A Preliminary Phylogenetic Study of the Subgenus Pogonophace ( Astragalus ) in China Based on ITS Sequence Data

The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) (including ITS1, 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS2) of Caragana roborovskyi and eight species of subgenus Pogonophace ( Astragalus) were sequenced, and analyzed together with other ITS data (from GenBank) of 48 species representing Astragalus and 12 related genera. The results of phylogenctic analyses suggest that the subgenus Pogonophace is not a monophyletic group. Sect. Sesbanella (Astragalus hoantchy and A. dshimensis) and other species of Pogonophace are nested within different major clades in the phylogenetic tree. The species of sections Bibracteola, Phyllolobium and Trichostylus compose a monophyletic group with a close relationship to subtribe Coluteinae instead of Astragalus. Astragalus tribulifolius and A. tanguticus might be a vicariant species pair as inferred by the ITS data.

论“费厄泼赖”应该实行

在这个“山寨”横行的岁月里，我们“坦然”的修改鲁迅先生的名作来冠名，似乎并不感到无耻。 在黑暗的旧中国，鲁迅先生提出了“缓行”的号召，他说：“仁人们或者要问：那么，我们竟不要费厄泼赖么？我可以立刻回答：当然是要的，然而尚早。”

Ulva and Enteromorpha(Ulvaceae,Chlorophyta) from two sides of the Yellow Sea:analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and plastid rbcL sequence data

Ulvacean green seaweeds are common worldwide;they formed massive green tides in the Yellow Sea in recent years,which caused marine ecological problems as well as a social issue.We investigated two major genera of the Ulvaceae,Ulva and Enteromorpha,and collected the plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS sequences of specimens of the genera in two sides of the Yellow Sea and analyzed them.Phylogenetic trees of rbcL data show the occurrence of five species of Enteromorpha(E.compressa,E.flexuosa,E.intestinalis,E.linza and E.prolifera) and three species of Ulva(U.pertusa,U.rigida and U.ohnoi).However,we found U.ohnoi,which is known as a subtropical to tropical species,at two sites on Jeju Island,Korea.Four ribotypes in partial sequences of 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 from E.compressa were also found.Ribotype network analysis revealed that the common ribotype,occurring in China,Korea and Europe,is connected with ribotypes from Europe and China/Japan.Although samples of the same species were collected from both sides of the Yellow Sea,intraspecific genetic polymorphism of each species was low among samples collected worldwide.

Screening of Decolorizing Fungi for Rose Bengal and Water-soluble Colour Paste and Its Decolorization Conditions

The strain No. 2 which was isolated from the soil through enrichment culture was used as the experimental material. It was cultured in liquid medium to research decolorizing effect to Rose Bengal and soluble color paste under the different conditions of different media,carbon sources,nitrogen sources,initial pH values and culture temperatures. The results revealed that the optimum decolorizing conditions were using bean juice medium and PDA medium as the minimal medium,sucrose as the carbon source,and ammonium nitrate as the nitrogen source,initial pH 6.0-8.0. In addition,the strain was primarily identified as Aspergillus flavus according to its morphous and ITS sequence analysis.

Mesozoic Reservoir Predictionin the Longdong Loess Plateau

This paper summarizes a set of interpretation technologies for Mesozoic sandstone reservoir prediction in the Longdong loess plateau, such as seismic sequence processing and interpretation based on generalized S transform, the eroded paleo-geomorphology interpretation of the top of the Triassic and a variety of lateral reservoir predictions. The effects of employing these technologies are compared and analyzed, as well. The research results show that seismic sequence processing interpretation technology based on generalized S transform can distinguish 3ms (about the thickness of 6 m)sequence interface. Consequently the technology can ascertain the distribution of a sand body of the formation Ch 8 and expand the exploration area of the Xifeng oil field in the Longdong area.

