Since the 18th century, the irritating but also fascinating scenes of urbanity--a complex phenomenon with cultural, social, political, economic, temporal, spatial, functional, and formal dimensions--have been describe...Since the 18th century, the irritating but also fascinating scenes of urbanity--a complex phenomenon with cultural, social, political, economic, temporal, spatial, functional, and formal dimensions--have been described in literary works. Many seemingly opposite facts, such as individuality/society, freedom/loneliness/socialization, anonymity/strangeness/identity/belonging, diversity/chaos/segregation, indifferent city-dweller/initiative citizenship, have been revealed through literary works, travel and utopian writing, urban theories, scientific studies, manifestos, and newspaper articles. On the one hand, there are those who advocate a life outside the city because they consider the problems produced by the city and the phenomenon of density which they perceive merely in quantitative terms, as unsolvable problems. On the other hand, there are those who see the production of loose urban fabric as a solution or those who accept the （seemingly） opposite facts of urbanity as positive values and therefore support city life. All of these ideas are still as actual today as they were in the past. We are often unable to use our citizen rights to the city, to encounter different classes （social/etlmic/religious）, to experience heterogeneity as an aspect inherent in city life and in the route of our daily life--following the orders of the capitalist system mainly organized around work--and we are often drawn into the same districts on the same paths. Our perception of our urban environments may get monotonous and shallow, but the irritating yet fascinating features of the first big cities still exist and may be grasped and brought into consciousness. Throughout their architectural education, especially in urban design studios, students can be encouraged to investigate the rhythm of their daily life, the conditions of their urban environments, and discovering the city as an intellectual and sensual programme, so that the phenomenon of urbanity can be grasped not just on formal, but on various other dimensions as well. This study focuses on the process and outcomes of two urban studios located in Taksim Square and along the shores of the Golden Horn in Istanhul. Taking the multidimensional content of urbanity into account, acquired theoretically through literary works and studies on urban planning and its history, the main aim of these studios has been the phenomenological understanding of the dynamic content of urbanity by the students. Through creative analysis of permanent/temporary spaces engendered by the diversity of user profiles and actions discovered on phenomenological excursions, students examine the qualitative values of density and global and local dynamics. We believe that designing spaces as ＂prototypes＂ helps highlight the multidimensional content of urbanity. The present study aims not only to highlight the multidimensional content of urbanity, but also to encourage its discussion in architectural design education and to emphasize the positive contribution of theoretical readings and phenomenological studies to urban design studios. The present study also aims to emphasize the beneficial correlation of global and local dynamics as the two faces of urbanity; important more than ever for the big cities of the 21 st century if we advocate for a vivid and resilient city life and citizens.展开更多
As a previously neglected member of flavivirus,Zika virus(ZIKV)has recently emerged and caused a global health concern because of its link to microcephaly and other congenital defects.Currently,no anti-ZIKV vaccine or...As a previously neglected member of flavivirus,Zika virus(ZIKV)has recently emerged and caused a global health concern because of its link to microcephaly and other congenital defects.Currently,no anti-ZIKV vaccine or therapy is commercially available.In this drug-screening study,tolvaptan,an FDA-approved drug,was identified to possess the activity against ZIKV strains of Asian lineage with low cytotoxicity using plaque and MTT assays.The anti-ZIKV activity of tolvaptan was also demonstrated using virus yield reduction assay and Western blotting analysis.Time-of-drug-addition assay showed that tolvaptan exerted its anti-ZIKV activity between 6 and 14 h post-ZIKV inoculation,concurrent with the post-entry events of ZIKV life cycle.Tolvaptan also exhibited inhibitory effects on ZIKV strains of African lineage,indicating that its anti-ZIKV activity was not strain dependent.Notably,tolvaptan could also reduce ZIKV-induced mortality in infected mice.Overall,these results suggested that tolvaptan was a potential therapeutic candidate against ZIKV that is worth further evaluation.展开更多
文摘Since the 18th century, the irritating but also fascinating scenes of urbanity--a complex phenomenon with cultural, social, political, economic, temporal, spatial, functional, and formal dimensions--have been described in literary works. Many seemingly opposite facts, such as individuality/society, freedom/loneliness/socialization, anonymity/strangeness/identity/belonging, diversity/chaos/segregation, indifferent city-dweller/initiative citizenship, have been revealed through literary works, travel and utopian writing, urban theories, scientific studies, manifestos, and newspaper articles. On the one hand, there are those who advocate a life outside the city because they consider the problems produced by the city and the phenomenon of density which they perceive merely in quantitative terms, as unsolvable problems. On the other hand, there are those who see the production of loose urban fabric as a solution or those who accept the （seemingly） opposite facts of urbanity as positive values and therefore support city life. All of these ideas are still as actual today as they were in the past. We are often unable to use our citizen rights to the city, to encounter different classes （social/etlmic/religious）, to experience heterogeneity as an aspect inherent in city life and in the route of our daily life--following the orders of the capitalist system mainly organized around work--and we are often drawn into the same districts on the same paths. Our perception of our urban environments may get monotonous and shallow, but the irritating yet fascinating features of the first big cities still exist and may be grasped and brought into consciousness. Throughout their architectural education, especially in urban design studios, students can be encouraged to investigate the rhythm of their daily life, the conditions of their urban environments, and discovering the city as an intellectual and sensual programme, so that the phenomenon of urbanity can be grasped not just on formal, but on various other dimensions as well. This study focuses on the process and outcomes of two urban studios located in Taksim Square and along the shores of the Golden Horn in Istanhul. Taking the multidimensional content of urbanity into account, acquired theoretically through literary works and studies on urban planning and its history, the main aim of these studios has been the phenomenological understanding of the dynamic content of urbanity by the students. Through creative analysis of permanent/temporary spaces engendered by the diversity of user profiles and actions discovered on phenomenological excursions, students examine the qualitative values of density and global and local dynamics. We believe that designing spaces as ＂prototypes＂ helps highlight the multidimensional content of urbanity. The present study aims not only to highlight the multidimensional content of urbanity, but also to encourage its discussion in architectural design education and to emphasize the positive contribution of theoretical readings and phenomenological studies to urban design studios. The present study also aims to emphasize the beneficial correlation of global and local dynamics as the two faces of urbanity; important more than ever for the big cities of the 21 st century if we advocate for a vivid and resilient city life and citizens.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC1201000)the Key Deployment Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.ZDRW-ZS-2016-4-2)the Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province(Grant No.AMHD-2017-3).
文摘As a previously neglected member of flavivirus,Zika virus(ZIKV)has recently emerged and caused a global health concern because of its link to microcephaly and other congenital defects.Currently,no anti-ZIKV vaccine or therapy is commercially available.In this drug-screening study,tolvaptan,an FDA-approved drug,was identified to possess the activity against ZIKV strains of Asian lineage with low cytotoxicity using plaque and MTT assays.The anti-ZIKV activity of tolvaptan was also demonstrated using virus yield reduction assay and Western blotting analysis.Time-of-drug-addition assay showed that tolvaptan exerted its anti-ZIKV activity between 6 and 14 h post-ZIKV inoculation,concurrent with the post-entry events of ZIKV life cycle.Tolvaptan also exhibited inhibitory effects on ZIKV strains of African lineage,indicating that its anti-ZIKV activity was not strain dependent.Notably,tolvaptan could also reduce ZIKV-induced mortality in infected mice.Overall,these results suggested that tolvaptan was a potential therapeutic candidate against ZIKV that is worth further evaluation.
