唐山市滨海盐碱地区麦—稻轮作高效栽培技术

唐山市坐落于渤海湾北岸,拥有可利用中轻度滨海盐碱耕地76.03万亩,因此,充分挖掘盐碱地开发利用潜力,加强盐碱地综合利用效率,对滨海地区农业生产意义重大。为此,笔者在不断寻求盐碱地改造与利用新途径的同时,积极探索滨海盐碱地适宜作物新品种与新种植模式,根据当地种植习惯和实践经验集成了“唐山市滨海盐碱地区麦—稻轮作高效栽培技术”,用于指导当地小麦、水稻农户生产。

麦—稻轮作系统中小麦施氮水平对后季直播水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

【目的】研究华中地区麦—稻轮作系统中小麦季不同施氮水平对后季直播水稻生长发育、产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,探讨此系统中最佳的氮肥管理模式,为制定合理的氮肥管理方案提供理论依据和技术支持。【方法】采用裂区设计,主处理为小麦季3个不同氮处理(施N 0、105和210 kg/ha,分别记作W_(N0)、W_(N105)和W_(N210)),副处理为后季水稻3个不同氮处理(施N 0、90和180 kg/ha,分别记作R_(N0)、R_(N90)和R_(N180)),测定小麦和水稻不同生育期的株高、分蘖数、叶面积指数和生物量等指标,成熟期测定产量、产量构成因子及秸秆和籽粒氮含量。【结果】与其他施氮量相比,麦季施氮210 kg/ha对后季直播水稻的株高、分蘖数、生物量、产量和氮肥利用效率均有明显影响,其中W_(N210)R_(N90)处理的各项指标均较高,整体表现较好。在麦稻季均施氮的情况下,系统周年产量表现为W_(N210)R_(N180)>W_(N105)R_(N180)>W_(N210)R_(N90)>W_(N105)R_(N90),前3个处理的系统周年产量均在13.50 kg/ha以上;结合小麦产量来看,W_(N210)R_(N180)和W_(N210)R_(N90)处理(3.55 t/ha)高于W_(N105)R_(N180)处理(2.79 t/ha)。【结论】小麦—直播水稻轮作系统中水稻生长季应充分考虑前季小麦的氮肥后效,适当降低后季直播水稻的施氮量。综合考虑产量和氮肥利用效率,麦季210 kg/ha和稻季90 kg/ha的施氮组合(W_(N210)R_(N90))为华中地区小麦—直播水稻轮作系统的最佳氮肥管理模式。

Environmental Effects of Returning Rice and Wheat Straw to Fields

Based on advances in returning rice and wheat straw to fields at home and abroad, environmental physical, chemical and ecological effects of returning rice and wheat straw to fields were analyzed. The results show that returning straw to fields can enhance soil porosity, reduce soil bulk density, and increase the ca- pacity of soil to preserve water, fertilizer and temperature. Besides, it can improve the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil, of which the increase of potassium content is the most obvious. Meanwhile, it can provide energy and nutrients for microorganisms in soil and change the activity of soil enzymes, of which it affects invertase most greatly and enhances the activity of ure- ase but has no effect on neutral phosphatase. In addition, it can enhance the total quantity of microorganisms in soil obviously, and the increase correlates positively with the quantity of straw returning to fields. Finally, returning straw to fields can promote the sustainable development of agriculture.

Combining Ridge with No-Tillage in Lowland Rice-Based Cropping System: Long-Term Effect on Soil and Rice Yield

A tillage method of combining ridge with no-tillage (RNT) was employed in lowland rice-based cropping system to study the long-term effects of RNT on soil profile pattern, soil water stable aggregate distribution, nutrients stratification and yields of rice and post-rice crops. After flooded paddy field (FPF) was practiced with RNT for a long time, soil profile changed from G to A-P-G, and horizon G was shifted to a deeper position in the profile. Also the proportion of macroaggregate (> 2 mm) increased, whereas the proportion of silt and clay (< 0.053 mm) decreased under RNT, indicating a better soil structure that will prevent erosion. RNT helped to control leaching and significantly improved total N, P, K and organic matter in soil. The highest crop yields were found under RNT system every year, and total crop yields were higher under conventional paddy-upland rotation tillage (CR) than under FPF, except in 2003 and 2006 when serious drought occurred. RNT was proven to be a better tillage method for lowland rice-based cropping system.

