污染稻、麦籽实中Cd、Cu、Pb的分布及其存在形态初探

采用组织化学及溶剂提取法研究了污染水稻、小麦籽实中Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ的分布及存在形态．结果表明，３种金属元素在水稻、小麦籽实各形态结构中的浓度具有明显不均一性，胚中浓度显著高于胚乳，颖壳，皮层中浓度也较高；糙米、麦粒中的Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ在去离子水、０.１ｍｏｌ ＥＤＴＡ、１％醋酸、２、５％ ＮａＣｌ、０．２％ＮａＯＨ、７０％乙醇中的溶出比例有显著差异；综合２项试验结果可以看出Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ在籽实中主要与谷物成分结合形成配合物，其优势形态是蛋白质结合态．

不同产地藜麦籽氨基酸组成及其营养价值评价

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定青海、云南、秘鲁、河北、玻利维亚等地产的15种藜麦籽的氨基酸组成,并对其氨基酸营养价值进行评价。结果表明:不同产地藜麦籽的总氨基酸含量为9.81%~12.68%,EAA/TAA的范围为34.5%~36.0%,EAA/NEAA范围为52.0%~56.0%,其中沽源县白色藜麦籽(Q13)EAA/TAA为36.0%,EAA/NEAA为56.0%,品质最佳,可作为藜麦籽蛋白产品开发与利用的理想资源。藜麦籽氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)均值为88.9,含硫氨基酸(甲硫氨酸、半胱氨酸)的氨基酸比值系数(RC)最小,为第一限制性氨基酸,与甲硫氨酸和胱氨酸含量较高的食品一起食用,可以提高食用价值。

北京市通州区成为华北地区最大规模优质麦籽种生产基地

目前北京市通州区已成为华北地区优质麦籽种生产基地，主要表现在。

Utilization of Barley Functional Foods for Preventing Chronic Diseases in China

Chronic diseases are the leading global causes of death in China and the world, especially hypertension ＇and diabetes, and the main reasons are heredity, abnormal metabolism and an unhealthy lifestyle for dietary. Barley is taditional medicine in China. There is an very important effect for functional foods for preventing chronic diseases of barley grains and barley grass powder as well as its products because of its high contents of minerals, vitamins, amino acids, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll and bioactive compounds such as β-glucans, phenolic compounds, GABA, alkaloid, tocopherols and tocotrienols, dietary fiber and so on. There are a lot of challenges to promote health for functional food with barley grains and its grass in China. Barley grain will produce pearled barley, grits, flakes and flour, and it adds texture, flavor, aroma, nutritional and medicinal value to product. Barley grass powder can be produced in barley green, barley grass rice noodle, barley grass ersi, barley grass noodles and barley green beer and other new functional foods. The future for barley use in food products is improving and very promising.

Effects of Sulfur Fertilizer Application Methods on Grain Protein Content During Filling Stage of Winter Wheat

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat. [ Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer application methods on dynamic changes of grain protein content and glutenin content of Yumai 49 and Yumai 66 during wheat grain filling stage were studied under the field conditions. [Result] Both the grain protein and glutenin content of two cultivars were increased by sulfur fertilizer, particularly, the effects on Yumai 49 were more significant.[ Conclusion] The grain content and glutenin content of different wheat cultivars could be increased by taking different sulfur fertilizer application methods.

Analysis on Interaction between Genotype of Four Main Flavonoids of Barley Grain and Environment

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the interaction between genotype of flavonoids of barley grain and environment, to increase the flavonoid content of barley grain in cultivation and breeding. [Method] In this study, the content of cate- chin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol of barley grain planted in Kunming, Qujing and Baoshan were determined by HPLC, and the genotype, environment, genotype- environment interaction of the flavonoid content of barley grain were analyzed. [Result] According to the experimental results, the genotype variance, environmental variance and G x E interaction variance of catechin and kaempferol contents show the same trend： genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation, which all reach a extremely significant level; the genotype variance, envi- ronmental variance and G × E interaction variance of quercetin and total flavonoid contents show the same trend： genetype variation 〉 G × E interaction variation 〉 environmental variation, which all reach a extremely significant level; the genotype variance and environmental variance of myricetin content both reach a extremely sig- nificant level, while the G × E interaction variance reaches a significant level, showing an order of genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation; the genotype variance, environmental variance and G x E interaction vari- ance of total flavonoid content show an order of genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation. Among different barley varieties, Ziguang- mangluoerling and Kuanyingdamai in Qujing, Kunming and Baoshan have relatively high content of quercetin, while other barley varieties barely contain any quercetin. The grains of Ziguangmangluoerling and Kuanyingdamai are purple, while the grains of other barley varieties are yellow. [Conclusion] Four main flavonoids and the total flavonoids of barley grain are mainly under genetic control and affected by genetic- environment interactions; the purple barley grains contain high content of quercetin.

