Turkey is a country producing various kinds of cheese. Tomas cheese is a kind of cheese that is still traditionally produced, and it is not widely-known. In this study, the characteristic properties of Tomas cheese, a...Turkey is a country producing various kinds of cheese. Tomas cheese is a kind of cheese that is still traditionally produced, and it is not widely-known. In this study, the characteristic properties of Tomas cheese, a local product that is extensively consumed in the city of Tunceli and its environs, have been examined. For this purpose, samples from cheese varieties currently on sale in the cities of Tunceli and Elazl~ have been taken, and some of their physico-chemical and microbiological properties have been determined. The results of physico-chemical analysis showed that the average moisture rate of the samples was 53.24%, average ash rate 4.24%, average dry matter 46.76%, average acidity rate in terms of lactic acid 1.08%, average salt rate 2.93%, average fat rate 17.66%, average fat-free dry matter rate 25.56% and average pH value 4.67. The microbiological analysis data showed that the average values for the total aerobic mesophyll bacteria （TAMB） was 7 loglo kob/g, 2.3 logl0 kob/g for coliform, 4.6 logl0 kob/g for yeast, 5.5 logl0 kob/g for mold, 6.8 log10 kob/g for Lactococcus spp., and 6.1 log10 kob/g for Lactobacillus spp.. The results show the high variation among samples, proving that there has not been a standard production procedure. It has been established that the hygienic condition of the product changes according to the production process, and the probability for cross contamination is high. A large number of studies need to be carded out for this kind of traditional food items, due to lack of enough literature data in this paper.展开更多
Abstract We collected gravid gray rat snakes Ptyas korros from three geographically distinct populations in China, Chenzhou （CZ）, Jiangshan （JS） and Dinghai （DH）, to study geographical variation in female reprod...Abstract We collected gravid gray rat snakes Ptyas korros from three geographically distinct populations in China, Chenzhou （CZ）, Jiangshan （JS） and Dinghai （DH）, to study geographical variation in female reproductive traits. Egg-laying dates differed among the three populations such that at the most northern latitude egg-laying was latest, and earliest at the most southern latitutde. Clutch size, clutch mass, egg mass, egg shape, within clutch variability in egg sizes and relative clutch mass differed among the three populations, whereas post-oviposition body mass did not. Except for egg-laying date, none of the traits examined varied in a geographically continuous trend. CZ and DH females, although separated by a distance of approximately 1100 km as the crow flies, were similar in nearly all traits examined. JS females were distinguished from CZ and DH females by their higher fecundity （clutch size）, greater reproductive output （clutch mass） and more rounded eggs. Our data do not validate the prediction that larger offspring should be produced in colder localities. The absence of an egg size-number trade-off in each of the three populations presumably suggests that P. korros is among species where eggs are well optimized for size within a population.展开更多
文摘Turkey is a country producing various kinds of cheese. Tomas cheese is a kind of cheese that is still traditionally produced, and it is not widely-known. In this study, the characteristic properties of Tomas cheese, a local product that is extensively consumed in the city of Tunceli and its environs, have been examined. For this purpose, samples from cheese varieties currently on sale in the cities of Tunceli and Elazl~ have been taken, and some of their physico-chemical and microbiological properties have been determined. The results of physico-chemical analysis showed that the average moisture rate of the samples was 53.24%, average ash rate 4.24%, average dry matter 46.76%, average acidity rate in terms of lactic acid 1.08%, average salt rate 2.93%, average fat rate 17.66%, average fat-free dry matter rate 25.56% and average pH value 4.67. The microbiological analysis data showed that the average values for the total aerobic mesophyll bacteria （TAMB） was 7 loglo kob/g, 2.3 logl0 kob/g for coliform, 4.6 logl0 kob/g for yeast, 5.5 logl0 kob/g for mold, 6.8 log10 kob/g for Lactococcus spp., and 6.1 log10 kob/g for Lactobacillus spp.. The results show the high variation among samples, proving that there has not been a standard production procedure. It has been established that the hygienic condition of the product changes according to the production process, and the probability for cross contamination is high. A large number of studies need to be carded out for this kind of traditional food items, due to lack of enough literature data in this paper.
基金The work was carried out in compliance with the current laws on animal welfare and research in China, and was supported by grants from Natural Science Foundation of China （30770378 and 31071910）, Zhejiang Provincial Foundation of Natural Science （Z3090461）, Hangzhou Bureau of Science and Technology （20100332T20） and Zhejiang Department of Science and Technology for Innovation Teams （2010R50039-26）. We thank Jian-Fang Gao, Rui-Bin Hu, Yan-Fu Qu and Ling Zhang for their help during the research.
文摘Abstract We collected gravid gray rat snakes Ptyas korros from three geographically distinct populations in China, Chenzhou （CZ）, Jiangshan （JS） and Dinghai （DH）, to study geographical variation in female reproductive traits. Egg-laying dates differed among the three populations such that at the most northern latitude egg-laying was latest, and earliest at the most southern latitutde. Clutch size, clutch mass, egg mass, egg shape, within clutch variability in egg sizes and relative clutch mass differed among the three populations, whereas post-oviposition body mass did not. Except for egg-laying date, none of the traits examined varied in a geographically continuous trend. CZ and DH females, although separated by a distance of approximately 1100 km as the crow flies, were similar in nearly all traits examined. JS females were distinguished from CZ and DH females by their higher fecundity （clutch size）, greater reproductive output （clutch mass） and more rounded eggs. Our data do not validate the prediction that larger offspring should be produced in colder localities. The absence of an egg size-number trade-off in each of the three populations presumably suggests that P. korros is among species where eggs are well optimized for size within a population.
