小麦锈病的防治技术

采取以抗病品种为主,药剂防治和栽培防病为辅的综合措施. 1选用抗锈病丰产品种 2药剂防治 2.1秋播拌种.用20%粉锈宁乳油50毫升,对水2～3公斤,拌麦种50公斤.

山东地区小麦条锈病发生规律及防控措施

小麦是山东地区重要的粮食作物,小麦生产也是当地农民的主要的经济来源之一。近些年山东地区小麦条锈病呈现加重趋势,直接影响小麦产量,降低农民收入。因此,针对山东地区小麦条锈病发生规律以及相应的防控措施进行具体分析,以期提供参考。

大有前途的小黑麦

小黑麦是人工培育出来的小麦和黑麦的属间杂交种。它不仅有小麦的蛋白质含量和黑麦的赖氨酸含量,而且还有小麦的高产特性和黑麦的粗壮特性。此外,它对恶劣的环境条件有较强的适应性。最近出现的一些小黑麦品系还对麦锈病有较强的抗病性能,这种性能是从黑麦亲本承袭下来的,它可能是这个杂交品种的最重要的优点。因为麦锈病在全世界不少地方包括热带和亚热带高地都使小麦降低产量。

Molecular Detection of Resistance Genes to Stripe Rust and Powdery Mildew in Common Wheat Cultivar Yunmai52

Yunmai52, developed by crossing with common wheat-Haynaldia villosa6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149 as a resistant parent in 1992, was a common wheat cultivar approved and released in 2007 in Yunnan Province, China, which is characterized by high resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust. In this study,an F_2 population derived from a cross K78S/Yunmai52 was constructed to investigate the resistance genes, where K78 S is a wheat male sterile line susceptible to powdery mildew and stripe rust. Phenotypic identification of the parents, F_1 and F_2 populations and chi-square analyses showed that F_1 population was immune to stripe rust and powdery mildew; the segregation ratio of resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew（χ~2=1.10χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） and stripe rust（χ~2=0.15χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） fit to a 3：1 ratio in F_2 population, indicating that Yunmai52 harbors a dominant stripe rust resistance gene and a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene. The individuals were further detected with a marker co-segregated with Pm21（SCAR_（1400）） and two markers closely linked with Yr26（XWe173 and Xbarc181）. The results showed that polymorphic bands could be amplified between the parents and between resistance and susceptibility gene pools at the same locus. Randomly 96 individuals of F_2 population were selected for verification. The results showed that the phenotype was significantly correlated with the genotype. The detection accuracy of markers SCAR_（1400）, XWe173 and Xbarc181 was 100%, 97.91% and 92.70%, respectively.Yunmai52 harbored powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 and stripe rust resistance gene Yr26, which were both derived from 6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149.In addition, the results also demonstrate that Pm21 and Yr26 are two genes conferring durable resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in wheat.

Control of Wheat Stripe Rust and Ensuring High Yield of Crops under Planting of Wheat Variety Mixtures

Wheat stripe rust has become the most dangerous disease which threaten safe yield of wheat in Sichuan Province. It is meaningful to provide technique support for integrated disease control by exploring the effective control measures of wheat stripe rust. Wheat stripe rust dynamic developments of all-planting and mixed-planting have been systematically investigated in this study by taking different mixed-planting combinations among 6 wheat varieties with different resistance levels. The results of this experiment show that the mixed-plantings of 4 and 6 wheat varieties can delay the occurance of wheat stripe rust,slow the speed of disease and decline the damage of disease as well as stabilize yield of wheats.

Study on Epidemic Characteristics and Its Causes of Wheat Stripe Rust in Nanchong City

On basis of the research result of stripe rust for 16 years since 1999,the epidemic characteristics and trend of stripe rust in the city were determined.Namely,the earlier the initial stage appeared,the heavier the disease would be.Furthermore,stripe rust has two introduction infection peaks,of which the first peak plays a key role.In farmlands,there are one to three epidemic peaks,and the infection area of the first peak plays the key role on the epidemic area of that year.In addition,the accumulated areas of late January was in significantly positive correlation with annually total area,with a correlation coefficient of 0.769 2.In recent 16 years,the frequency of severe stripe rust was as high as 81.25% which was 50% higher than that before 1995.The slight stripe rust became just in 2013,with a frequency of 6.3%,which indicated that the city has become a region hit by severe stripe rust.The internal reason is the reduction or loss of wheat variety＇s resistance to tripe rust for a new physiological race of rust is becoming pathogenic stronger and be the major race.Big fluctuation of temperatures in warm winter and spring,foggy and dew days slants much would be the external reason.

