Evaluation of Productivity and Light Quality in Two High Density Dwarf Rootstock Apple Orchards in Central China

[Ohjective] The aim of the study is to investigate the productivity and light quality in two high density M26 dwarf rootstock apple orchards in central China so as to provide some management guidance for close planting of dwarf rootstock apples.[Method] The technical parameters of individual trees and group parameters as shoot number and composition and canopy coverage were determined, and the light quality in the canopy, fruit production and quality were investigated. [Result] Slender spindle （SS） orchard has 54 thousands shoots per 667 m^2. Coverage rate is 76%. Leaf area index is 1.9. The ratio of long, medium and spur shoots is 1：1：8. Fruit yield is 3 263 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. Light interception in the canopy is 58% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 65%. Modified slender spindle （MSS） orchard has 93 thousands shoots per 667 m^2 and the coverage is 77%. Leaf area index is 3.3. The ratio cf long, medium and spur shoots is 1：2：7. Fruit yield is 3 931 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. The light interception in the canopy is 73% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 35%. [Conclusion] Apple orchard with M26 dwarf rootstock trained as SS and MSS tree form in medium planting density may be useful to the management of the similar orchards in Central China.

Comparison of Organ Morphology and Yield Composition in Different Rice Cultivars

[Objective] The study aimed to compare the difference of organ morphology and yield composition in 10 rice cultivars with 3 sowing date,and to correlate leaf length and plant height with exogenous variables like temperature accumulation and sunshine duration.[Method] Detailed data of organ morphology and yield component were obtained and analyzed through repeated field observations and destructive samplings over the growing season,including leaf length,node number,tiller number,plant height and grain yield of 10 rice cultivars（Takanari,IR72,Sankeiso,CH86,IR65564-44-2-2,Nipponbare,Takenari,Banten,WAB450-1-B-P-38-HB,Wuxiangjing 9） with 3 sowing dates（May 11,May 22,and June 19,2002）.[Result] Max leaf length for each node increased at the early growth stage and decreased at the later growth stage.The leaf length of CH86 and Banten was the maximum in 4 Indica cultivars and 6 Japonica cultivars,respectively.Node number and plant height decreased with the later sowing date,and that of CH86 was the maximum.The maximum grain yield was found in Wuxiangjing 9,and the greatest genotypic variation existed in rice yield,panicle number,spikelet per panicle,and grain weight;the grain yield ranged from 4 358 to 7 443 kg ha-1;the panicle number ranged from 158×104 to 330×104 ha-1;no direct correlation between yield,tiller number and plant height was observed in this experiment.[Conclusion] Empirical regression fitting of the resulting data was developed for leaf length and plant height prediction and yield component comparison,which could be used to construct deeper and more mechanistic models or to optimize rice growing conditions.

Effects of Combined Pollution of Pb and Cd on Growth and Yield of Rice

[Objective] The aim was to study the damage and the mechanism of combined pollution of Pb and Cd on rice growth,yield and quality of rice. [Method]Effects of combined pollution of Pb and Cd on the growth and yield of rice were studied by pot experiment with cultivating rice. [Result] Pb and Cd could promote rice growth at low concentration while inhibit plant height at high concentration; Pb and Cd stress reduced the number of rice tillers significantly,with the increasing of stress concentration,the decrease amplitude of the number of tillers was greater; the panicle per pot,seed setting rate,1 000-grain weight and yield of rice were reduced significantly by Pb and Cd stress,the grain number per panicle decreased significantly under low concentration of Pb and Cd but increased significantly under high concentration; the brown rice rate and milled rice rate increased significantly under low concentration of Pb and Cd while at high concentration of Pb and Cd,the both two reduced significantly,the head milled rice rate reduced significantly with the decreasing of concentration; The Pb and Cd content of grains were significantly positively related to the concentrations of Pb and Cd content in soil,it had excessively exceeded hygienic standard when the concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil were medium-high and the unqualified rate reached 333% and 122%. [Conclusion]The study had provided basis for the establishment of rice cultivation system in pollution areas.

Clipping Alters the Response of Biomass Production to Experimental Warming: A Case Study in an Alpine Meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, China

Predicting how human activity will influence the response of alpine grasslands to future warming has many uncertainties.In this study, a field experiment with controlled warming and clipping was conducted in an alpine meadow at three elevations（4313 m, 4513 m and 4693 m） in Northern Tibet to test the hypothesis that clipping would alter warming effect on biomass production.Open top chambers（OTCs） were used to increase temperature since July,2008 and the OTCs increased air temperature by approximately 0.9o C ~ 1.8o C during the growing in2012.Clipping was conducted three times one year during growing season and the aboveground parts of all live plants were clipped to approximately 0.01 m in height using scissors since 2009.Gross primary production（GPP） was calculated from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer GPP algorithm and aboveground plant production was estimated using the surface-measured normalized difference vegetation index in 2012.Warming decreased the GPP, aboveground biomass（AGB） and aboveground net primary production（ANPP） at all three elevations when clipping was not applied.In contrast, warming increased AGB at all three elevations, GPP at the two lower elevations and ANPP at the two higher elevations when clipping was applied.These findings show that clipping reduced the negative effect of warming on GPP, AGB and ANPP, suggesting that clipping may reduce the effect of climate warming on GPP, AGB and ANPP in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau, and therefore, may be a viable strategy for mitigating the effects of climate change on grazing and animal husbandry on the Tibetan Plateau.