Effects of Irrigation on Nitrogen Metabolism and Yield of Strong Gluten Wheat

[Objective] The aim was to provide reference for the field irrigation management of high yield and quality cultivation of strong gluten wheat.[Method]Under field conditions,the effects of irrigation times on nitrogen metabolism and yield of strong gluten wheat cultivar zhengmai 9023 were studied.[Result]The results indicated that NR activity,Chlorophyll and nitrogen content in flag leaf increased with irrigation times,and the irrigation treatment had obvious advantages during middle filling stage.Grain protein content showed ＂V＂ type change with grain filling going on,and protein content decreased when irrigation times going on.There was significant difference among treatments during early stage of grain filling,and the difference became smaller in the late grain filling stage.The grain yield and protein yield increased but the protein content decreased with increasing of irrigation times.[Conclusion] Increasing irrigation times properly could improve grain yield and protein yield per unit area,but reduce the grain protein content.

Studies on the Super-high-yield Cultivation Techniques for Oats in Tibet

[Objective] The aim was to explore the optimal levels of different factors influencing oat yield in Lhasa, Tibet. [Method] Orthogonal test was conducted to analyze oat cultivation technology in Tibet. [Result] Qingyin No.2 and Baiyan No. 8 were proved the optimal species to be grown in Lhasa with optimal sowing quantity at 150-180 kg/hm2. Sowing term is an extremely significant factor affecting growing season, and species and N fertilizer are significant factors. Al factors have none significant effects on hay yield. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical refer-ences and technological supports for large-scale planting.

Preliminary Studies on Inheritance of Seed Color in Black Wheat

[Objective]The aim was to study the inheritance property of the color of seed in black wheat.[Method]Segregation for seed coat colors was studied in F1,F2 and F3 population from eight crosses of four black-seed wheat cultivars（Heixiaomai76,Heixiaomai18,96-45 and S-1）with four white-seed wheat cultivars（9-231,Ningchun16,Ningchun17 and Xinchun22）.[Result]The results showed that the color of Heixiaomai 76 maternal genetic traits is controlled by two incompletely dominant genes,the segregation in F3 populations fits 9（dark）∶7（white）ratio.Color of S-1,96-45,and Heixiaomai 18 is controlled by two Independent and complementary genetic genes,the segregation for black kernel color in F2 populations fits 9（dark）∶7（white）ratio.[Conclusion]Different kinds of new species can be breed through the hybrid of black wheat and white wheat varieties.

DNA Extraction from Half-grain Wheat Seeds without Using Chloroform

In order to overcome the problems that DNA extraction from wheat leaves for PCR is restricted by seasons and chloroform is difficult to be acquired, a method of DNA extraction from wheat seeds without using chloroform was estab- lished in this study. The DNA extracted from wheat leaves and seeds using chloro- form was used as control, the quality of DNA extracted from wheat seeds without using chloroform was examined by muiti-PCR. The results showed that the concen- tration of DNA extracted from wheat seeds by chloroform-free method was lower than those extracted from wheat leaves and seeds using chloroform. The amplifica- tion effect of DNA extracted from wheat seeds by chloroform-free method was also a little worse than those extracted from wheat leaves and seeds using chloroform, but this problem can be addressed though loading higher quantity of DNA sample or adopting polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. Therefore, the chloroform-free DNA extraction method can be used when there are no special requirements for DNA quality or chloroform cannot be acquired timely.

The Study of the Anatomical Features of Wheat Grains in the Species T. dicoccum Schuebl,, Sort Mironovskaya-808 and AIIoplasmatic Lines （Their Interspecific Hybrids F9）

In cross sections by microscopic studies have examined the features of the shell thickness grains, cells, aleuronic layer and endosperm in the species T. dicoccum Schuebl., sorts Mironovskaya-808 and their interspecific hybrids F9 （alloplasmatic lines）. The result of studies showed the specific and varietal differences, and differences in hybrid plants on linear parameters size grains, the degree of specificity of the shells grains of wheat and identified species and varietal differences as well as differences among hybrids in the linear dimensions of the cells of the aleuronic layer. It is shown that among the studied forms of wheat allocated species T. dicoccum Shuebl. and the lines D-N-05, D-F-05 and D-40-05-KhNA with relatively large grains, a well-developed endosperm, most of thin shells and large grain aleurone layer cells. They are of most interest for further breeding research in terms of nutritional value.

