麦价稳中走强

由于国家临储小麦价高难以流入市场，导致的区域市场流通粮源偏紧局面并未得到有效缓解。近期在国内小麦市场政策面不出现明显变动的情况下，区域流通粮源偏紧的局面将会持续，在接下来的一段时间内麦价将保持温和上涨的态势。

灾害、收成与麦价:以乾隆时期的山东省为中心

利用《清代粮价资料库》《山东省各地区近500年分季旱涝指数》中乾隆七年(1742)至乾隆五十五年(1790)的小麦价格和灾害数据,以及通过清代档案资料建立的收成分数数据,借助统计学和计量经济学方法,对清代乾隆时期山东省的灾害、收成和麦价之间的关系进行了深入探讨。结果发现:小麦收成只受到翌年春季旱涝状况的显著影响;收成对小麦价格有显著负向影响;灾害可能通过两种路径对小麦价格产生负向影响,一是通过收成间接影响价格,二是直接影响价格。

Evaluation on Wheat Adaptability in Hetao Area,Inner Mongolia

Wheat samples were collected from Hetao Area, Inner Mongolia, and their poisonous, harmful and beneficial elements contents were analyzed. According to the standards for heavy metals in wheat green food, the Hg, Cd, As and Pb contents in the wheat samples collected from Qiantao Area were all below the national standards, indicating that they were green; and the heavy metals contents in the wheat samples collected from Houtao Area were basically in line with the pollutionfree food hygiene standards, indicating that they were not harmful to human body. Harmful elements Cd and Hg were more enriched in the wheat samples from Qiantao Area, but their contents were all lower than the national food standards, indicating that the wheat from Qiantao Area was not harmful to human health. The wheat from Houtao Area was rich in essential trace elements Cu, Zn, Se and K, and long-term consumption was beneficial to human health.

加工成本高企叠加市场需求不旺国内面粉购销呈现“量淡价稳”局面

面粉下游市场需求“量价”不给力叠加小麦采购成本高企,加剧了国内面粉企业的经营压力,面粉企业开工率持续处于低位,5—6月面粉市场购销整体呈现“量淡价稳”格局。2022年主产区新麦产量高、质量好,加之饲企入市收购力度明显下降,预计后期面粉企业面临的小麦采购压力将明显减轻。

The Study of Using Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Rapid Identify Wheat Drought Resistance-Ⅱ

[Objective] The aim was to build an evaluation method rapidly identifying wheat drought tolerance with near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. [Method] In the research, 36 wheat varieties in 2007-2009 were chosen and drought-tolerance degrees of wheat were graded and identified according to Winter-wheat Drought Tol- erance Evaluation Technical Standards （GB/T 21127-2007）, and harvest wheat grains underwent spectrum collection, with a full-spectrum analyzer, to establish a database. [Result] Based on qualitative analysis and full-spectrum correlation research, the coef- ficient of determination （RSQ） and cross-validation coefficient of determination （1-VR） were concluded at 0.697 5 and 0.600 2, showing near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is of significant differences among wheat varieties and of significant or extremely significant correlation with drought-tolerance indices. [Conclusion] The re- search indicates that to evaluate drought-tolerance of wheat with near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a rapid and feasible way, which is simple, convenient without damages on grains, and of practical values for construction wheat drought-tol- erance evaluation index system and identification of breeding materials.

Characteristics and Research Status quo of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

The research reviewed biological characters and nutritional value of Chenopodium quinoa and concluded status quo of domestic cultivation and problems at promotion, as wel as application prospect in order to provide references for re-search and development of Chenopodium quinoa.