Time Dependence of Entropy Flux and Entropy Production of a Dissipative Dynamical System Driven by Non-Gaussian Noise

A stochastic dissipative dynamical system driven by non-Gaussian noise is investigated. A general approximate Fokker-Planck equation of the system is derived through a path-integral approach. Based on the definition of Shannon＇s information entropy, the exact time dependence of entropy flux and entropy production of the system is calculated both in the absence and in the presence of non-equilibrium constraint. The present calculation can be used to interpret the interplay of the dissipative constant and non-Gaussian noise on the entropy flux and entropy production.

Generation of Broadband Attosecond Pulse via Controlling Quantum Path by Two Color Field in Long Wavelength Driving Regime

In this paper, we have investigated theoretically the high harmonic generation form helium atom in long wavelength driving regime at 2000 nm through solving time-dependent Schr6dinger equation. By adding a second harmonic pulse （1000 nm） and a UV attosecond pulse （200 nm） to the driving field, an efficient method for picking out and enhancing ionization path to generate high-yield supercontinuum harmonics is realized, and then an isolated sub-100 as pulse with a bandwidth of 190 eV is significantly obtained.

Effects of Continuous Mineral and Organic Fertilizer Inputs and Ploughing on Groundnut Yield and Soil Fertility in a Groundnut-Sorghum Rotation in Central Burkina Faso

Two field experiments were conducted at Saria in the centre of Burkina Faso in order to assess the effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on yields and soil fertility on two different soils. Groundnut haulm yield, pod yield, number of pods, % 2-seeded pods, % pod rot, seed yield and 100 seeds weight as well as sorghum dry shoot and grain yields were measured. Most of the different variables were affected by continuous cropping without fertilizer application on the two soils, in particular on the coarse one. The effect of nutrient deficiencies was observed. The mineral fertilizers maintained yields, but their supply was not able to replenish the nutrient uptake by plants. The effect of compost on crop production was initially minimal, but improved during years seven and height. Tillage had also a slightly positive effect on yield, which varied with soil type. In the control plot, the content of organic matter decreased in five years and did not increase with the application of fertilizers. In contrast, addition of fertilizers increased total N and Bray-I P. Nitrogen, P, K and Ca balances were negative in almost all treatments without mineral fertilizers. Results showed that fertilizers used were inadequate for maintaining soil fertility and yields in long run. However, extra production did not provide significant profits.

Vitamin B6 and Lipid Contents in Engraulisjaponica Specifically Caught for Production of Japanese Soup Stock

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between percentage of body lipid and individual vitamin B6 contents in the anchovy used for production of Japanese soup stock. The contents of individual vitamin B6 compound in foods should be determined to estimate the functionality of foods. Anchovies （Engraulisjaponica） for use as production of iriko, which is a raw material for preparation of Japanese soup stock, were caught using a medium-sized purse seine on May 26th, June 1st, and July 6th 2011 in Tachibana Bay, Nagasaki, Japan. Vitamin B6 contents were analyzed by 4-pyridoxolacone-coversion （all-enzymatic） HPLC. The relationship between body length, lipid content and the individual contents of vitamin B6 compounds in the anchovies was determined. The propriety of anchovies for iriko preparation could not be estimated based on the appearance of length of fishes. The anchovies were rich in vitamin B6, especially pyridoxamine 5＇-phosphate, which may prevent diabetic complications. The percentage of body lipid significantly showed a negative correlation with the content of pyridoxamine 5＇-phosphate. The contents of the other vitamin B6 compounds did not show the significant correlation with the percentage of body lipid.

Recombinants for Enhanced Productivity and Drought Tolerance in Barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）

In an attempt to enhance productivity as well as drought tolerance of barley cultivar, a 5 × 5 diallel cross involving rainfed cultivars was made. Of the 10 crosses, cross K603 x K560 was most promising as it yielded highest number of recombinants （21 in irrigated and 36 in rainfed conditions）; the cultivar K506 was considered as drought resistant （drought susceptibility index 〈 1）. A total of 22 out of 64 and 18 out of 59 most promising F2 recombinants in irrigated and rainfed conditions, respectively from 6 crosses were evaluated for yield, harvest index as well as proline content. All the recombinants selected under rainfed condition （including a few from irrigated condition） showed enhanced level of proline content coupled with high grain yield and harvest index. Further, a total of twenty-nine segregants （12 rainfed and 17 irrigated derived cultures） showing significantly higher values of proline content and grain yield were grown during 2007-2008 under both the environments, rainfed and irrigated to determine the geometric mean （GM） and drought susceptibility index （S）. The segregants （Culture No. 8, 10 ＆ 13） derived from cross K 603 × K 560 and culture No. 5 from K 560 × RD 2508 gave maximum mean yield under rainfed and geometric mean coupled with lower drought susceptibility index （S）. Also, it has been observed that the transgressive segregants selected from limited water environment （rainfed） performed better than those selected from irrigated environment for higher grain yield and drought tolerance.

