麦海

夏意渐浓，麦子把田野装点成绿色的海洋，四处都弥漫着清新的麦香。微风掠过，一畦畦麦子仿佛盛装的芭蕾舞者，摇曳着身姿，舞动起那深深浅浅的绿色裙摆；又似一列列身穿迷彩服的士兵，意气风发。无风的时候，它们严阵以待，随时准备应战。风吹来，

Effects of Seaweed Bio-organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of seaweed bio-or- ganic fertilizer on yield and quality of winter wheat. [Method] Seaweed bio-organic fertilizer was applied to leaves of winter wheat according to the dose of 45 kg/hm^2 from jointing stage to maturing stage, and plant height, dry matter accumulation, flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat were investigated. [Result] Foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer showed little effect on plant height of winter wheat, thickened stems, promoted dry matter accumulation, in- creased flag leaf photosynthetic rate by 3.16%, and increased yield of winter wheat by 6.85%. [Conclusion] Foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer promoted the intelligent growth, thickened the stems, improved the lodging resistance, significantly increased the panicle weight per plant, and increased the bulk density of winter wheat, as well as improving the physical quality of wheat grain. In addition, foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll and mitigated the decomposition of chlorophyll in winter wheat. Under the background of fertilizer-pesticide double reduction, the test results and data of this study can be promoted in the wheat-growing areas of Shandong Province and even whole China.

Review of Global Ocean Intermediate Water Masses: 1.Part A, the Neutral Density Surface (the ‘McDougall Surface’) as a Study Frame for Water-Mass Analysis

This review article commences with a comprehensive historical review of the evolution and application of various density surfaces in atmospheric and oceanic studies. The background provides a basis for the birth of the neutral density idea. Attention is paid to the development of the neutral density surface concept from the nonlinearity of the equation of state of seawater. The definition and properties of neutral density surface are described in detail as developed from the equations of state of seawater and the buoyancy frequency when the squared buoyancy frequency N2 is zero, a neutral state of stability. In order to apply the neutral density surface to intermediate water-mass analysis, this review also describes in detail its practical oceanographic application. The mapping technique is focused for the first time on applying regularly gridded data in this review. It is reviewed how a backbone and ribs framework was designed to flesh out from a reference cast and first mapped the global neutral surfaces in the world’s oceans. Several mapped neutral density surfaces are presented as examples for each world ocean. The water-mass property is analyzed in each ocean at mid-depth. The characteristics of neutral density surfaces are compared with those of potential density surfaces.

Introduction and Selection of Salt-tolerant Wheat in Yellow River Delta

[Objective] This study was to screen a salt-tolerant wheat variety in Dongying, a city in the center of the Yellow River Delta with a large area of coastal saline soil. [Method] Total 9 salt-tolerant, stress-resistant and high-yielding wheat varieties （lines） were introduced, and they were cultivated in the saline soil with total salt content of 3-4 g/kg with Dekang 961 as the control. [Result] The yields of Jinan 18, Yanjian 14 and Shanrong 3 were all significantly higher than that of Dekang 961 （P〈0.05）. These three varieties （lines） all ripen before June 13 with moderate growth period that does not affect the seeding of next-season crop. [Conclusion] Jinan 18, Yanjian 14 and Shanrong 3 are suitable for planting in light and median saline soil in the Yellow River Delta.

Fate of Fertilizer Nitrogen Applied to Crops Grown on Fluvo-Aquic Soil in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

The fate of urea-and ammonium bicarbonate (ABC)-nitrogen (N) applied by prevailing traditional techniques to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or maize (Zea mays L.) grown in the fields of Fluvo-aquic soil was investigated using 15N tracer-micro-plot technique. Results show that:(1) at maturity of wheat, N recovery in plants and N losses of urea and ABC applied at seeding in autumn were 31-39%, and 34-46%, respectively, while the corresponding figures for side-banding at 10 cm depth in early spring were 51-57%, and 5-12%; surface-broadcast of urea followed by irrigation at early spring was as efficient as the side-banding in improving N recovery in plants and reducing N loss, however, such technique was found less satisfactory with ABC. (2) At the maturity of maize, N recovery in the plants and N loss of urea and ABC sidebanded at seedling stage or prior to tasseling ranged from 23% to 57%, and 9% to 26%, respectively. (3) Either in Wheat or in maize experiment, the majority of residual fertilizer N in soil profile (0-60 cm) was in the form of biologically immobilized organic N, however, the contribution of ammonium fixation by clay minerals increased markedly with depth in soil profile. (4) Though the proportion of residual fertilizer N was generally highest in the top 20 cm soil layer, considerable reaidual N (mostly 6-11 % of the N applied) was found in 60-100 cm soil layers.