Research Advances in New Race Ug99 of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici

This paper reviewed the research advances of Ug99 and its resistance breeding from the aspects of its discovery, race variation, pathogenicity, distribution, spread, exploration of relative resistant genes, linked molecular marker selection and resistance breeding strategies, to provide basis for comprehensive understanding of the new Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race Ug99 and its potential threat to wheat production. Ug99 is a new Puccinia grarninis f. sp. tritici race with high variability, strong pathogenicity and rapid spread speed, which is likely to cause global damages to world wheat production. We should strengthen the exploration and utilization of new resistance genes in wheat and relative species and breeding of new wheat varieties with durable resistance, to control and prevent damages caused by Ug99 and its variants.

Mapping of a Major Stripe Rust Resistance Gene in Chinese Native Wheat Variety Chike Using Microsatellite Markers

Chike （accession number Su1900）, a Chinese native wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） variety, is resistant to the currently prevailing physiological races of Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici in China. Genetic analysis indicated that resistance to the physiological race CY32 of the pathogen in the variety was controlled by one dominant gene. In this study, BSA （bulked segregant analysis） methods and SSRs （simple sequence repeats） marker polymorphic analysis are used to map the gene. The resistant and susceptible DNA bulks were prepared from the segregating F2 population of the cross between Taichung 29, a susceptible variety as maternal parent, and Chike as paternal parent. Over 400 SSR primers were screened, and five SSR markers Xwmc44, Xgwm259, Xwmc367, Xcfa2292, and Xbarc80 on the chromosome arm 1BL were found to be polymorphic between the resistant and the susceptible DNA bulks as well as their parents. Genetic linkage was tested on segregating F2 population with 200 plants, including 140 resistant and 60 susceptible plants. All the five SSR markers were linked to the stripe rust resistance gene in Chike. The genetic distances for the markers Xwmc44, Xgwm259, Xwmc367, Xcfa2292, and Xbarc80 to the target gene were 8.3 cM, 9.1 cM, 17.2 cM, 20.6 cM, and 31.6 cM, respectively. Analysis using 21 nulli-tetrasomic Chinese Spring lines further confirmed that all the five markers were located on chromosome lB. On the basis of the above results, it is reasonable to assume that the major stripe rust resistance gene YrChk in Chike was located on the chromosome arm 1BL, and its comparison with the other stripe rust resistance genes located on 1B suggested that YrChk may be a novel gene that provides the resistance against stripe rust in Chike. Exploration and utilization of resources of disease resistance genes in native wheat varieties will be helpful both to diversify the resistance genes and to amend the situation of resistance gene simplification in the commercial wheat cultivars in China.

Effect of Stem Rust Race Ug99 on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Wheat Cultivars in Kenya

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks ＆ E. Henn., is an important disease of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） in many countries. To estimate grain yield losses due race Ug99 （TTKSK）, replicated experiments including fifteen wheat cultivars were screened for seedling and adult plant resistance. Greenhouse seedling test was conducted under controlled conditions. Field experiments were set up at two locations, Mau-Narok and KARI-Njoro, during 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons. The stem rust epidemics were created by inoculating spreader rows of a susceptible variety planted perpendicular to rows of non-protected plots. Rust severity and infection response were determined using modified Cobb scale. All the cultivars were susceptible at seedling stage, but some displayed adult plant resistance response despite of the high disease pressure. Mean grain yield losses ranged between 5.6% and 66.3% and were highly correlated to final disease severity （FDS） and the area under disease progress curve （AUDPC）. Genetic studies are needed to characterise the adult plant resistance in tolerant culti（,ars to race Ug99 for exploitation in breeding for resistance.