乳化炸药线型切割器对薄壳弹药销毁效果的数值模拟研究

针对目前的弹药销毁状况,为了减轻直接爆破的环境压力,利用理论分析及数值模拟的方法,首先对设计的简易乳化炸药线型切割器的药型罩材料进行确定,数值模拟表明:铝质药型罩所形成的射流侵彻能力要比紫铜材质的提高28%,而后利用ANSYS数值模拟得出该切割器最佳炸高为15 mm。最后对乳化炸药线型切割器切割薄壳弹药的过程进行数值模拟,证明该切割器可以达到切去弹药外壳而不产生剧烈爆轰及高速破片的效果。

贵州山区生姜种植高产栽培技术分析

伴随着经济的不断发展,我国对农作物的栽培越来越重视,但是贵州省惠水县对生姜的栽培技术及进行不断的创新,生姜是一种无性繁殖的蔬菜,在播种的过程中,种子就是根茎。生姜在生长的过程中都是营养的生长,生姜的营养价值很高的,在我国也是一种经济性的农作物,本文主要阐述贵州山区生姜种植高产栽培技术。

Effect of Combined Use of Brackish Water and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Biomass and Sugar Yield of Sweet Sorghum

Soil salinization and non-point source pollution are among the most important and widespread environmental problems in European Mediterranean regions. Sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench var. saccharatum） is a moderate to high salinity tolerant crop with low water and nutrient needs, seen as an alternative to grow in the water scarce regions. A three-year multifactorial study was conducted in southern Portugal to evaluate the combined effects of saline water and nitrogen application on the dry biomass （total, stems, and leaves）, sugar content （total reducing sugars and sucrose eontents） and sugar yield （here defined as the product of total reducing sugars and stems dry biomass） functions of sweet sorghum. Sorghum dry biomass and sugar yield showed diminishing returns for each incremental change of nitrogen. The use of saline irrigation waters also led to yield reduction. Exception was sucrose content which increased with increasing levels of sodium in the soil. Nitrogen need decreased as the amount of sodium applied increased. Stem dry biomass, sucrose content, and sugar yield progressively increased with progress in the experiment. The effect could be attributed to the increase of the amount of irrigation applied throughout the years, thus increasing the leaching fraction which promoted salt leaching from the root zone, reduced the salinity stress, increased plant transpiration, nitrogen uptake and biomass yield.

Fisher discriminant analysis method applied in drought detection:an instance in an alpine meadow ecosystem

Fisher discriminant analysis can comprehensively take multiple factors into consideration and effectively conduct separations between two classes.If it can be used to detect the occurrences of drought,drought can be detected more effectively and accurately.Based on 9-year carbon flux and corresponding meteorological data,soil water content(SWC)and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)were selected as the discriminant factors.Drought occurrences were detected by applying the Fisher discriminant analysis method in an alpine ecosystem in Tibet.Fisher discriminant analysis was successfully applied to detect drought occurrence in an alpine meadow ecosystem.The soil water deficit and atmospheric water deficit were comprehensively taken into consideration.Consequently,this method could detect the onset and end date of droughts more accurately and reasonably.Based on the characteristics of drought and non-drought samples,the discriminant equation was constructed as y=24.46SWC-4.60vPD.When y>1,the days were distributed above the critical line.In addition,when y was greater than one for more than 10 days,it was labeled as one drought event.If the interval between two drought processes was less than 2 days,it was considered one drought event.With increasing the study period and continued accumulation of observation data,the discriminant equation could be further optimized in the future,resulting in more accurate drought detection.

Hyperconcentration Based on Projection Measurements

We propose an efficient hyperconcentration protocol for distilling maximally hyperentangled state from partially entangled pure state, resorting to the projection measurement on an auxiliary photon. In our scheme, two photons simultaneously entangled in polarization states and spatial modes are considered. One party performs quantum nondemolition detections on his photon and an additional photon to produce three photon hyperentangled state, then he projects the assistant photon into an orthogonal basis composed of both the polarization and spatial degree of freedom.Then the state of the left two photons collapses into maximally hyperentangled state with a certain probability. In the rest cases, some less-entangled states are obtained, which can be used as resource for the next round concentration. By repeating the concentration process for several rounds, a higher success probability can be obtained, which makes our scheme useful in practical quantum information applications.