中国鲤科鱼类游泳能力综合分析和应用

该研究利用学术论文数据库筛选出中国鲤科鱼类游泳能力相关论文115篇,并用Origin软件进行了数据统计分析,旨在归纳和分析中国鲤科鱼类游泳能力并建立估算方法,可为正处于规划阶段和可行性研究阶段的过鱼设施流速设计提供依据.结果表明:(1)鱼类游泳速度与鱼体长度具有显著的非线性相关关系,据此建立了一系列幂函数经验公式,可为游泳能力和过鱼设施研究及设计提供依据.(2)依据所得到的经验公式和协方差分析可知,喜流水型鲤科鱼类的游泳能力>广适型>喜静水型.根据该研究得到的经验公式并结合行业规范和文献资料,对正处于规划阶段和可行性研究阶段过鱼设施流速设计的建议如下:西南地区以裂腹鱼成鱼为主要过鱼对象的过鱼设施进鱼口吸引流速范围为0.61~0.76 m/s,通道内最高流速阈值为1.28 m/s;长江中下游以四大家鱼成鱼为主要过鱼对象的进鱼口吸引流速范围为0.76~0.93 m/s,通道内最高流速阈值为1.49 m/s,以四大家鱼幼鱼为主要过鱼对象的进鱼口吸引流速范围为0.42~0.62 m/s,通道内最高流速阈值可为0.82 m/s.

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal or Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fishmeal in Concentrated Diets for Paralichthys olivaceus

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal （MBM） and poultry by-product meal （PBM） as the replacement of fishmeal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficient （ADC） of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. The experimental diets included 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% MBM or PBM replacement of total fishmeal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric. The results showed that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance among the treatments fed with 0% -60% MBM replacement of fishmeal, while the percent weight gain （WG, % ）, body length gain （BLG, % ） and ADC significantly decrease when fishmeal is replaced by 80% MBM. The result showed also that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance and ADC among all treatments fed with the diets with 0% -80% replacements of fishmeal with PBM.

Effects of temperature and salinity on survival, growth and DNA methylation of juvenile Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

Temperature and salinity are two of the most potent abiotic factors influencing marine mollusks. In this study, we investigated the individual and combined effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and growth of juvenile Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, and also examined the DNA methylation alteration that may underpin the phenotypic variation of abalone exposed to different rearing conditions. The single-factor data showed that the suitable ranges of temperature and salinity were 16-28℃ at a constant salinity of 32, and 24-40 at a constant temperature of 20℃, respectively. The two-factor data indicated that both survival and growth were significantly affected by temperature, salinity and their interaction. The optimal temperature-salinity combination for juveniles was 23-25℃ and 30-36. To explore environment-induced DNA methylation alteration, the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism （MSAP） technique was used to analyze the genomic methylation profiles of abalone reared in optimal and adverse conditions. Neither temperature nor salinity induced evident changes in the global methylation level, but 67 and 63 differentially methylated loci were identified in temperature and salinity treatments, respectively. The between-group eigen analysis also showed that both temperature and salinity could induce epigenetic differentiation in H. discus hannai Ino. The results of our study provide optimal rearing conditions for juvenile tt. discus hannai Ino, and represent the first step toward revealing the epigenetic regulatory mechanism of abalone in response to thermal and salt stresses.

Length-weight relationships for six freshwater fish species in Iran

The aim of this study is to report the length-weight relationship parameters （a and b） for some economically important fish species from Iranian freshwaters. The length-weight relationships （LWR） are calculated for six freshwater fish species collected during 2006 and 2007 in Iran. The values of the exponent b in the LWR （W=aL^b） vary between 2.985 and 3.543. The LWR with high correlation coefficient （r^2） is significant for all the species. These parameters axe of great importance to evaluate the relative condition of populations, biology, species management and their fisheries and stock assessment. The application of the length-weight relationships presented here should be limited to the observed length ranges.