Typology of the Main Fungal Diseases Affecting Winter Wheat in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Over the 2003-2009 period, field campaigns were carried out in order to identify the main fungal diseases of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. Four fungal diseases （septoria leaf blotch （SLB）, wheat leaf rust （WLR）, wheat powdery mildew （WPM） and fusarium head blight （FHB）） were observed and a regional-based typology was established according to their severity and prevalence. In the Gutland （South）, SLB severity was strong （about 51% on average） and higher than the severity （about 16%） prevailing in the Oesling （North）. Similar typology was observed with the WLR： high severity in the Gutland （66% and 57% for the years 2003 and 2007, respectively） and low severity （〈 1%） in the Oesling. The FHB was also present in the Eastern part of the Gutland, with a prevalence and severity significantly higher （P = 0.049 and P = 0.012, respectively, Tukey＇s test） compared with their values in the Oesling. On the other hand, the WPM severity was high in the Oesling （15% to 40%） while less than 1% in the Gutland. Such a study is important for the spatial mapping of wheat fungal diseases risk based on agroclimatic parameters and for defining optimal frequencies and dates of chemical treatments.

Assessment of Variabilities in Wheat Genotypes to Yellow and or Strip Rust, Puccinia striiformis in Glass House Conditions

Yellow/stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis is a major problem in the Middle East specially Iran. Virulence survey of cereal rust fungi have traditionally used differential host genotype and virulent physiologic race 134 E 134 AT was received to evaluate the segregating lines. A set of 35 segregating lines and three additional susceptible cultivars were added, making a total of 38 eultivars-lines. Spreader plants served as a source of inoculums. The plants were evaluated after two months based on infection percentage and the disease scoring scales. The results indicated that, there are significant changes in susceptibility assessments of the segregating lines in contrast to cultivated varieties to the yellow rust P. striiformis as far as the disease incidence and rust development is concerned in these experiments. The selected differential genotypes associated with various levels of resistance. The infection percentages were varied on the lines and the varieties, whereas the severity percentages were entirely different. The lowest severity is of line 38 with 34.70% and the highest in line 1 with 93.49% indicating 2.7 folds reduction in severity. For discrimination among the lines, the results on scoring scales gave distinctions of five classes of resistance, in which, the highest score is 29.93 and the lowest one 11.46. The cluster analysis showed almost similar results and confirmed, the analysis by Duncan＇s Multiple-lest rang as the above five distinctive groups.

Building a Resilient Wheat Seed System to Resist Rust Risks in Ethiopia

This study is a review of existing reports and summary of some field experiences aiming at building of a resilient wheat seed system to resist rust risks in Ethiopia. Practical gaps in the wheat seed system were identified with regard to understanding of seed system factors that build, or undermine resilience to rust risks. The study has recognized that the formal seed multiplication schemes are too slow to respond to the ever increasing frequencies of wheat rust outbreaks. Therefore, it is indicated that new approaches such as pre-release and farmer based seed multiplication schemes are helpful in insuring availability of seed of rust resistant wheat varieties to the small farmers.

Wheat Yield Response to Foliar Fungicide Application against Leaf Rust Caused by Puccinia triticina

A study was conducted on reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina with foliar application of fungicides during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons at the Wheat Research Institute in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Three fungicides： Folicur （tebuconazole） at 300 mL/ha, Nativo （tebuconazole ＋ trifloxystrobin） at 300 g/ha and Tilt （propiconazole） at 500 mL/ha were applied single or two times to Morocco and Sehar-06 wheat varieties used in the trial. The trial plots were first sprayed at the Zadok＇s scale （ZS） 3 stage and second sprayed between ZS 4.3 and 5.4 stages. The greenness of the trial crop was measured using GreenSeeker. Foliar application of fungicides significantly reduced the loss of grain yield and 1,000-grain weight （TGW） of wheat due to leaf rust in comparison to the control without fungicides application. Of the three fungicides, two times spray of Nativo reduced the grain yield loss of leaf rust susceptible mega wheat variety Sehar-06 by 45%-56% and the loss of TGW by 42%, also giving the highest marginal return in the trial. Single application of Nativo was equally effective as two times spray of Folicur in reducing the loss of wheat grain yield. Two times spray of Folicur was found to be the second choice of fungicide for reducing the yield loss of wheat. The research identified suitable fungicides for reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust and also generated important scientific knowledge required to manage a sudden outbreak of leaf rust to ensure food security.