Tree Population Dynamics of Three Altitudinal Vegetation Communities on Mount Cameroon(1989-2004)

Changes in permanent sample plots in the lowland,submontane and montane forests on Mount Cameroon(4,095 m above sea level),an active volcano,are described for 15 years from 1989 to 2004.Throughout the study period,the stocking level of trees with a diameter at breast height(DBH) ≥ 10 cm in the three forests were lower than in pan-tropical stands suggesting a significant impact of volcanic and human-related activities on the vegetation communities on the mountain.Annual mortality rates in the submontane and montane forests were consistent with those reported for comparable altitudinal ranges in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica.The annual mortality rate was higher in the lowland forest than other lowland sites included.Divergence between recruitment and mortality rates was large suggesting that the three vegetation communities have not reached their climax.The seven-year difference in half-life of large trees(with a DBH ≥ 50 cm) in the submontane and montane forests suggests an altitudinal effect on turnover of larger trees that in turn contributes to the frequent small stature of high altitude forests.There was little evidence of an altitudinal effect on species turnover and growth rate.This finding supports generalizations about the zero effect of growth on the stature of high altitude trees.Understanding forest dynamics is crucially important in the management of tropical montane environmentsand in this instance particularly so given the recent creation of the Mount Cameroon National Park.

镰刀

镰刀是我们乡下最常见,构造最简单的农具。家家户户窗户上总会宝贝似的挂着三两把。每年农历五月来临,田里的麦海已经泛黄,向远处望去,麦田在风里翻起了金黄的波浪,铺展到天边。这时候,每家每户的老人,都在自家的小院里,蹲下身子,在磨刀石上,神态庄严地磨着镰刀。磨着希望,磨着美好,磨着对未来的期盼……我家每年都是爷爷磨镰刀。天刚刚亮,爷爷洗漱完毕.

Variations of calcareous nannofossils of cobalt-rich crusts and geological records at the Eocene-OIigocene transition in western Pacific seamounts

Two records of the crust laminae from the Marcus-Wake Seamounts and the Magellan Seamount were biostratigraphically studied. Based on biological imprints of the calcareous nannofossils, the geological ages of the two records were determined, with CM1D03 from the Marcus-Wake Seamounts being of late Paleocene to Pleistocene and CM3D06 from the Magellan Seamount of Late Cretaceous （more than 70.0 Ma）. There are the obvious temporal-spatial differences in the initial formation period and enrichment characteristics of the cobalt-rich crusts of the two seamount chains and differences in the combination and distribution of microfossils in the inner crust layers between the seamounts. These differences are due to the adaptabilities of oceanic species in different environments. Ecological research was carried out in terms of population size of the calcareous nannofossi｜s preserved in the crustal layers to discern the relation of the geological events at the Eocene-Oligocene （E/O） tran- sition. The results show the transitions and recombination of species in the biotic community during the E/O transition obvi- ously corresponded to 25 mm depth in the CM1D03 crust and 58 mm depth in the CM3D06 crust. The changes in biological species and the formation of particular ecological structures indicate the adaptive response of the paleo-biological community in the western Pacific Ocean to the global cold-climate events and the close correlation between the formation of the crust and the global climate change.

Alzheimer's disease treated with combined therapy based on nourishing marrow and reinforcing Qi

OBJECTIVE:To study the efficacy and safety of combined Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) therapy based on nourishing marrow to improve intellect and reinforcing Qi to activate bloodon mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease(AD).METHODS:Sixty-six patients with AD,whoseMini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) score were from 10-24,were randomized equally into an intervention group and a control group.The control group was given Aricept(5 mg,once daily).The intervention group was further divided into Yang-Qi deficiency(n = 18) and of Yin-Qi deficiency(n = 15)subgroups.Patients in the Yang-Qi deficiency group were intravenously administered Shenfu injection,60 mL,and deproteinized calf blood injection(DCBl),1.2 g,once daily.The Yin-Qi deficiency group was given Shenmai injection,60 mL,and DCBl,1.2 g,once daily.Each course lasted 21 days.RESULTS:Compared with the control group and with pre-treatment in the same group,MMSE,clinical dementia rating,and activities of daily living scale scores in the intervention group were significantly improved(all P<0.05).These metrics mildly improved in the control group compared with before treatment(P>0.05).No adverse effects were observed in any group during treatment.CONCLUSION:We found that combined TCM therapy is effective and safe for managing mild to moderate AD.