Evaluation of Fungicides for Controlling Stem Rust Race Ug99 on Bread Wheat

Stem rust race Ug99, also designated TTKSK （Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici） cause stem or black rust, which is a serious disease of wheat worldwide. Field experiments were conducted at two sites during 2008 and 2009 growing seasons to evaluate the effectiveness of two new foliar fungicides： viz. Nativo 300 SC （trifloxystrobin 100 g L^-1 ＋ tebuconazole 200 g L^-1） and Prosaro 250 EC （prothioconazole 125 g L^-1 ＋ tebuconazole 125 g L^-1）, in controlling stem rust on susceptible wheat cultivar Duma. AmistarXtra 280 SC （azoxystrobin 200 g L^-1 ＋ cyproconazole 80 g L^-1） and Folicur 250 EC （tebuconazole） were used as checks. The treatment at each site and year included non-treated control and two spray applications of the fungicides at growth stages （GS） 55 （heading） and 65 （flowering）. Stem rust severities were scored using the modified Cobb scale at 14-day intervals after application. The data were used to calculate mean rust severity （MRS）. Stem rust epidemics were severe at KARI-Njoro in 2008 and the treatment effects on stem rust severities, grain yield and 1,000 kernel weights were significant at both KARI-Njoro and Mau-Narok sites. The fungicide treatments, significantly （P _〈 0.05） reduced stem rust severity, increased grain yield and 1,000 kernel weight of the susceptible wheat cultivar Duma compared to the non-treated control. Both fungicides： Nativo 300 SC and Prosaro 250 EC applied at the rate of 1.0 L hat were recommended for commercial use.

Evaluation of Soil pHs in 30 Districts of AI-Madinah AI-Munawarah Province, KSA

The pH values of soils collected from 30 different districts of Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah province were measured using an Electric pH meter. The pH values revealed （27%） a slight to （60%） medium alkalinity ranged between： 7.17-9.45 （pH 8.13 ± 0.13） The alkalinity is attributed to scanty rainfall and deep underground waters as well as deposition of high air pollution contents at Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. Such soil alkalinity is not optimum to growth of arable/lea-grassland but only for limited cultivation i.e. date palms in comparison with Northwestern and Southwestern sectors of KSA. It is recommended to carry out similar soil evaluation of other parts of KSA involving more measurements i.e. ionic concentration, nutrient levels, micro-flora and to laundry these lands to lower soil＇spHs and to increase its fertility.

Wheat straw pretreatment with KOH for enhancing biomethane production and fertilizer value in anaerobic digestion

Wheat straw biodegradability during anaerobic digestion was improved by treatment with potassium hydroxide （KOH） to decrease digestion time and enhance biomethane production and fertility value. KOH concentrations of 1% （KI）, 3% （[（2）, 6% （K3） and 9% （l（4） were tested for wheat straw pretreatment at ambient temperature with a C：N ratio of 25：1.86% of total solids （TS）, 89% of volatile solids （VS） and 22% of lignocellulose, cellulose and hemi- cellulose （LCH） （22%） were decomposed effectively with the wheat straw pretreated by 6% KOH. Enhanced bio- gas production and cumulative biomethane yield of 258 ml. （g VS）-1 were obtained increased by 45% and 41% respectively, compared with untreated wheat straw. Pretreated wheat straw digestion also yielded a digestate with higher fertilizer values potassium （l 38%）, calcium （22%） and magnesium （16%）. These results show that TS, VS and LCH can be effectively removed from wheat straw pretreated with KOH, improving biodegradability biomethane production and fertilizer value.

Assessment of Climate Change Variability Impacts on Wheat and Barley Production in Palestine

The study aimed at addressing climate variability impacts on wheat and barley production in Palestine. A combination of literature survey and multiple semi-structured interviews with officials from the Palestinian governmental agriculture related agencies and active non-governmental organizations （NGOs） used for gathering information on wheat and barley production in Palestine. The gathered data along with information and subsequent results prevailed that the West Bank since the 1970s has experienced a significant decrease in winter rainfall. Across 15 sites, growing season rainfall （September to May） decreased by an average of 11% and the sum of rainfall in September and October decreased by 45%. Despite the large decline in rainfall, yields based on the actual weather data did not fall. These results were due to the rainfall changes mainly occurring in September and October, a period when rainfall often is less than crop demand. The study arrived at conclusion based on the study results that climate change variabilities have differential impacts on the yield growth of wheat and barley. However, both rainfed dependent crops are adversely affected by the current climate trends. The yields of barley and wheat are decreasing due to increased temperature and decreased precipitation.

