[Objective] The aim was to provide information for the breeding of wheat in China.[Method] 64 wheat cultivars from Australia were analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine their high molecular weight（HMW） glutenin subunit c...[Objective] The aim was to provide information for the breeding of wheat in China.[Method] 64 wheat cultivars from Australia were analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine their high molecular weight（HMW） glutenin subunit combinations.Then,the cultivars had good HMW-GS were screened.[Result] A total of nine alleles were identified at Glu-1.Glu-A1 encoded two subunits,1 and null subunit,and 1 was the major type,the frequency was 59.37%;Glu-B1 encoded five subunits,7,7＋8,7＋9,14＋15,17＋18,and 7＋8 was the major type,the frequency was 56.2%;Glu-D1 encoded two subunits,2＋12,5＋10,and 2＋12 was the major type,the frequency was 70.3%.Furthermore,12 subunit combinations were detected,and the composition of ＂1,2＋12,7＋8＂ was the major type.The quality scores of these cultivars ranged from 4 to 10,with an average of 7.4.[Conclusion] The quality of these varieties was good.展开更多
The low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits（LMW-GS）account for 40% of gross glutenins of wheat,usually used as a major indicator for wheat quality improvement.Here,I comprehensively reviewed the advances in LMW-GS fr...The low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits（LMW-GS）account for 40% of gross glutenins of wheat,usually used as a major indicator for wheat quality improvement.Here,I comprehensively reviewed the advances in LMW-GS from their classification,coding gene loci on chromosomes and structural features,polypeptide chains composition,gene sequences accessed in Genbank,molecular markers saturation level,and their impacts on wheat process quality,in order to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of LMW-GS in genetic improvement of wheat quality.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical char- acteristic of Corynebacterium glutamicum in fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch. [Method] The purity of glutamic acid in ferm...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical char- acteristic of Corynebacterium glutamicum in fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch. [Method] The purity of glutamic acid in fermentation period, optical density and cell viability of bacteria were detected as indicators for regression com- parison and analysis. [Result] The relative error d=-3.316 6% within the experimental range of Warburg trace breathing apparatus and double function analyzer. The linear relationship was s1=（1-d）s2. During the fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch, the average cell activity was 6.24 μA and the maximum cell activity was 6.61 μA. [Conclusion] Compared with optical density, cell viability can more accurate- ly reflect the physical and chemical properties of Corynebacterium glutamicum in fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch. There was certain correlation between cell membrane phospholipids and cell viability.展开更多
The line of T240-6 was selected from 32 SC 2 lines of immature embryo culture of T240 (common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)× Wheat-Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur. 6D/6V substitution line) through powdery mildew ch...The line of T240-6 was selected from 32 SC 2 lines of immature embryo culture of T240 (common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)× Wheat-Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur. 6D/6V substitution line) through powdery mildew characterization, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) enzyme and gliadin (Gli) analyses and in situ hybridization. All of the individual plants resistant to powdery mildew lacked the locus of GOT at 6VL arm (GOT-V 2) and had gliadin locus at 6VS arm (Gli-V 2) of Haynaldia villosa. All the plants resistant to powdery mildew had one or two telocentric chromosomes that did not pair with wheat chromosomes but paired between themselves. T240-6 was identified as a telocentric line through in situ hybridization.展开更多
The high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits and their coding genes from Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. (UU, 2n = 2x = 14) were characterized using SDS-PAGE analysis and molecular approaches. SDS-PAGE analysis showed...The high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits and their coding genes from Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. (UU, 2n = 2x = 14) were characterized using SDS-PAGE analysis and molecular approaches. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the 1Ux subunits from four different accessions possessed electrophoretic mobilities close to, or slower than, that displayed by the 1Dx2.2 subunit of common wheat. The electrophoretic mobilities of the 1Uy subunits were generally similar to those shown by the 1Dy subunits of common wheat. The complete open reading frames of the 1Ux and 1Uy genes were amplified by PCR and subsequently cloned and sequenced. Amino acid sequence comparisons suggested that the primary structure of the 1Ux and 1Uy subunits were identical to that of published HMW glutenin subunits from related species, Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata were most closely related to those encoded by the D genome of Triticeae.展开更多
