24 h高起始致死温度(24 h UILT50)]。动态实验结果表明,基础水温和温升速率显著影响实验动物的热耐受能力,即实验动物的耐热性与基础水温呈正相关。温升速率对其热耐受性的影响受基础水温的制约:在4个基础水温条件下,随着温升速率的升高,实验动物的CTM总体呈上升趋势。静态实验结果表明,实验动物的24 h UILT50受物种差异和基础水温的影响显著。随着基础水温从14.0°C升高至30.8°C,褐篮子鱼、褐菖鲉、褐石斑鱼、口虾蛄和日本蟳的24 h UILT50分别从28.1、28.9、30.3、28.4和36.3°C显著上升至34.6、36.1、36.6、35.1和38.2°C。动态实验法和静态实验法分析发现,5种实验动物的热耐受能力依次为日本蟳>褐石斑鱼>褐菖鲉>口虾蛄>褐篮子鱼。展开更多
Based on the large-scale model tests, a simplified dam breach model for homogeneous cohesive dam due to overtopping failure is put forward. The model considers headcut erosion as one of the key homogeneous cohesive da...Based on the large-scale model tests, a simplified dam breach model for homogeneous cohesive dam due to overtopping failure is put forward. The model considers headcut erosion as one of the key homogeneous cohesive dam breaching mechanisms and we calculate the time-averaged headcut migration rate using an energy-based empirical formula. A numerical method is adopted to determine the initial scour position at the downstream slope in terms of the water head and dam height, and the broad-crested weir equation is utilized to simulate the breach flow. The limit equilibrium method is used to analyze the stability of breach slope during the breach process. An iterative method is developed to simulate the coupling process of soil and water at each time step. The calculated results of three dam breach cases testify the reasonability of the model, and the sensitivity studies of soil erodibility show that sensitivity is dependent on each test case's soil conditions. In addition, three typical dam breach models, NWS BREACH, WinDAM B, and HR BREACH, are also chosen to compare with the proposed model. It is found that NWS BREACH may have large errors for cohesive dams, since it uses a noncohesive sediment transport model and does notconsider headcut erosion, WinDAM B and HR BREACH consider headcut erosion as the breaching mechanism and handle well homogeneous cohesive dam overtopping failure, but overall, the proposed model has the best performance.展开更多
Two ensemble experiments were conducted using a general atmospheric circulation model. These experiments were used to investigate the impacts of initial snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) on China precipitati...Two ensemble experiments were conducted using a general atmospheric circulation model. These experiments were used to investigate the impacts of initial snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) on China precipitation prediction. In one of the experiments, the initial snow conditions over the TP were climatological values; while in the other experiment, the initial snow anomalies were snow depth estimates derived from the passive microwave remote-sensing data. In the current study, the difference between these two experiments was assessed to evaluate the impact of initial snow anomalies over the TP on simulated precipitation. The results indicated that the model simulation for precipitation over eastern China had certain improvements while applying a more realistic initial snow anomaly, especially for spring precipitation over Northeast China and North China and for summer precipitation over North China and Southeast China. The results suggest that seasonal prediction could be enhanced by using more realistic initial snow conditions over TP, and microwave remote-sensing snow data could be used to initialize climate models and improve the simulation of eastern China precipitation during spring and summer. Further analyses showed that higher snow anomalies over TP cooled the surface, resulting in lower near- surface air temperature over the TP in spring and summer. The surface cooling over TP weakened the Asian summer monsoon and brought more precipitation in South China in spring and more precipitation to Southeast China during summer.展开更多
文摘作者分别采用动态法和静态法两种实验方法,以石岛湾4种常见鱼类(许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)和矛尾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias))为研究对象,对比研究了在4个季节基础水温(5.0~26.0℃)和9个温升速率(0.5~15.0℃/h)下这些鱼类的热耐受性。结果表明,4种鱼类的CTM(最大临界温度)和24 h UILT_(50)(24 h高起始致死温度)均与基础水温呈显著正相关,温升速率对鱼类耐热性的影响因鱼种和季节基础温度而异;相同基础水温下4种实验鱼类的CTM值均高于24 h UILT_(50)。4种鱼类的24 h UILT50依次为:矛尾虎鱼>许氏平鲉>褐菖鲉>大泷六线鱼。