Effects of Rice-Wheat Rotation and Afforestation on Microbial Biomass Carbon in Coastal Salt-Affected Soils of Eastern China

Rice-wheat rotation and poplar afforestation are two typical land use types in the coastal reclaimed flatlands of eastern China. This study investigated two rice-wheat rotation lands （one reclaimed from 1995 to 2004 and cultivated since 2005, RW1, and the other reclaimed from 1975 to 1995 and cultivated since 1996, RW2） and a poplar woodland （reclaimed from 1995 to 2004 and planted in 2004, PWl） to determine the effects of land use types and years of cultivation on soil microbial biomass and mineralizable carbon （C） in this coastal salt-affected region. The results showed that the soil in PWl remained highly salinized, whereas desalinization was observed in RWl. The total organic C （TOC） in the top soil of PWl and RW1 did not show significant differences, whereas at a soil depth of 20-30 cm, the TOC of RWl was approximately 40%-67% higher than that of PWl. The TOC of 0-30-cm soil in RW2 was approximately 37% higher than that in RW1. Microbial biomass C （MBC） and mineralizable C （MNC） exhibited the trend of RW2 〉 RWl 〉 PWl. Sufficient nutrition with more abundant C substrates resulted in higher MBC and MNC, and soil respiration rates were negatively correlated with C/N in RWl and RW2. Nutrient deficiency and high salinity played key roles in limiting MBC in PWl. These suggested that rice-wheat rotation was more beneficial than poplar afforestation for C accumulation and microbial biomass growth in the coastal salt-affected soils.

Grain-sized moxibustion inhibits the progression of Alzheimer disease in 5XFAD transgenic mice

Objective To investigate whether grain-sized moxibustion at Xinshu(BL15)and Shenshu(BL23)can alleviate cognitive decline and other pathologic features in early-stage Alzheimer disease(AD)using transgenic mice with 5 familial AD mutations(5XFAD).Methods The genotype of transgenic mice was detected by polymerase chain reaction.A total of 40 transgenic mice(1.5 months old)were randomly and equally allocated to an AD model group(5XFAD group)or a grain-sized moxibustion group(5XFAD+GM group),with 20 wild-type(WT)mice(C57BL/6J)serving as the normal control group(WT group).Mice in the 5XFAD+GM group were treated by grain-sized moxibustion at bilateral Xinshu(BL15)and Shenshu(BL23).Mice in the WT group and 5XFAD group received no treatment but were restrained to ensure exposure to a similar experimental condition.Cognitive function and memory were assessed with the Morris water maze and Y-maze tests.The amyloidβ40(Aβ40)and amyloidβ42(Aβ42)levels in the brain were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;amyloid plaque deposition in brain tissue sections was detected by thioflavin-S staining;the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP),cluster of differentiation 11b(CD11b),brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),and choline acetyltransferase(ChAT)in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.Results In the Morris water maze test,compared with the 5XFAD group,mice in the 5XFAD+GM group had a shorter escape latency and more target area crossings and spent more time in the target quadrant(P<0.05).In the Y-maze test,compared with the 5XFAD group,the number of training times of the 5XFAD+GM group was significantly decreased(P<0.05),together with more correct responses(P<0.05).Compared with the 5XFAD group,the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the brain tissue of the 5XFAD+GM group were significantly lower(P<0.05);in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex,the total number of amyloidβplaque deposition were significantly lower(P<0.05);the expression levels of GFAP and CD11b were significantly reduced(P<0.05);and the expression levels of ChAT and BDNF were significantly increased(P<0.05).Conclusion Grain-sized moxibustion at Xinshu(BL15)and Shenshu(BL23)greatly improves learning and memory functions,decreases the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42,inhibits amyloidβplaque deposition,decreases the expression of GFAP and CD11b,and increases the expression of ChAT and BDNF in AD mice to inhibit the progression of AD.