Effects of water temperature and dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and energy budget of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

A 3×3 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects of water temperature (22 ℃, 27℃ and 32℃) and dietary carbohydrate (CBH) levels (15.47%, 29.15% and 41.00%) on growth, food consumption, feed efficiency, apparent digestibility coefficient and energy budget of juvenile Lito- penaeus vannamei. The results showed that, at each dietary CBH level, specific growth rate, food con- sumption and apparent digestibility coefficient generally increased, while feed efficiency decreased with increasing water temperatures. Specific growth rate and food consumption were the highest in the shrimps fed with diet of 29.15% CBH, closely followed by those with 15.47% CBH, and those with 41.00% CBH had the lowest value.

Temperature Tolerance of Large Yellow Croaker,Pseudosciaena Crocea(Richardson)Associated with Summer Season

L ethal temperature tolerance was determined for about 8 cm, age 0 Pseudosciaena crocea using both slow heating and rapid transfer protocol. The acclimatization temperature was 28 ℃ with summer season, lethal temperature ( LT50 value ) of slow heating protocol ( CTMax ) was 35.0 ℃, and the upper and lower incipient lethal temperatures of rapid transfer protocol were 34.2 ℃ and 17.5 ℃ respectively.

Turbot Scophthalmus maximus: stocking density on growth, pigmentation and feed conversion

Juvenile turbot （Scophthalmus maximus） the initial stock densities at 0.28, 0.87, 1.12, 1.16, 2.75 were reared in five different experiment groups in kg/m^2 respectively for the study of the density effect on growth, pigmentation and feed coefficient rate. The experiment lasted for 60 days with final stock densities at 1.91, 6.31, 8.86, 11.97, 17.67 kg/m^2 respectively. Result showed that, in the same experiment condition, the stocking density has a positive effect on growth in low density and negative in high density. The SGR （special growth rate） was 3.189, 3.304, 3.447, 3.341, and 3.087 respectively. The uniformity of weight distributing among experiment groups decreased with increasing density. The stocking density had positive effect on feed coefficient rate. Group 1 had the least feed coefficient rate 0.96, and highest at 1.25 in Group 5, the highest density group. High stocking density inhibited the growth and increased the feed coefficient rate. The stocking density had negative relationship to pigmentation improvement for whitened fish.

Optimum temperature for the growth performance of juvenile orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides H.)

Effects of water temperature （17, 21, 25, 30 and 35℃） and body size （14.75-281.41 g initial body weight） on food consumption, growth, feed conversion, and dry matter content in orange-spotted grouper fed to satiation were investigated. The combined effect of temperature （T, ℃） and body weight （W, g） on maximum food consumption （Cmax, g/day） was described as： InCmax=-7.411＋0.828 InW＋0.317T4）.004 7T2, and the optimum feeding temperature was 33.9℃. The combined effect of temperature and body weight on growth （G） was described as： lnG=-4.461-0.2081nW＋0.394T-0.006 3T^2. The optimum growth temperature was 31.4℃, whereas overall growth rates were high at 25, 30 and 35 ℃. Feed conversion efficiencies （FCE, %）, increasing first and then decreasing with increasing temperature, averaged from 1.8 to 2.1 in terms of dry weight of food fish. The optimum temperature for FCE tended to be lower than that for growth or feeding. Dry matter content increased with both increasing water temperature （17, 25, 30 and 35℃） and body weight, and the combined effect of temperature and body weight on dry matter content （DM, %） was described as： lnDM =3.232＋0.01 4 lnW-0.004 4T＋0.001 2TInW.

Phosphorus budget of redeye mullet (Liza haematocheila T. & S.) under graded feeding levels

Experiment on phosphorus budget of redeye mullet (Liza haematocheila T. & S.) was con- ducted at water temperature 21℃ and salinity 33. The results showed that the growth phosphorus (phosphorus that allocated into growth, GP) increased from –30.84% to 15.83% by feeding on graded amount of diets (starvation, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% body weight and satiation). The GP linearly increased with feeding levels (FL) as GP (mg) =–0.785 + 0.604 FL, and at satiation the relationship between GP and body weight (BW) was GP (mg) = 1.5991 BW 0.768 5. In the budget, IP (intake phosphorus) = GP + FP (faecal phosphorus) + EP (excretion phosphorus). FP showed an irregular tendency with different feeding levels, and EP decreased with increasing feeding levels but rebound at satiation. The P budget at satiation was 100IP = 15.84 GP + 64.62 FP + 19.55 EP.