文摘为研究黄茅海常见经济物种的热耐受性,采用动态实验法和静态实验法,研究了褐篮子鱼、褐菖鲉、褐石斑鱼、口虾蛄和日本蟳在不同基础水温(即驯化温度,14.0、18.0、24.0和30.8°C)和温升速率(0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、6.0、9.0、12.0和15.0°C/h)条件下的热耐受能力[最大临界温度(CTM)和24 h高起始致死温度(24 h UILT50)]。动态实验结果表明,基础水温和温升速率显著影响实验动物的热耐受能力,即实验动物的耐热性与基础水温呈正相关。温升速率对其热耐受性的影响受基础水温的制约:在4个基础水温条件下,随着温升速率的升高,实验动物的CTM总体呈上升趋势。静态实验结果表明,实验动物的24 h UILT50受物种差异和基础水温的影响显著。随着基础水温从14.0°C升高至30.8°C,褐篮子鱼、褐菖鲉、褐石斑鱼、口虾蛄和日本蟳的24 h UILT50分别从28.1、28.9、30.3、28.4和36.3°C显著上升至34.6、36.1、36.6、35.1和38.2°C。动态实验法和静态实验法分析发现,5种实验动物的热耐受能力依次为日本蟳>褐石斑鱼>褐菖鲉>口虾蛄>褐篮子鱼。
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51379129,51539006,51509164)
文摘Based on the large-scale model tests, a simplified dam breach model for homogeneous cohesive dam due to overtopping failure is put forward. The model considers headcut erosion as one of the key homogeneous cohesive dam breaching mechanisms and we calculate the time-averaged headcut migration rate using an energy-based empirical formula. A numerical method is adopted to determine the initial scour position at the downstream slope in terms of the water head and dam height, and the broad-crested weir equation is utilized to simulate the breach flow. The limit equilibrium method is used to analyze the stability of breach slope during the breach process. An iterative method is developed to simulate the coupling process of soil and water at each time step. The calculated results of three dam breach cases testify the reasonability of the model, and the sensitivity studies of soil erodibility show that sensitivity is dependent on each test case's soil conditions. In addition, three typical dam breach models, NWS BREACH, WinDAM B, and HR BREACH, are also chosen to compare with the proposed model. It is found that NWS BREACH may have large errors for cohesive dams, since it uses a noncohesive sediment transport model and does notconsider headcut erosion, WinDAM B and HR BREACH consider headcut erosion as the breaching mechanism and handle well homogeneous cohesive dam overtopping failure, but overall, the proposed model has the best performance.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB421407)the Special Fund for Public Welfare (Meteorology) (Grant No. GYHY200906018)+1 种基金"Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change: Carbon Budget and Related Issues" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05110201)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2007BAC29B03)
文摘Two ensemble experiments were conducted using a general atmospheric circulation model. These experiments were used to investigate the impacts of initial snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) on China precipitation prediction. In one of the experiments, the initial snow conditions over the TP were climatological values; while in the other experiment, the initial snow anomalies were snow depth estimates derived from the passive microwave remote-sensing data. In the current study, the difference between these two experiments was assessed to evaluate the impact of initial snow anomalies over the TP on simulated precipitation. The results indicated that the model simulation for precipitation over eastern China had certain improvements while applying a more realistic initial snow anomaly, especially for spring precipitation over Northeast China and North China and for summer precipitation over North China and Southeast China. The results suggest that seasonal prediction could be enhanced by using more realistic initial snow conditions over TP, and microwave remote-sensing snow data could be used to initialize climate models and improve the simulation of eastern China precipitation during spring and summer. Further analyses showed that higher snow anomalies over TP cooled the surface, resulting in lower near- surface air temperature over the TP in spring and summer. The surface cooling over TP weakened the Asian summer monsoon and brought more precipitation in South China in spring and more precipitation to Southeast China during summer.