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted in bread wheat for 14 important traits utilizing data from four different mapping populations involving different approaches of QTL analysis. Analysis for grain pro...Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted in bread wheat for 14 important traits utilizing data from four different mapping populations involving different approaches of QTL analysis. Analysis for grain protein content (GPC) sug- gested that the major part of genetic variation for this trait is due to environmental interactions. In contrast, pre-harvest sprouting tolerance (PHST) was controlled mainly by main effect QTL (M-QTL) with very little genetic variation due to environmental interactions; a major QTL for PHST was detected on chromosome arm 3AL. For grain weight, one QTL each was detected on chromosome arms 1AS, 2BS and 7AS. QTL for 4 growth related traits taken together detected by different methods ranged from 37 to 40; nine QTL that were detected by single-locus as well as two-locus analyses were all M-QTL. Similarly, single-locus and two-locus QTL analyses for seven yield and yield contributing traits in two populations respectively allowed detection of 25 and 50 QTL by composite interval mapping (CIM), 16 and 25 QTL by multiple-trait composite interval mapping (MCIM) and 38 and 37 QTL by two-locus analyses. These studies should prove useful in QTL cloning and wheat improvement through marker aided selection.展开更多
The research was carried out with 9 triticale, 3 bread wheat, 3 durum wheat and 3 barley varieties and advanced lines in Tekirdag, Edime and Silivri locations during three years. In the study, the data obtained from c...The research was carried out with 9 triticale, 3 bread wheat, 3 durum wheat and 3 barley varieties and advanced lines in Tekirdag, Edime and Silivri locations during three years. In the study, the data obtained from combined variance analysis were performed and the significance of the differences between the averages was determined by LSD multiple comparison test. GGE biplot analysis and graphics were made by using the statistical package program. The genotypes G2 and G3 for thousand kernel weight, genotype G1 for the heading time and test weight, genotypes G14 and G15 for the maturation time, number of spikelets per spike and grain weight per spike and G13 for the plant height, spike length and grain yield per hectare decare revealed the highest values. The genotypes G6, GS, G4, G14, G9, G8 and G7 gave lower values than the average in terms of grain yield, whereas the other genotypes gave higher values than the general average. According to biplot graphical results, while locations 1 and 8 were closely related, locations 9, 2 and 7 were positively related to these environments. Although the location 7 is slightly different from the other 4 locations, these 5 locations can be seen as a mega environment. Genotypes G12, G2, G3 and G10 for this mega-environment showed the best performances. According to the results of grain yields obtained from 9 different locations, the location 5 was the most discriminating area while the location 1 was the least discriminating. Location 2 was the best representative location, while locations 4 and 7 were with the lowest representation capability. The locations that are both descriptive and representative are good test locations for the selection of adapted genotypes. Test environments, such as location 8, with low ability to represent are useful for selecting genotypes that perform well in specific regions if the target environments can be subdivided into sub-environments.展开更多
The High Molecular Weight HMW-GS and Low-Molecular-Weight LMW-GS Glutenin Subunits are major determinants of wheat dough processing qualities. Tilling populations was generated by EMS mutagenesis from Chaml durum vari...The High Molecular Weight HMW-GS and Low-Molecular-Weight LMW-GS Glutenin Subunits are major determinants of wheat dough processing qualities. Tilling populations was generated by EMS mutagenesis from Chaml durum variety. Protein quality was investigated by SDS sedimentation, protein content, gluten content and thousand kernel weights. 21 mutants were selected from 1,500 lines of tilling population depending on the variations of their electrophoresis profiles. The analysis of Glu-B 1 HMW-GS has showed two types of profiles： lines deficient on Bx7 and lines with expression of new protein between （Bx7-ByS） allelic pair combination. The majority of these mutant lines have showed quality compounds associated with bad technological characteristics like the parent Cham l with the exception of two mutant lines expressing new protein that have significantly stronger gluten properties an one mutant deficient on Bx7 HMW-GS that developed high value of SDS. For Glu-B3 LMW-GS coding for LMW glutenin type 1 and 2, new mutant line showing expression of new protein pattern. The mutant showing over-expression of bands on gel SDS-PAGE for LMW typel like Chaml, have produced the highest protein and gluten content, while the new mutant showing new profile have showed high value of Gluten and SDS.展开更多
