一种以黄化法为基础提高毛白杨快速繁殖效率的新方法

本文报道以黄化法为基础的毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)快速繁殖方法的初步研究结果。它包括1.用低浓度的先锋霉素(cefotaxime 2.5ppm)抑制快速繁殖过程中的细菌污染和用低浓度 HgCl_2灭菌的方法恢复经长期继代培养后被污染的试管植物;2.用极低浓度的 TDZ(thidiazuron 0.005ppm)替代价格昂贵的玉米素(zeatin,Z),促进毛白杨叶外植体上芽的分化和增殖;3.用黄化的方法促使芽的伸长以增加可被用于生根的嫩枝的数量。用这种方法可在一个100ml 的三角瓶中得到约50个黄化的嫩枝,比在光下培养得到的嫩枝多3—5倍;4.黄化嫩枝直接扦插或经光下转绿后扦插于经灭菌的基质中,生根率均可达到90%以上。这一方法可以节省人力和能耗,提高培养室的利用效率,大幅度地提高快速繁殖的效率。

Determination of Total Flavones Content in Ceratocarpus arenarius L. by Spectrophotometry

[Objective] The aim was to establish the method for determining total flavoens content in Ceratocarpus arenarius L.[Method ] Flavonoids were extracted from C. arenarius by heating refluxing, and determined with rutin as the standard.[Result] In the range of 0.019-0.102 mg/ml, linear relationship was good （r=0.999 1）. This method had higher precision and accuracy with RSD of 0.226% and recoveries of 99.36%. The total flavones content from C. arenarius was 10.12 mg/g. [Conclusion] The method is simple and reliable, which could be used to control the quality of C. arenariu.

Effects of Two Curing Methods on Quality of Yellow Sun-cured Tobacco

[Objective] The aim was to research effects of bamboo split curing method and steely barn curing method on quality of yellow sun-cured tobacco, providing scientific references for optimization of curing technology of yellow sun-cured tobacco. [method] The tobaccos were divided into two groups treated with two methods and the related indices of treated tobaccos were then measured to evaluate effects of curing methods on quality of yellow sun-cured tobacco. [Result] Tobaccos treated with two methods were all dominated by reddish yellow and yellow; exterior quality differed little. In detail, total sugar and reducing sugar in an average level in three locations were all higher with method A than those with method B, but nicotine and total N were lower; comprehensive chemical components in group with method B proved more appropriate with higher K. In addition, sensory qualities of leaves in moderate and bottom locations were better with method B compared with method A; sensory quality of top leaves was better; comprehensive sensory quality of leaves treated with method B proved better. On the other hand, cost for method A was 2.82 times of method B; the area of sun-curing field was 3.27 times and manage- ment work was 1.77 times, which indicated that method B is low-cost and time-saving, which would be a guarantee of tobacco quality. [Conclusion] The research provides scientific references for rational use of tobacco resources and optimization of sun-curing technology.

Flavonoids in Georgian Bee Bread and Bee Pollen

The proposed work aims to study phenol components （flavonoids） of bee bread and pollen obtained in Georgia using the HPLC （high-performance liquid chromatography） method, and to determine the content of biologically active compounds in them. The samples were taken in lmereti region （west Georgia）. After extraction of samples, there were carried out spectral and HPLC analysis of compounds for the sake of qualitative and quantitative research of them. There are studied the flavonoid compounds of bee bread and pollen by using the HPLC methods, and naringin, rutin and quercetin are identified. Their amount counts about 20% of full content of flavonoids. The content of flavonols in bee bread and pollen has been established. It also has been determined that the amount of flavonoids during the storage period of products reduces to 6.17-5.03 g.kg-1.

Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction by combined percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage with local tumor treatment

AIM： To evaluate the utility of local tumor therapy combined with percutaneous transhepatic bilian/drainage （PTBD） for malignant obstructive bilian/disease. METHODS： A total of 233 patients with malignant billan/obstruction were treated in our hospital with PTBD by placement of metallic stents and/or plastic tubes. After PTBD, 49 patients accepted brachytherapy or extraradiation therapy or arterial infusion chemotherapy. The patients were followed up with clinical and radiographic evaluation. The survival and stent patency rate were calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS： Twenty-two patients underwent chemotherapy （11 cases of hepatic carcinoma, 7 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 4 cases of metastatic lymphadenopathy）, and 14 patients received radiotherapy （10 cases of cholangiocardnoma, 4 cases of pancreatic carcinoma）, and 13 patients accepted brachytherapy （7 cases of cholangiocarcinoma, 3 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 4 cases of metastatic lymphadenopathy）. The survival rate of the local tumor treatment group at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.96%, 95.92%, 89.80%, and 32.59% respectively, longer than that of the non treatment group. The patency rate at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.96%, 93.86%, 80.93%, and 56.52% respectively. The difference of patency rate was not significant between treatment group and non treatment group. CONCLUSION： Our results suggest that local tumor therapy could prolong the survival time of patients with malignant biliary obstruction, and may improve stent patency.

