基于遗传规划法识别影响鱼类丰度的关键环境因子

以长江中上游四大家鱼为例，采用遗传规划法，从水文、水温、泥沙、气象等方面定义的15个环境因子中，识别出影响四大家鱼鱼苗丰度的关键环境因子，并分析了鱼苗丰度随关键环境因子的变化趋势。研究结果表明：自然条件下，涨水的持续时间和日均涨水率为影响鱼苗丰度的关键环境因子；鱼苗丰度与涨水持续时间之间存在非线性递增关系，且涨水持续时间在5—8d时，鱼苗丰度随之显著增加；日均涨水率低于2000（m3／s）／d时，鱼苗丰度与日均涨水率之间呈现近似线性递增关系，而日均涨水率高于2000（m3／s）／d时，由于监测数据较少，尚无法确定二者的关系。对比相关分析法、多元线性回归法和人工神经网络法，遗传规划法在识别与生物因子存在非线性关系的关键环境因子，并建立它们之间的量化关系方面具有显著优越性。

博斯腾湖鱼类密度季节变化及其环境影响因素

为了解博斯腾湖鱼类资源现状及其与环境因素的关系,于2019年5月(春季)、7-8月(夏季)、10月(秋季),采用分裂波束回声探测仪(Simrad EY60,120 kHz)开展全湖水声学探测,并对水环境指标进行现场测量。结果显示,博斯腾湖鱼类密度在夏季最高,平均值为(8783±2611)ind./hm^(2);春季和秋季间无显著性差异,平均值分别为(709±141)、(743±499)ind./hm^(2)。根据目标强度与体长关系经验公式推算,春季、夏季和秋季鱼类的平均体长分别为8.8、4.0和5.1 cm。相关分析结果显示,博斯腾湖鱼类密度与水温和电导率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与透明度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。随机森林模型的特征重要性排序结果显示,电导率是鱼类密度最重要的预测因子,其次为溶解氧、盐度和水温等。推测鱼类密度的季节变化与环境变化、食物来源、繁殖习性等因素密切相关,环境因子可能通过直接或间接的方式影响鱼类的生态环境需求。

Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages in a subtropical small stream of the Huangshan Mountain

Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages were investigated seasonally from May 2007 to February 2008 across 11 study sites in a subtropical small stream, the Puxi Stream, of the Huangshan Mountain. Along the longitudinal gradient from headwater to downstream, fish species richness and abundance increased gradually, but then decreased significantly at the lower reaches. The highest species richness and abundance were observed in August and the lowest in February. Based on analysis of similarities （ANOSIM）, fish assemblages were significantly different in spatial variation but not in temporal variation. Although differences were observed both among sites and among stream orders, the lower R value in order-variation suggested stream order was not the optimal factor explaining the spatial variation of fish assemblages. In addition, dam construction did not significantly alter fish assemblages in the sites adjacent to and immediately downstream to dams. Using cluster analysis and non-metric Multi Dimensional Scaling analysis （NMS）, assemblages were separated into three groups at a Bray-Curtis similarity value of 42%： the upper, middle and lower groups. Following analysis of similarity percentages of species contributions （SIM- PER）, shifts in occurrence or abundance of S. curriculus, Z. platypus, R. bitterling and A. fasciatus contributed most to the differences amongst the three groups. Standard Deviation Redundancy Analysis （RDA） suggested that habitat structure （such as elevation, substrate, and flow velocity） contributed to the spatial and temporal pattem of fish assemblages in the Puxi Stream. In conclusion, the fish assemblages in Puxi Stream presented significant spatial but not temporal variation. Human disturbance has perhaps induced the decrease in species diversity in the lower reaches. However, no significant change was observed for fish assemblages in sites far from and immediately downstream from low-head dams [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 670-677, 2010].

Spatial distribution and abundance of small fishes in Xiaosihai Lake,a shallow lake along the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China

Spatial distribution and abundance of small fishes were studied in autumn 2007 in the Xiaosihai Lake, a shallow lake along the middle reach of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River. Based on the plant cover, the lake was divided into three major habitats： Myriophyllum spicaturn habitat （MS habitat）, Trapa bispinosa habitat （TB habitat）, and non-vegetation habitat （NV habitat）. A modified pop-net was used for quantitative sampling of small fishes in the three habitats, and the Zippin＇s removal method was used for estimating densities of the small fishes. A total of 13 species belonging to 5 families were collected, with 11 species in MS habitat, 7 species in TB habitat, and 5 species in NV habitat. Habitat type had significant effect on the spatial distribution of small fishes. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the MS, TB and NV habitats were 1.28, 0.56 and 0.54, respectively. The total density and biomass of small fishes were significantly higher in the MS habitat （13.68 ind/m^2 and 4.44 g/m^2） than in the TB habitat （1.41 ind/m^2 and 0.54 g/m^2） and the NV habitat （1.08 ind/m^2 and 0.40 g/m^2）, and were not significantly different between the TB habitat and the NV habitat. Water depth had no significant effect on spatial distribution of the small fishes. It was suggested that vegetation type played an important role in habitat selectivity of small fishes, and the presence of submersed vegetation should be of significance in the conservation of small fish diversity.

Influence of a large dam on the longitudinal patterns of fish assem- blages in Qingyi Stream

Using seasonally collected data(2009-2010) from 15 sampling sites that represent first- to fifth-order streams within the Qingyi watershed,we examined the spatio-temporal patterns of fish assemblages along two longitudinal gradients to explore the effects of a large dam on fish assemblages at the watershed scale.No significant variation was observed in either species richness or assemblage structure across seasons.Species richness significantly varied according to stream order and gradient.Dam construction appeared to decrease species richness upstream substantially,while a significant decrease between gradients only occurred within fourth-order streams.Along the gradient without the large dam,fish assemblage structures presented distinct separation between two neighboring stream orders,with the exception of fourth-order versus fifth-order streams.However,the gradient disrupted by a large dam displayed the opposite pattern in the spatial variation of fish assemblages related with stream orders.Significant between-gradient differences in fish assemblage structures were only observed within fourth-order streams.Species distributions were determined by local habitat environmental factors,including elevation,substrate,water depth,current discharge,wetted width,and conductivity.Our results suggested that dam construction might alter the longitudinal pattern in fish species richness and assemblage structure in Qingyi Stream,despite the localized nature of the ecological effect of dams.