Narrative Judgments and Its Ethical Implication in Ian McEwan＇s The Child in Time

As a newly developed theory, narrative ethics has its reasonability and advantages in that it can not only analyze either the contents or the forms of the texts, but also make an analysis of the combination of both contents and forms. This article, supported by James Phelan＇s rhetorical narrative theory as the theoretical base, attempts to explore and interpret narrative judgments and its implied ethics existing in The Child in Time by Ian McEwan so as to observe the hidden aesthetic orientation, the value judgments and the ethical intentions of the text and help to reveal the author＇s views of narrative ethics and aesthetics of the novel.

Sensory Evaluation of Winter Cereal Silage

Silage is aimed at conservation of green fodder, with minimal losses and that this kind of food, does not occur formation of toxic compounds for animals. Practical aspects become important when control ＂in loco＂, reflects management practiced in the property. There are different sensory evaluation techniques. The objective of this work was to study the applicability of the German system, now used in sensory evaluation of winter cereals （wheat silage and haylage oats）. For quantitative analysis of silage （pH） that was used potentiometer. In determining the qualitative analysis was used German method adapted. Relating them to sensory characteristics such as smell, texture and color of the fodder saved by assigning a score to each sensory： a ＂key＂ predetermined quality identification. For multiple comparisons for film types tested in oat silages BRS Centauro, the results show that the qualitative sensory attributes evaluated by rating corresponded to the quantitative attributes （pH） evaluated, with no difference. For multiple comparisons in the silages, for all test loads in both wheat genotypes results showed no difference between the qualitative evaluation （sensory） and quantitative.

Producing Arabic Bread Enriched with Minerals and Protein

This research aims to produce Arabic bread enriched with iron, zinc, copper, magnesium and protein by the addition of ingredients such as parsley powder, oats, grape seeds, soybean meal, wheat germ, and milk powder. In this study, for enriched bread samples sensory evaluation, chemical and mineral composition determination and microbiological tests were carried out. The sensory evaluation of breads showed that both mixtures, which were enriched with grape seeds, oats, and wheat germs, have excellent quality. The chemical tests showed that the enriched breads have high fat, ash, fiber, and protein when compared with normal Arabic bread. It was noticed that the consumption of three enriched Arabic bread loaves gives us about 78.9% from our daily need of zinc, whereas the unenriched bread gives us only 48.8%, about 82.2% from our daily needs of copper, whereas the normal bread gives us only 58.8%, and 93.9% from our daily need of iron, whereas the normal bread gives us only 71.2%.

Production and Quality Evaluation of Pringles from Composite Flour of Cocoyam and Wheat Flour

Work assessed ＂Pringles＂ as an imitate snack produced from composite flour of cocoyam and wheat. This was carried out in order to exploit the nutritional and aesthetic value of cocoyam （Colocasia escullenta Vat.） to improve the overall quality of the Pringles as against its production from potato and wheat composite flour. Composite flour （100%：0%, 90%：10%, 80%：20%, 70%：30%, 60%：40% and 50%：50%） of cocoyam and wheat respectively as the major raw materials were adopted and used for the production of the Pringles. Physicochemical analysis （pH, water absorption capacity （WAC）, bulk density （BD） and swelling capacity （SC））; proximate analysis （protein, fats, ash, moisture and carbohydrate content） and sensory evaluation （colour, texture, taste and overall acceptability） were carried out on the samples produced using standard methods. Physicochemical analysis showed the pH of 5.48 to 6.61, WAC （12.00 to 17.50）, BD （1.43 to 1.56） and SW （1.03 to 1.38）. However, sample with 10% cocoyam and 90% wheat composite flour gave the best physicochemical properties of pH （5.98）, WAC （14.00）, BD （1.56） and SC （1.38）. The proximate analysis showed that carbohydrate content ranging between 53.36 to 61.12, and protein content （8.17 to 12.29）, fat content （16.67 to 23.97）, ash content （3.49 to 45.53）, fiber content （1.71 to 2.83） and moisture content （8.76 to 14.54）. Sample B equally gave the nutrient proximate combination of appreciable percentage on the average. The result of the sensory evaluation showed that there is no significant difference between the samples produced in terms of aroma. There is a significant different between samples A, B and the remaining samples in terms of colour and taste. On the overall acceptability, samples A, C and D showed no significant difference but the highest mean score was found with sample B. Conclusively, acceptable snack （Pringles） can be produced from cocoyam and wheat in ratio 90%： 10%, respectively.