Optimization of extraction and determination of emodin from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. products by HPLC-DAD

A uniform experimental design procedure was used to investigate the effects of some operating parameters on the extraction of emodin from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. products. Variables tested were volume ratio of material to solvent, size of material, extraction time and temperature and composition of extraction solvent （mixtures of acetone-water）. Each variable was tested at seven levels; 7 experiments were performed in random order. Analyses of the extracts were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection（HPLC-DAD）. Analytical responses were processed by using a forward regression analysis, in order to find polynomial function describing the relationship between variables and responses. For all the analytes the experimental conditions for providing the highest extraction yield inside the experimental domain considered were found. Finally, a simple, rapid and accurate analytical method was developed for the determination of emodin by high performance liquid chromatography. The separation is achieved within 25 rain on an ODS column using methanol and water as gradient mobiles. Emodin can be quantified by using external standard method detecting at 436 nm. Good linearity is obtained with correlation coefficient exceeding 0.9986 and the detection limit and the quantification limit are 1.53 and 3.23 mg/L respectively. This method shows good reproducibility for the quantification of the emodin with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation less than 2.3% and 5.6% respectively. Under optimized extraction conditions, the recovery of the standard is 96.5%. The validated method is successfully applied to quantify the emodin in seven Polygonum cuspidatum sieb. Et zucc. products, which provided an idea for the pre-treatment of determination of active compounds in traditional Chinese medicines.

Carbon quantum dot preparation and application to detecting active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine

Carbon quantum dots(CQDs)are fluorescent carbon nanomaterials that have been applied to biology,medicine,and optoelectronics,owing to their significant advantages such as simple synthesis methods,low cost,and widely available sources of raw synthesis materials.This review summarizes CQD preparation methods,which include hydrothermal and microwave-assisted synthesis methods,as well as separation methods such as centrifugation,dialysis,and filtration.Additionally,we review the application of CQDs in the detection of active ingredients,primarily phenolic compounds,in traditional Chinese medicine.We also discuss the quenching mechanism of CQD fluorescence using the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine.Limitations such as insufficient test selectivity,weak fluorescence intensity,and an unclear quantitative relationship between preparation methods and properties should be resolved for the efficient use of CQDs to detect active ingredients in Chinese medicine.

Characterization of CulnS2 Thin Films with Different Cu/In Ratio

Thin films of CuInS2 were grown on glass reaction method with different [Cu]/[In] substrate by successive ionic layer adsorption and ratios and annealed at 400℃ for 30 rain. The crystal structure and grain sizes of the thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction method. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine surface morphology of the films. Optical and electrical properties of these films were investigated as a function of [Cu]/[In] ratios. The electrical resistivity of CuInS~ of thin films was determined using a direct current- two probe method in the temperature range of 300-470 K. It is observed that, the electrical resistivity values show a big decreasing with increasing [Cu]/[In] ratio. Hence, the [Cu]/[In] ratio in the solution can drastically affect the structural, electrical, and optical properties of thin films of CuInS2.

A Comparative Study of Process Parameter Optimization and Process of Flavonoid in Planted Trollius Chinensis through Backflow Method, Ultrasonic Wave Method and MicrowaveMethod

It takes flavonoid extraction rate as indicator and adopts the method of orthogonal experiment to study process of total flavonoid in Trollius chinensis through ultrasonic wave assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction and backflow extraction, as well as optimization of process parameter. The result indicates that in terms of extraction efficiency, microwave extraction method is better than ultrasonic radiation extraction method, which is better than backflow extraction method. Optimal process parameter through backflow extraction is： backflow temperature 60℃, fluid material ratio 1：20, ethanol density 65%, backflow time 60min; optimal process parameter through ultrasonic wave assisted extraction is： ultrasonic radiation temperature 70℃, fluid material ratio 1：20, ethanol density 65%, ultrasonic wave radiation time 45rain; optimal process parameter of microwave assisted extraction is： microwave radiation temperature 60℃, fluid material ratio 1：20, ethanol density 75%, microwave radiation time 45min.