The difference in accumulation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） in superior and inferior grains results in the non-uniformity of grain quality in winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. The HMW-GS ...The difference in accumulation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） in superior and inferior grains results in the non-uniformity of grain quality in winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. The HMW-GS accumulation and glutenin macropolymer （GMP） content were studied in superior and inferior grains during the grain filling period, using the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE）. Compared to inferior grains, HMW-GS was formed earlier and total accumulation amount was higher in superior grains. The total HMW-GS content was higher in superior grain than that in inferior grain except at maturity. For individual HMW-GS types, the accumulation and content of subunit 7 were the highest, followed by subunit 12, while that of subunit 8 were the lowest, followed by subunit 2 in superior grain. In contrary, the accumulation and content of subunit 7 at maturity were significantly higher than subunit 8, but they were similar between subunit 2 and subunit 12 in inferior grain. Moreover, the accumulation of subunit 7 and 12 in superior grain were significantly higher than that in inferior grain. However, compared to the inferior grain, the GMP accumulation was higher, while content was lower in superior grain at maturity.展开更多
Cadmium （Cd） contamination of agricultural soils may pose severe risks and hazards for humans through food chain, as crop plants accumulate Cd in their edible tissues. Cd translocation from soil to plant is largely ...Cadmium （Cd） contamination of agricultural soils may pose severe risks and hazards for humans through food chain, as crop plants accumulate Cd in their edible tissues. Cd translocation from soil to plant is largely dependent on soil and plant type. Cd accumulation occurs much more in crop plants grown in soils with severe zinc （Zn） deficiency and durum wheat tends to accumulate more Cd in grain than the other cereals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the alleviating effect of Zn fertilization on Cd accumulation in durum wheat grain. A pot experiment including foliar Zn application of 0.3% w/v ZnSO4 and soil Cd applications of 0, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg was carried out in a completely randomized design using a Zn-deficient soil. Grain Cd concentration of plants receiving 0 mg/kg Cd was 31 μg/kg, whereas with 0.2 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg Cd applications it increased to the levels of 215 μg/kg and 1,489 μg/kg, respectively. Along with 0.3% ZnSO4 leaf applications, grain Cd concentrations decreased to 171 μg/kg and 754 μg/kg, by a reduction of 20.5% and 49.3%, respectively. In conclusion, it was determined that leaf applied Zn fertilizer might alleviate Cd accumulation in durum wheat grain in Zn deficiency conditions.展开更多
The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infestation by the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum on the specification of flour and its product. The results of this work showed that infestatio...The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infestation by the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum on the specification of flour and its product. The results of this work showed that infestation by the confused flour beetle with 5 pairs of adult stage and its progeny within 3 months period may cause high deterioration and damaged of the flour specification. The people in lraq get their flour from some official and non-official mills which they produce not so good quality of this flour in addition to which it contains some times an infestation with the two species of the flour beetles T. castaneum and T. confusum, when people do not use this quantity as quickly as possible during this period of storage, the beetles will be increased in numbers and make the flour unacceptable for any kind of pastes or bread. The infestation by this beetle causes great pollution to the flour by the ecdysial of larvae and a bad smell that it leaves on the flour and all its products.展开更多
基金Supported by National wheat industry,modern agriculture technolo-gy system (CARS-03)China Ministry of Science and Technologyunder Contract (2009CB118300)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to provide information for the breeding of wheat in China.[Method] 64 wheat cultivars from Australia were analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine their high molecular weight（HMW） glutenin subunit combinations.Then,the cultivars had good HMW-GS were screened.[Result] A total of nine alleles were identified at Glu-1.Glu-A1 encoded two subunits,1 and null subunit,and 1 was the major type,the frequency was 59.37%;Glu-B1 encoded five subunits,7,7＋8,7＋9,14＋15,17＋18,and 7＋8 was the major type,the frequency was 56.2%;Glu-D1 encoded two subunits,2＋12,5＋10,and 2＋12 was the major type,the frequency was 70.3%.Furthermore,12 subunit combinations were detected,and the composition of ＂1,2＋12,7＋8＂ was the major type.The quality scores of these cultivars ranged from 4 to 10,with an average of 7.4.[Conclusion] The quality of these varieties was good.
文摘The low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits（LMW-GS）account for 40% of gross glutenins of wheat,usually used as a major indicator for wheat quality improvement.Here,I comprehensively reviewed the advances in LMW-GS from their classification,coding gene loci on chromosomes and structural features,polypeptide chains composition,gene sequences accessed in Genbank,molecular markers saturation level,and their impacts on wheat process quality,in order to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of LMW-GS in genetic improvement of wheat quality.