Seasonal variation in community structure and body length of dominant copepods around artificial reefs in Xiaoshi Island,China

This study aims to investigate the seasonal variations in copepod community structure and prosome length of dominant species from March 2009 to January 2010 around artificial reefs in Xiaoshi Island, Yellow Sea, Weihai, China. Samples were collected using two types of plankton net （Model I and Model II） for different-sized copepods. The number of taxon was calculated from the data of both the net types, while the copepod abundance was done using the samples from Model II only. Sixteen species of planktonic copepods, including 5 dominant species, were recorded. Results reveal that Oithona similis was the first dominant species from March to June, and was replaced by Paracalanus parvus in September; both dominated the copepod community in January. Acartia hongi was the second dominant species from March to September. Centropages abdominalis was the third dominant species from March to June, and was replaced by O. sirnilis in September and Corycaeus aJfinis in January. C. affinis was the fourth dominant species in September. Population density of the dominant copepods was compared with that of other similar regions. We found that the dominant species were mostly small copepods （〈1 mm） except for adult Centrapages abdominalis. Seasonal variation in prosome length of O. similis, C. abdominalis, and C. affinis, and their copepodites were studied for the first time in China. For P. parvus and A. hongi, seasonal trends in prosome length variation were similar with those in Jiaozhou Bay, Yellow Sea, Qingdao, China, in a similar temperate domain. The results are helpful for future calculation of copepod biomass and production, and for investigation of the relationship between copepods and fish resources.

Age, Growth and Distribution of the Antarctic Fish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus Based on Otolith Morphometry

The Ps. georgianus （Pseudochaenichthys georgianus） were sampled in the summer between 1979 and 2009 at South Georgia Island, and at South Shetland Island. The otoliths ofPs. georgianus contained microincrements similar to daily increments in the otoliths of fishes from temperate and tropical waters. The estimated age from microincrements was similar to that inferred from the body length distribution and otoliths mass： age （years） = 81.98 × Otolith Mass （g） - 0.483. Ps. georgianus like all Channichthyidae due to their adoption to cold water, attain rapidly large body in accordance with the parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation： L∞ （asymptotic length） = 66.1 cm; K （constant related to coefficient of catabolism） = 0.28; to （age of the fish at initial length） = 0.008 year; L0 （length of the fish at initial age） = 0.15 cm. That fast growth rate （despite the difference in hatching periods between regions at South Georgia Island, and at South Shetland Island） were not changed, confirming, that it is established to cold water by natural selection. Changes of the microincrements growth pattern are described that appear to be related to larval, hatching and metamorphosis, and have similar pattern to those ones previewed in C. aceratus （Chaenocephalus aceratus） and C. gunnarii （Champsocephalus gunnarii）. Larvaes and postlarvaes of that species have similar habitats during early life history, which is reflected in similar otoliths morphology. Width of their daily increments is： 0.0018-0.0028 mm for Ps. georgianus, 0.0015-0.0024 mm for C. gunnarii and 0.001-0.0016 mm for C. aceratus. The age and developments periods of South Georgia＇s icefish （common name and the abbreviation = SGI for Ps. georgianus as this species was found only there in the past） estimated from otolith was validated by their different geographical distribution depending on the currents and the presence of their food-krill in them. Postlarvae and early juvenile stages were concentrated at the south-western side of the island shelves deeper than 200 m, where currents are weaker in comparison to surface and where juvenes and small krill prevail. Older and mature fish, over 3 or 4 years old, were numerous on the north-eastern side of the islands shelves in regions of strong vortices that concentrate krill to high densities. As life in the currents needs greater ability to swimming as a large, mature and 4 years old fish had increased their ability to swim up to 4 times growing and developing from inshore larvae. During that, their otoliths become more flattened （up to 3 times） and elongated for better fulfil its functions in the higher swimming speed. However, similar species C. aceratus and C. gunnari have more flattened and elongated otoliths than Ps. georgianus and have larger geographical occurrence from Palmer Archipelago to Kerguelen. The least elongated means the highest otolith, which reflects the highest body of Ps. georgianus, which help this species to stay on the shelf during swimming. High body gives less drifting during swimming in the currents. Evolution of otolith shape is linked with a body shape to decrease resistance and achieve high speed of swimming. During development, Ps. georgianus use different currents and countercurrents to catch different krill stages. System of current is natural environment of life ofPs. georgianus.