Evaluation of Fungicides for Controlling Stem Rust Race Ug99 on Bread Wheat

Stem rust race Ug99, also designated TTKSK （Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici） cause stem or black rust, which is a serious disease of wheat worldwide. Field experiments were conducted at two sites during 2008 and 2009 growing seasons to evaluate the effectiveness of two new foliar fungicides： viz. Nativo 300 SC （trifloxystrobin 100 g L^-1 ＋ tebuconazole 200 g L^-1） and Prosaro 250 EC （prothioconazole 125 g L^-1 ＋ tebuconazole 125 g L^-1）, in controlling stem rust on susceptible wheat cultivar Duma. AmistarXtra 280 SC （azoxystrobin 200 g L^-1 ＋ cyproconazole 80 g L^-1） and Folicur 250 EC （tebuconazole） were used as checks. The treatment at each site and year included non-treated control and two spray applications of the fungicides at growth stages （GS） 55 （heading） and 65 （flowering）. Stem rust severities were scored using the modified Cobb scale at 14-day intervals after application. The data were used to calculate mean rust severity （MRS）. Stem rust epidemics were severe at KARI-Njoro in 2008 and the treatment effects on stem rust severities, grain yield and 1,000 kernel weights were significant at both KARI-Njoro and Mau-Narok sites. The fungicide treatments, significantly （P _〈 0.05） reduced stem rust severity, increased grain yield and 1,000 kernel weight of the susceptible wheat cultivar Duma compared to the non-treated control. Both fungicides： Nativo 300 SC and Prosaro 250 EC applied at the rate of 1.0 L hat were recommended for commercial use.

The Relationship between Diseases Index of Septoria Leaf Blotch, Leaf Rust and Yield Losses in Bread Wheat Cultivar in Albania

Both grain yield and disease performance are important factors to consider for winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） cultivar selection. However, disease index and yield data are often presented separately, making it difficult to compare values across multiple environments. Two-year investigations （2009-2010）, in which eight common wheat lines/genotypes were included to test their susceptibility against wheat LR （leaf rust） Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici Roberge ex Desm., and the SLB （SeptoriaJStagonospora leaf blotch） complex Septoria tritici Desm. and Stagonospora nodorum, were carried out in the experimental field of ATTC （Agriculture Technology Transfer Centre） of Lushnje （Albania）. The objective of this study was to use a rank-based method to compare cultivars based on yield and disease performance combined across multiple environments. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of an important and significant variability in the experimental materials used to evaluate the susceptibility and the resistance of common wheat lines against SLB and LR. There were high negative correlations between yieldS, tritici （0.6683） and yield--P, recondita f. sp. tritici （0.5261）. The negative effects of two pathogens have shown ＂the parallel＂/similar negative influences on yield trait and there was a high positive correlation （0.7631） between S. tritici and P. recondita f. sp. tritici. According to study results the lines Regina × L-776, IKB-P6 and Bullgar 3 × KB 703 have shown good results of resistance （R） level against S. tritici and P. recondita f. sp. tritici.

Wheat Stripe Rust Virulence and Varietal Resistance in the Foot Hill Himalayas of Nepal

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst） is an important disease of wheat （Triticum aestivum） in Nepal, which is a part of the Himalayas stretching over the North of Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan and beyond. Wheat production plays a crucial role in food security of the marginal hill farmers of Nepal. Frequent epidemics of the rust have caused huge loss in farmer＇s field. Periodic monitoring during 1980-2008 showed that changes in virulence occurred during this period. The objective of this study was to evaluate Pst resistance and its effective genes in wheat genotypes. For this, trap nurseries, wheat stripe rust differentials, commercial cultivars and advanced breeding lines were tested under artificial epiphytotic and natural hot spots conditions during 2005 to 2010. Four genes （Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and YrSp） consistently showed resistance to the prevailing races. The gene Yr9 and Yr27 in combinations with Yrl8 were found effective. Other lines with combination of minor genes were also found effective. The genotypes Amadina, Kukuna, Tukuru, Kakatsi and Buck Buck widely used in breeding program were resistant. The cultivation of varieties WK1204, Gautam, Gaura and Dhaulagiri have ensured genetic diversity for the rust resistance and slowed down frequent occurrence of epidemics. The findings of these studies could help in developing effective varietal resistance program in the sub-continent.