基金Supported by National High-tech 863 Project of China(No.2003AA001029)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical char- acteristic of Corynebacterium glutamicum in fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch. [Method] The purity of glutamic acid in fermentation period, optical density and cell viability of bacteria were detected as indicators for regression com- parison and analysis. [Result] The relative error d=-3.316 6% within the experimental range of Warburg trace breathing apparatus and double function analyzer. The linear relationship was s1=（1-d）s2. During the fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch, the average cell activity was 6.24 μA and the maximum cell activity was 6.61 μA. [Conclusion] Compared with optical density, cell viability can more accurate- ly reflect the physical and chemical properties of Corynebacterium glutamicum in fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch. There was certain correlation between cell membrane phospholipids and cell viability.
文摘The line of T240-6 was selected from 32 SC 2 lines of immature embryo culture of T240 (common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)× Wheat-Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur. 6D/6V substitution line) through powdery mildew characterization, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) enzyme and gliadin (Gli) analyses and in situ hybridization. All of the individual plants resistant to powdery mildew lacked the locus of GOT at 6VL arm (GOT-V 2) and had gliadin locus at 6VS arm (Gli-V 2) of Haynaldia villosa. All the plants resistant to powdery mildew had one or two telocentric chromosomes that did not pair with wheat chromosomes but paired between themselves. T240-6 was identified as a telocentric line through in situ hybridization.
文摘The high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits and their coding genes from Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. (UU, 2n = 2x = 14) were characterized using SDS-PAGE analysis and molecular approaches. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the 1Ux subunits from four different accessions possessed electrophoretic mobilities close to, or slower than, that displayed by the 1Dx2.2 subunit of common wheat. The electrophoretic mobilities of the 1Uy subunits were generally similar to those shown by the 1Dy subunits of common wheat. The complete open reading frames of the 1Ux and 1Uy genes were amplified by PCR and subsequently cloned and sequenced. Amino acid sequence comparisons suggested that the primary structure of the 1Ux and 1Uy subunits were identical to that of published HMW glutenin subunits from related species, Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata were most closely related to those encoded by the D genome of Triticeae.
基金Project supported by the National Agricultural Technology Projectof Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Department of Biotech-nology of Government of India, Council of Scientific and IndustrialResearch of India and Indian National Science Academy
文摘Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted in bread wheat for 14 important traits utilizing data from four different mapping populations involving different approaches of QTL analysis. Analysis for grain protein content (GPC) sug- gested that the major part of genetic variation for this trait is due to environmental interactions. In contrast, pre-harvest sprouting tolerance (PHST) was controlled mainly by main effect QTL (M-QTL) with very little genetic variation due to environmental interactions; a major QTL for PHST was detected on chromosome arm 3AL. For grain weight, one QTL each was detected on chromosome arms 1AS, 2BS and 7AS. QTL for 4 growth related traits taken together detected by different methods ranged from 37 to 40; nine QTL that were detected by single-locus as well as two-locus analyses were all M-QTL. Similarly, single-locus and two-locus QTL analyses for seven yield and yield contributing traits in two populations respectively allowed detection of 25 and 50 QTL by composite interval mapping (CIM), 16 and 25 QTL by multiple-trait composite interval mapping (MCIM) and 38 and 37 QTL by two-locus analyses. These studies should prove useful in QTL cloning and wheat improvement through marker aided selection.
文摘The research was carried out with 9 triticale, 3 bread wheat, 3 durum wheat and 3 barley varieties and advanced lines in Tekirdag, Edime and Silivri locations during three years. In the study, the data obtained from combined variance analysis were performed and the significance of the differences between the averages was determined by LSD multiple comparison test. GGE biplot analysis and graphics were made by using the statistical package program. The genotypes G2 and G3 for thousand kernel weight, genotype G1 for the heading time and test weight, genotypes G14 and G15 for the maturation time, number of spikelets per spike and grain weight per spike and G13 for the plant height, spike length and grain yield per hectare decare revealed the highest values. The genotypes G6, GS, G4, G14, G9, G8 and G7 gave lower values than the average in terms of grain yield, whereas the other genotypes gave higher values than the general average. According to biplot graphical results, while locations 1 and 8 were closely related, locations 9, 2 and 7 were positively related to these environments. Although the location 7 is slightly different from the other 4 locations, these 5 locations can be seen as a mega environment. Genotypes G12, G2, G3 and G10 for this mega-environment showed the best performances. According to the results of grain yields obtained from 9 different locations, the location 5 was the most discriminating area while the location 1 was the least discriminating. Location 2 was the best representative location, while locations 4 and 7 were with the lowest representation capability. The locations that are both descriptive and representative are good test locations for the selection of adapted genotypes. Test environments, such as location 8, with low ability to represent are useful for selecting genotypes that perform well in specific regions if the target environments can be subdivided into sub-environments.