Nutritional Profile of Untraditional Colored Wheat Grains and Their Bread Making Utilisation

The aim of this work was to focus on development of the new health benefit food product, bread made from colored wheat flour with a high content of proteins, fibre, β-glucans, phenols, flavonoids. The amount of protein ranged from 9% to 14% in our analyzed set. The highest value had yellow variety of wheat BONA DEA （14%）, at least had red grain of variety FEDERER （9.02%）. Average content of fl-glucans determined by enzymatically ranged from 0.25% （BONA VITA） to 0.67% （ABISSINSKAJA and LUTEUS）. The largest amount of phenolic compounds （134 mg GAE/L） and flavonoids （2.80 mg RE/L） contained sample RU440-6, the lowest sample was IS CORVINUS （87 mg GAE/L）. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in blue varieties of wheat 48M （0.269 mmol TE/L）, while the lowest was determined in a sample of purple ANK 28A （0.083 mmol TE/L）. Data show that there is potential to use purple, blue and red variety of wheat as novel ingredient resources for the development of new innovative products. Assessment of the results we selected two varieties of color wheat （KONINI, RU440-6） in bakery attempt to meet demand for nutritional quality and also have an increased content of healthy components. Overall the most pleasant taste, color and flexibility bread crumb had a loaf of bread prepared from a purple variety KONINI without the addition of β-glucans.

Effects of Intercropping Systems of Castor Bean, Maize and Common Bean on Their Growth and Seed Yield in the Soudano Guinea Zone of Cameroon

Field trial was carried out in the Soudano-Guinean zone of Cameroon to investigate the effect of intercropping systems of castor bean with common bean and maize on their growth and yield. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used and five treatments： castor bean in monoculture or in association with common beans or maize, common bean in monoculture and in association with castor bean, maize in monoculture and in association with castor bean. The growth parameters and seed yield were evaluated. Castor beans associated with either maize or common bean grew faster compared to the monoculture system. In addition common bean exhibited fast growth and high seed yield when associated to castor bean, while, no significant difference was observed for maize. In conclusion, the culture of castor bean in association with common bean or maize is advantageous for the peasants in the Adamawa Cameroon region.

Effect of Copper, Zinc and Boron on Green Leaf Retention and Grain Yield of Winter and Spring Cereals

Crop nutrition has a significant effect on disease incidence, resistance or tolerance of various crops. There is currently a lack of reliable recent UK-based research about the effect of copper, zinc and boron on disease incidence, green leaf area （GLA）, green leaf retention （GLR） and grain yield of winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley. Data analysis showed that these trace elements had positive effects on GLR. These positive effects may have been due to the role of copper, zinc and boron in the production of defence related compounds （phenolics and lignin）, which may have reduced the disease incidence resulting in prolonged GLR. Grain yield was significantly enhanced by the application of these trace elements on the crop grown on high pH calcareous soil, which can be partly attributed to enhanced GLR. Also trace elements have a positive role in reproductive growth, flowering and male fertility. On average, zinc was found to be the most consistent trace element in terms of enhancing GLR and grain yield. Across all trials, it was noted that for every 10% increase in GLA from trace elements, grain yields increased by 4.2% in 2012-2013, by 4.4% in 2013-2014 in winter wheat and by 3.9% in spring wheat in 2014. These are remarkably consistent and indicate that increasing GLA by 10% by early dough stage was associated with a yield improvement of about 4%. These trace elements also had a positive effect on grain protein content （GPC）. This research concluded that the trace elements had positive effects in enhancing GLA and yield. It can be speculated that with the use of these trace elements, there may be more scope for using less robust or reduced rates of fungicides to control foliar diseases, which may help to maximize farm profits.