Nutritional Profile of Untraditional Colored Wheat Grains and Their Bread Making Utilisation

The aim of this work was to focus on development of the new health benefit food product, bread made from colored wheat flour with a high content of proteins, fibre, β-glucans, phenols, flavonoids. The amount of protein ranged from 9% to 14% in our analyzed set. The highest value had yellow variety of wheat BONA DEA （14%）, at least had red grain of variety FEDERER （9.02%）. Average content of fl-glucans determined by enzymatically ranged from 0.25% （BONA VITA） to 0.67% （ABISSINSKAJA and LUTEUS）. The largest amount of phenolic compounds （134 mg GAE/L） and flavonoids （2.80 mg RE/L） contained sample RU440-6, the lowest sample was IS CORVINUS （87 mg GAE/L）. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in blue varieties of wheat 48M （0.269 mmol TE/L）, while the lowest was determined in a sample of purple ANK 28A （0.083 mmol TE/L）. Data show that there is potential to use purple, blue and red variety of wheat as novel ingredient resources for the development of new innovative products. Assessment of the results we selected two varieties of color wheat （KONINI, RU440-6） in bakery attempt to meet demand for nutritional quality and also have an increased content of healthy components. Overall the most pleasant taste, color and flexibility bread crumb had a loaf of bread prepared from a purple variety KONINI without the addition of β-glucans.

Evaluation of Emmer Wheat Genetic Resources Aimed at Dietary Food Production

Emmer wheat cultivated by organic farmers is used as a component of some bio （organic） food products. Its positive influence on consumer health is caused by grain composition. With the aim of selecting varieties or landraces for their possible further use we tested selected emmer wheat accessions maintained in the Czech Gene Bank. In the set of 8 emmer wheat accessions, the main grain components, bread making characteristics and contents of health supporting chemical substances such as total dietary fibre content and its components, content of total polyphenols plus catechin and ferulic acid contents, vitamins of the B group and E plus total content of carotenoids were evaluated by standard methods. Tests of bread making quality confirmed a very well known fact that emmer wheat grain is much more suitable for other purposes as whole grain mixtures, cereal pure, etc. than for bread preparation. The results indicate the possibilities to select emmer wheat genotypes differing in grain composition and containing compounds with positive effects on human health. Among the tested emmer wheat accessions the Rudico variety had a complex of positive characteristics such as content of total dietary fibre, total polyphenol content with prevailing catechin and the highest amount of B group vitamins such as B 1, B2, niacin, pantothenic acid and B6.

Impact of Wheat Price Changes on Farmers’Willingness to Participate in Fallow

After operating for four years,the fallow project in the groundwater funnel area of the North China Plain has produced an initial water-saving effect.However,groundwater funnel remediation is a long-term process,and grain price changes over time may affect farmers’willingness to participate in fallow.Based on the estimation by the Cobb-Douglas production function,the relationship between farmers’satisfaction with fallow compensation and planting income is analyzed based on survey data collected from farming households in Hebei,a typical province located in the groundwater funnel area.Using this data,the impact of wheat price changes on farmers’willingness to participate in fallow is simulated.The results indicate wheat price changes affect farmers’expected planting income and consequently their willingness to fallow;88%of farmers would be unwilling to participate in fallow with a 0.1 yuan per 500 g increase in the wheat price,whereas 71.4%of farmers would be willing to participate in fallow with a 0.2 yuan per 500 g decrease in the price.Finally,some policy implications are proposed,such as the recommendation that the fallow compensation should be adjusted according to the wheat price multiplied by the average wheat yield of the three years before fallow in the North China Plain.