Maternal Inheritance of Yellowfin Tuna （Thunnus albacares） in Captivity

Mitochondrial DNA introgression has been suggested to be responsible for the maternal consistent implications. Study on mt-DNA （mitochondrial DNA） variation in the yellowfin tuna （Thunnus albacares） using RFLP （restriction fragment length polymorphisms） has provided the evidence of maternal inheritance of yellowfin tuna in captivity. Eggs were collected in every spawning in 2004-2006 season. The mt-DNA genotypes of broodstock were compared with their eggs and the maternal inheritance of these females was determined from genotypes in the eggs. The result showed that six genotypes of female broodstock were observed in eggs and four of them were found to share a single female＇s identity and one type was shared by two females. The same genotype was observed in almost every sampling throughout the year. The female broodstocks spawned almost daily throughout the season.

In vitro inhibition of pigmentation and fiber development in colored cotton

Colored cotton has naturally pigmented fibers.The mechanism of pigmentation in cotton fiber is not well documented.This experiment was conducted to study the effects of respiratory chain inhibitors,i.e.,rotenone and thiourea,on pigmentation and fiber development in colored cotton.After 1 d post-anthesis,ovaries were harvested and developing ovules were cultured on the liquid medium containing different concentrations of rotenone and thiourea for 30 d.The results demonstrate that both respiratory inhibitors reduced fiber length and ovule development under ovule culture conditions,and the inhibition efficiency of rotenone was much higher than that of thiourea.Rotenone and thiourea also showed significant effects on fiber pigment (color) development in colored cotton.In green cotton fiber,rotenone advanced fiber pigment development by 7 d at 200 μmol/L,while thiourea inhibited fiber pigmentation at all treatment levels (400,600,800,1000,and 2000 μmol/L).Both respiratory inhibitors,however,had no significant effects on pigmentation of brown cotton fibers.The activities of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) decreased significantly with increasing levels of both respiratory inhibitors.It is suggested that both respiratory inhibitors have important roles in deciphering the mechanism of pigmentation and fiber development in colored cotton.

Effects of temperature and diet on length-weight relationship and condition factor of the juvenile Malabar blood snapper(Lutjanus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

In this study we aimed to analyze the effects of water temperature and diet on the length-weight rela- tionship and condition of juvenile Malabar blood snapper Lutjanus malabaricus over a 30-d experimental period. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory using a flow-through-sea-water system. The fish were subjected to four different temperatures （22, 26, 30, and 34 ℃） and two diets （commercial pellet and natural shrimp）. Fish were fed twice daily. L. malabancus exhibited negative allometric growth （b〈3） at the beginning of the experiment （Day 0） at all temperatures and both diets except for 22 ℃ fed with shrimp, which showed isometric growth （b=3）. Conversely, at the end of the experiment （Day 30） fish showed isometric growth （b=3） at 30 ℃ fed with the pellet diet, indicating that the shape of the fish did not change with increasing weight and length, and a positive allometric growth （b〉3） at 30 ℃ fed with shrimp diet, which indicated that fish weight increases faster than their length. The rest of the temperatures represented negative allometric growth （b〈3） on both diet, meaning that fish became lighter with increasing size. The condition factors in the initial and final measurements were greater than 1, indicating the state of health of the fish, except for those fed on a pellet diet at 34 ℃. However, the best condition was obtained at 30 ℃ on both diets. Nev- ertheless, diets did not have a significant effect on growth and condition of juvenile L. malabaricus. The data obtained from this study suggested culturing L. malabaricus at 30 ℃ and feeding on the pellet or shrimp diet, which will optimize the overall production and condition of this commercially important fish species.