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Leaching from Rice-Wheat Rotated Agroecosystem in Southern China

The rice-wheat rotation in southern China is characterized by frequent flooding-draining water regime and heavy nitrogen(N)fertilization. There is a substantial lack of studies into the behavior of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON) in the intensively managed agroecosystem. A 3-year in situ field experiment was conducted to determine DON leaching and its seasonal and yearly variations as affected by fertilization, irrigation and precipitation over 6 consecutive rice/wheat seasons. Under the conventional N practice(300kg N ha-1for rice and 200 kg N ha-1for wheat), the seasonal average DON concentrations in leachate(100 cm soil depth) for the three rice and wheat seasons were 0.6–1.1 and 0.1–2.3 mg N L-1, respectively. The cumulative DON leaching was estimated to be1.1–2.3 kg N ha-1for the rice seasons and 0.01–1.3 kg N ha-1for the wheat seasons, with an annual total of 1.1–3.6 kg N ha-1. In the rice seasons, N fertilizer had little effect(P > 0.05) on DON leaching; precipitation and irrigation imported 3.6–9.1 kg N ha-1of DON, which may thus conceal the fertilization effect on DON. In the wheat seasons, N fertilization had a positive effect(P < 0.01)on DON. Nevertheless, this promotive effect was strongly influenced by variable precipitation, which also carried 1.8–2.9 kg N ha-1of DON into fields. Despite a very small proportion to chemical N applied and large variations driven by water regime, DON leaching is necessarily involved in the integrated field N budget in the rice-wheat rotation due to its relatively greater amount compared to other natural ecosystems.

Effect of Atmospheric CO_2 Enrichment on Soil Respiration in Winter Wheat Growing Seasons of a Rice-Wheat Rotation System

Studies on the effect of elevated CO2 on C dynamics in cultivated croplands are critical to a better understanding of the C cycling in response to climate change in agroecosystems. To evaluate the effects of elevated CO2 and different N fertilizer application levels on soil respiration, winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 14） plants were exposed to either ambient CO2 or elevated CO2 （ambient [CO2] ＋ 200 μmol mol-1）, under N fertilizer application levels of 112.5 and 225 kg N ha-1 （as low N and normal N subtreatments, respectively）, for two growing seasons （2006-2007 and 2007-2008） in a rice-winter wheat rotation system typical in China. A split-plot design was adopted. A root exclusion method was used to partition soil respiration （RS） into heterotrophic respiration （RH） and autotrophic respiration （RA）. Atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased seasonal cumulative RS by 11.8% at low N and 5.6% at normal N when averaged over two growing seasons. Elevated CO2 significantly enhanced （P 〈 0.05） RS （12.7%）, mainly due to the increase in RH （caused by decomposition of larger amounts of rice residue under elevated CO2） during a relative dry season in 2007-2008. Higher N supply also enhanced RS under ambient and elevated CO2. In the 2007-2008 season, normal N treatment had a significant positive effect （P 〈 0.01） on seasonal cumulative RS relative to low N treatment when averaged across CO2 levels （16.3%）. A significant increase in RA was mainly responsible for the enhanced RS under higher N supply. The correlation （r2） between RH and soil temperature was stronger （P 〈 0.001） than that between RS and soil temperature when averaged across all treatments in both seasons. Seasonal patterns of RA may be more closely related to the plant phenology than soil temperature. The Q10 （the multiplier to the respiration rate for a 10 ℃ increase in soil temperature） values of RS and RH were not affected by elevated CO2 or higher N supply. These results mainly suggested that the increase in RS at elevated CO2 depended on the input of rice residue, and the increase in RS at higher N supply was due to stimulated root growth and concomitant increase in RA during the wheat growing portion of a rice-winter wheat rotation system.

Effects of Rice-Wheat Rotation and Afforestation on Microbial Biomass Carbon in Coastal Salt-Affected Soils of Eastern China

Rice-wheat rotation and poplar afforestation are two typical land use types in the coastal reclaimed flatlands of eastern China. This study investigated two rice-wheat rotation lands （one reclaimed from 1995 to 2004 and cultivated since 2005, RW1, and the other reclaimed from 1975 to 1995 and cultivated since 1996, RW2） and a poplar woodland （reclaimed from 1995 to 2004 and planted in 2004, PWl） to determine the effects of land use types and years of cultivation on soil microbial biomass and mineralizable carbon （C） in this coastal salt-affected region. The results showed that the soil in PWl remained highly salinized, whereas desalinization was observed in RWl. The total organic C （TOC） in the top soil of PWl and RW1 did not show significant differences, whereas at a soil depth of 20-30 cm, the TOC of RWl was approximately 40%-67% higher than that of PWl. The TOC of 0-30-cm soil in RW2 was approximately 37% higher than that in RW1. Microbial biomass C （MBC） and mineralizable C （MNC） exhibited the trend of RW2 〉 RWl 〉 PWl. Sufficient nutrition with more abundant C substrates resulted in higher MBC and MNC, and soil respiration rates were negatively correlated with C/N in RWl and RW2. Nutrient deficiency and high salinity played key roles in limiting MBC in PWl. These suggested that rice-wheat rotation was more beneficial than poplar afforestation for C accumulation and microbial biomass growth in the coastal salt-affected soils.