Effects of Waterlogging in Different Growth Stages on the Photosynthesis,Growth,Yield,and Protein Content of Three Wheat Cultivars in Jianghan Plain

To maintain high wheat grain yield in areas where frequent and periodic waterlogging occurs,the effects of waterlogging on the photosynthesis,growth,yield,and protein content of three wheat cultivars,namely Xiangmai55(X55),Jingmai102(J102),and Zhengmai9023(Z9023),in four different growth stages were investigated.Experiments were conducted in specially designed experimental tanks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 wheat growing seasons in China.Results showed that X55 was the most susceptible to waterlogging,followed by J102 and Z9023.Chlorophyll content reduction and leaf senescence,which resulted in decreased green-to-total leaf number ratio,were induced to the greatest extents by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky stage.Meanwhile,chlorophyll content in flag leaf,plant height were significantly decreased by waterlogging in jointing stage but effectively recovered after waterlogging withdrawal,and recovery ability varied among the cultivars.Plant biomass and grain yield were most significantly decreased by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky and jointing stages.Grain protein content was also considerably affected by waterlogging depending on growth stage and cultivars.The decreased grain yield caused by waterlogging was mostly due to the sharp decline in 1 000-grain mass.Waterlogging led to reduced protein yield in all growth stages in three wheat cultivars.Above all,in this experiment,waterlogging decreased grain yield significantly,and waterlogging at booting stage and flowering stage was most serious.Comparing the three cultivars,X55 was most sensitive to waterlogging.

Genetic Analysis of Grain Yield in a 7×7 Diallel Cross F_2 Population of Wheat(T.Aestivum L.)

In order to obtain genetic information for grain yield, seven genetically diverse wheat cultivars were crossed in an incomplete diallel to study the inheritance of grain yield using F_2 progenies for two years. Significant differences were observed among genotype, year and genotype × year interaction for grain yield, and both general combining ability(GCA) and specific combining ability(SCA) were also highly significant for grain yield, suggesting that the trait was controlled by both additive and non-additive effect. The GCA estimates revealed that the best combiners for grain yield were Yangmai 5 and Ningmai 9. Adequacy tests revealed that data of grain yield was fully adequate for genetic interpretation. Over-dominance genetic effects were important for the expression of grain yield. Grain yield exhibited moderately high value of narrow sense heritability(h_N^2=66.98% and h_N^2=72.37%).

Estimate of Genetic Parameters of Grain Yield and Some Agronomic Traits in Durum Wheat Using Diallel Crosses

Five varieties of durum wheat were crossed in full diallel fashion through 2010/2011 growing season. The five parents and their 20 F1 progenies were grown in 2011/2012 at the farm of faculty of agricultural and forestry, Duhok university, Iraq, using randomize complete block design with three replications to estimate heterosis, heritability and some genetic parameters for yield and its components. The results showed highly significant difference among genotypes for all studied traits. The parent Um Raby-5 had a positive general combining ability effect for most traits including grain yield. The crosses （Kokorete71× LD - 357E）, （Crezo × Um Rahy-5）, （Cimeto×Um Raby-5）, （Cimeto×crezo） and （Cimeto × Kokorete 71） exhibited significant desirable specific combining ability effect for most traits. The dominance was greater than additive almost traits. Heritability inbroad sense was high but heritability in narrow sense was low. The expected genetic advance as percent of traits mean was low for all traits. Most crosses showed significant positive heterosis for most traits and two crosses, （Crezo Cimeto） and （Cimeto Urn Raby-5） had the highest positive heterosis for the most studied traits including grain yield.

麦子

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Dynamics of Soil and Grain Micronutrients as Affected by Long-Term Fertilization in an Aquic Inceptisol

Micronutrient status in soils can be affected by long-term fertilization and intensive cropping.A 19-year experiment (1990-2008) was carried out to investigate the influence of different fertilization regimes on micronutrients in an Aquic Inceptisol and maize and wheat grains in Zhengzhou,China.The results showed that soil total Cu and Zn markedly declined after 19 years with application of N fertilizer alone.Soil total Fe and Mn were significantly increased mainly due to atmospheric deposition.Applications of P and organic fertilizer with incorporation of straws resulted in dramatic increases in soil total Cu,Zn,Fe,and Mn.Soil diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cu in all treatments sharply decreased from initially 1.12 to about 0.8 mg kg -1 .The treatments with organic fertilizer had the highest soil DTPA-extractable Cu,Zn,Fe,and Mn after 19 years of cropping and fertilization,thus demonstrating the important role of organic fertilizer application in improving available micronutrient status.Cu and Zn contents in wheat grains in the no-P treatments were significantly higher than those of the treatments with P application.In addition,Fe and Mn contents in wheat grains were positively correlated with their soil DTPA-extractable concentrations.These indicated that the long-term application of organic fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil total and available micronutrient concentrations and remarkable reduction in wheat grain Cu and Zn contents,which was due to high soil available P.