文摘The High Molecular Weight HMW-GS and Low-Molecular-Weight LMW-GS Glutenin Subunits are major determinants of wheat dough processing qualities. Tilling populations was generated by EMS mutagenesis from Chaml durum variety. Protein quality was investigated by SDS sedimentation, protein content, gluten content and thousand kernel weights. 21 mutants were selected from 1,500 lines of tilling population depending on the variations of their electrophoresis profiles. The analysis of Glu-B 1 HMW-GS has showed two types of profiles： lines deficient on Bx7 and lines with expression of new protein between （Bx7-ByS） allelic pair combination. The majority of these mutant lines have showed quality compounds associated with bad technological characteristics like the parent Cham l with the exception of two mutant lines expressing new protein that have significantly stronger gluten properties an one mutant deficient on Bx7 HMW-GS that developed high value of SDS. For Glu-B3 LMW-GS coding for LMW glutenin type 1 and 2, new mutant line showing expression of new protein pattern. The mutant showing over-expression of bands on gel SDS-PAGE for LMW typel like Chaml, have produced the highest protein and gluten content, while the new mutant showing new profile have showed high value of Gluten and SDS.
基金This study is supported by the projects of Priority Academic Program Developmem （PAPD）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31171484, 31471445）, the National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists （31325020）, Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund （CX （14） 2002）, the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education （20090097110009）, the National Non-profit Program by Ministry of Agriculture （200903003）, and the China Agriculture Research System （CARS-03）.
文摘The difference in accumulation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） in superior and inferior grains results in the non-uniformity of grain quality in winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. The HMW-GS accumulation and glutenin macropolymer （GMP） content were studied in superior and inferior grains during the grain filling period, using the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE）. Compared to inferior grains, HMW-GS was formed earlier and total accumulation amount was higher in superior grains. The total HMW-GS content was higher in superior grain than that in inferior grain except at maturity. For individual HMW-GS types, the accumulation and content of subunit 7 were the highest, followed by subunit 12, while that of subunit 8 were the lowest, followed by subunit 2 in superior grain. In contrary, the accumulation and content of subunit 7 at maturity were significantly higher than subunit 8, but they were similar between subunit 2 and subunit 12 in inferior grain. Moreover, the accumulation of subunit 7 and 12 in superior grain were significantly higher than that in inferior grain. However, compared to the inferior grain, the GMP accumulation was higher, while content was lower in superior grain at maturity.
文摘Cadmium （Cd） contamination of agricultural soils may pose severe risks and hazards for humans through food chain, as crop plants accumulate Cd in their edible tissues. Cd translocation from soil to plant is largely dependent on soil and plant type. Cd accumulation occurs much more in crop plants grown in soils with severe zinc （Zn） deficiency and durum wheat tends to accumulate more Cd in grain than the other cereals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the alleviating effect of Zn fertilization on Cd accumulation in durum wheat grain. A pot experiment including foliar Zn application of 0.3% w/v ZnSO4 and soil Cd applications of 0, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg was carried out in a completely randomized design using a Zn-deficient soil. Grain Cd concentration of plants receiving 0 mg/kg Cd was 31 μg/kg, whereas with 0.2 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg Cd applications it increased to the levels of 215 μg/kg and 1,489 μg/kg, respectively. Along with 0.3% ZnSO4 leaf applications, grain Cd concentrations decreased to 171 μg/kg and 754 μg/kg, by a reduction of 20.5% and 49.3%, respectively. In conclusion, it was determined that leaf applied Zn fertilizer might alleviate Cd accumulation in durum wheat grain in Zn deficiency conditions.
文摘The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infestation by the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum on the specification of flour and its product. The results of this work showed that infestation by the confused flour beetle with 5 pairs of adult stage and its progeny within 3 months period may cause high deterioration and damaged of the flour specification. The people in lraq get their flour from some official and non-official mills which they produce not so good quality of this flour in addition to which it contains some times an infestation with the two species of the flour beetles T. castaneum and T. confusum, when people do not use this quantity as quickly as possible during this period of storage, the beetles will be increased in numbers and make the flour unacceptable for any kind of pastes or bread. The infestation by this beetle causes great pollution to the flour by the ecdysial of larvae and a bad smell that it leaves on the flour and all its products.