Effect of Rust Disease on Photosynthetic Rate of Wheat Plant

The purpose of this research was to study the influence of rust diseases on photosynthetic rate of the created local varieties and introduced variety samples of wheat. Experiment was carried out with two variants-control and 25% Tilt treatment. The 25% solution of Tilt was used to prevent disease infection. The photosynthetic rate was measured by T-type URAS-2 infrared gas analyzer （made＇ in Germany）. Disease infection rate was determined based on the Cobby balling scale. Ontogenetic and daily rate of photosynthesis by effect of the disease were decreased. The amount of assimilated CO2 during the day and vegetation period linearly depends on the disease infection degree. At the same time, the activation of non-infected parts＇ photosynthetic rate of some varieties was observed. The difference reaches up to 87% between the variants as a result of the rapid aging of photosynthesis apparatus.

Release of Stem Rust Resistant Wheat Varieties for Commercial Production in Kenya

Detection in 1999 of a new stem rust （Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici） race Ug99 in Uganda with broad virulence including the virulence for Sr31 and its migration to Kenya and Ethiopia has been recognized as a significant threat to local and world wheat production. All the Current Kenyan commercial varieties are susceptible to this race. This study was aimed at identifying suitable wheat varieties with resistance to Ug99 and replacing the susceptible commercial varieties through multi-locational testing and variety release. Thirty three lines were identified from a prescreen population of 104 lines and tested in 3 wheat growing regions in Kenya for two seasons in 2006 and 2007. The resulting four superior lines were evaluated under the National Performance Trial （NPT） where two lines which out-performed the best check variety were released as for commercial production. ＇Robin＇ was the best line and out yielded the commercial variety by 27%. ＂Eaglel0＂ was the second best and was better significantly than the check variety. These two lines which combined both adult plant resistant gene Sr2 complex and other major genes are expected to have some durable resistance and may be used to replace the current susceptible commercial varieties grown in Kenya.

Study Genetic Variation Using DNA Molecular Markers and Identification Physiological Races of Wheat Stripe （yellow） Rust Puccinia striiformis f.sp tritici during 2010-2014 in Some Regions of Syria

Yellow Rust （stripe） rust （Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici） is one of the most epidemic diseases infect wheat in cold and wet regions. In 1988, this disease caused a loss of seasonal production amounted 70% on wheat variety Mexipak in Syria, and recurrent infection in 2010, caused by a virulent race called Yr27, caused a considerable loss in the production of bread wheat cultivars （Cham 8, Cham 6 particularly） amounted 90%. Recently, 15 races of yellow rust had been addressed in Syria for seasons 2010-2014; 159E256, 166E254, 166E256, 255 E112, 0 E0, 64 E 6, 230 El50, 0 E 18, 198 El30, 166 El50, 102 El60, 128 E0, 126 El50, 214E150, and 6E16. The race 6E16 was the most frequent during the two seasons, while the race 255El12 was the most virulent, followed by the race 230E222 and the race 0E0 was the weakest one. This study revealed the presence of fourteen newly observed races in Syria. Molecular Variance Analysis of Molecular Variance （AMOVA） of 55 yellow rust Puccinia striiformis f.sp tritici isolates examined by Amplify Fragment Length Polymorphism （AFLP） revealed high genetic variation within population, and the dimensional scale analysis （MSD） and tree diagram showed that the Syrian yellow rust isolates were clustered in three groups： the first group contained isolates derived from durum wheat, the second one contained bread wheat isolates, but the third was made of isolates derived from both durum and bread wheat species.