Optimization of the Test of Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow in Cereals by Means of HPLC

[Objective] The aim was to explore an optimized method to measure the artificial pigment by means of high performance liquid chroma- tograph. [Method] The gradient elution technique of HPLC was used to isolate and analyze tartrazine and sunset yellow in the cereals. The pre- treatment temperature, ultrasonic time, the column temperature and the elution conditions were studied, and the best expedmental conditions were confirmed. [ Result] At 40 ℃, the optimum chromatography analysis condition was moving phase, with pH （6.8）, methanol/water of acetic acid- ammonium acetate （0.02 mol/L）, and column temperature （35 ℃）. Gradient elution condition was 20% -35% methanol, 3%/rain; 35% -98%, 6%/min; 98%, 8 min. The content of tartrazine and sunset yellow in cereal was tested precisely by the means of HPLC. The average recoveries of standard addition were 97.9% and 100.2%, and the detection limit were 0.02 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg. [ Conclusion] This method shortened the a- nalysis time, improved the detection sensitivity and the resolution of artificial color.

Potential of the Integrated Control of Cucumber Root Rot Using Natural, Biological and Chemical Methods

Over the few last years, cucumber （Cucumis sativus L） root rot disease became common and inflicted marked losses to yield in Fayoum. Isolation trails from infected cucumber roots revealed that Thielaviopsis basicola and Fusarium moniliforme were the main cucumber root rot pathogens. The isolation trials from the rhizosphere of healthy cucumber plants revealed that two fungal isolates and four bacterial isolates had antagonistic effects against cucumber root rot fungi. All the tested biocontrol agents reduced the radial growth of all the tested root rots fungi in dual cultures. However, all culture filtrates of the tested biocontrol agent significantly reduced radial growth of all the tested pathogenic fungi, except that T. harzianum. Under field conditions, soil treatment with any of T. harzianum and B. subtilis BI and BF, significantly reduced percentages of infected plants and significantly increased percentages of survived plants and fruit yield compared with the control. Application of the commercial product Harpin protein （Messenger）~ product, as a resistance inducer at 0.3, 0.5 and l g/L significantly reduced the percentage of infected plants under greenhouse and field conditions. Field experiments indicated that the average percentage of infected plants after 90 days significantly decreased. The percentage of the survived plants as well as fruit yield increased by using integrated disease management （IDM） package, including the most effective treatments： tolerant cultivar, Trichoderma harzianum granules formula as soil treatment, Purging cassia plant extract, Harpin protein, and a half dose of Vitavax/thiram comparing with the treatment recommended by the Ministry of Agricultural or applied treatments individually.

Comparison of methods of purification and identification of Verticillium dahliae toxins

The complexes excreted by VerticiUium dahliae are phytotoxins, which are responsible for most of the symptoms associated with Verticillium wilt disease. Verticillium dahliae toxins （VD-toxins） can be purified by different methods. In the present study, we reported a simpler, more effective method to purify VD-toxins. The supematant of V. dahliae culture was frozen, lyophilized and dialyzed by 1 kDa Dialysis Membranes （MWCO）. We also partially identified the characteristics of the purified VD-toxins. The results showed that the components of VD-toxins include glycoprotein within 35.8-83.2 kDa. The phytotoxic activity of VD-toxins was remained after VD-toxins were pretreated by high temperature, Concanavalin-A, and proteinase E, respectively. These data suggest that VD-toxins are heat-stable, and the protein fraction and glycosyl are both important contributors to the phytotoxic activity. VD-toxins purified effectively from the culture filtrates of V. dahliae may help in further understanding the mechanisms of interactions between V. dahliae and plants.

High performance liquid chromatography for the determination of flavonoids

Due to their biological and physiological importance,flavonoids receive considerable attention in the literature. Nowadays,high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）is the most widely used analytical method.In this review,we summarize the principle of the choice of HPLC column and mobile phase,discuss and compare the features of various detections such as UV,fluorescence detection,electrochemical detection,chemilummescence detection,UV-MS etc.Recent developments in HPLC including ultra-LC and miniaturization of LC（micro-LC,capillary-LC,and nano-LC）,are also discussed.