Hydrocarbon Potential of Pre-cenozoic Strata in the North Yellow Sea Basin

The North Yellow Sea Basin ( NYSB ), which was developed on the basement of North China (Huabei) continental block, is a typical continental Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the sea area. Its Mesozoic basin is a residual basin, below which there is probably a larger Paleozoic sedimentary basin. The North Yellow Sea Basin comprises four sags and three uplifts. Of them, the eastern sag is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary sag in NYSB and has the biggest sediment thickness; the current Korean drilling wells are concentrated in the eastern sag. This sag is comparatively rich in oil and gas resources and thus has a relatively good petroleum prospect in the sea. The central sag has also accommodated thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments. The latest research results show that there are three series of hydrocarbon source rocks in the North Yellow Sea Basin, namely, black shales of the Paleogene, Jurassic and Cretaceous. The principal hydrocarbon source rocks in NYSB are the Mesozoic black shale. According to the drilling data of Korea, the black shales of the Paleogene, Jurassic and Cretaceous have all come up to the standards of good and mature source rocks. The NYSB owns an intact system of oil generation, reservoir and capping rocks that can help hydrocarbon to form in the basin and thus it has the great potential of oil and gas. The vertical distribution of the hydrocarbon resources is mainly considered to be in the Cretaceous and then in the Jurassic.

Red Ratings for Loess-Paleosol Sequences on China’s Loess Plateau and Their Paleo-Climatic Implications

Comparisons of red ratings (RR) with Fe_d, Fe_d/Fet, clay content, andmagnetic susceptibility (x) of two loess-paleosol sequences at Luochuan and Lingtai on China's LoessPlateau were conducted to study the possible relationship between RR and pedogenic degrees of thetwo loess-paleosol sequences, and to discuss whether the RR could become new paleo-climaticindicators. Results showed that the RR of the two loess-paleosol sequences had positive, highlysignificant (P < 0.01) correlations with: 1) citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) extracted iron(Fe_d), 2) ratios of CBD extracted iron to total iron (Fe_d/Fet), 3) clay (< 2 mum), and 4) magneticsusceptibility (x). This suggested that the RR of these loess-paleosol sequences could indicatedegreesof loess weathering and pedogenesis and were potential paleo-climatic proxies. The strongcorrelations of RR to Fe_d and x also implied that during pedogenic processes, pedogenic hematite inloess and paleosols were closely related to the amount of total secondary iron oxides and pedogenicferrimagnetic minerals (predominantly maghemite).

Average iron isotopic compositions of the upper continental crust：constrained by loess from the Chinese Loess Plateau

Iron isotopic composition of the upper continental crust(UCC) is critical for understanding Fe mobilization and migration through the Earth. Because rocks exposed at Earth's surface have heterogeneous δ^(56)Fe, finegrained clastic sediments can be used to estimate the average composition of UCC. In this study, we report δ^(56)Fe of loess-paleosol sequences from Yimaguan, Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP), to constrain the average Fe isotopic composition of UCC. The loess-paleosol sequences in this area formed in glacial-interglacial cycles and are characterized by varying degrees of weathering. Our data show that the loess-paleosol layers have extremely homogeneous Fe isotopic compositions with δ^(56)Fe ranging from 0.06‰ to 0.12‰, regardless of variations in the major element composition and weathering intensity. Our study indicates that since Fe isotopes are not significantly fractionated during loess deposition, the loess can be regarded as representative of UCC. It follows that the average δ^(56)Fe of UCC is 0.09‰± 0.03‰(2SD), consistent with previous estimates based on igneous rock data.

Paleoclimatic record from Chumbur-Kosa section in Sea of Azov region since Marine Isotope Stage 11

Abstract： Loess-paleosol sequences preserve records of climatic change during the Quaternary, which is important for paleoclimate study. In this study, a loess-palaeosol sequence from the Chumbur- Kosa （CK） site in the Sea of Azov region was investigated to reconstruct climatic variability during the Marine Isotope Stage （MIS）11- MIS 1, using proxies of grain size （GS）, magnetic susceptibility （xlf and Xfd（%））, carbonate content （CaCO3%） and soil color The results enabled formulation of a detailed description of the climatic characteristics related to each individual layer. The sequence indicates that the paleoclimate shifted progressively towards increasingly cooler, somewhat drier conditions. The CK section may thus be ideal for reconstructing climatie eondifions during the Middle and Late Pleistocene in the Sea of Azov region. However, the ）Of value of paleosol $2 in the CK profile indicates different characteristics from the other paleosol layers, dilution of carbonate resulting from carbonate leaching in L2 may be the main reason for the decrease in magnetic susceptibility. Furthermore, through simple analysis part of the environmental evolution process in the Sea of Azov region and Serbia during Middle and Late Pleistocene cycles. The climate cycle expressed by Xfd（%） and Xlf variations show similar patterns, with rapidly alternating cold and warm intervals. Nevertheless, although the two areas had different climatic regimes, geographical settings, and loess source areas, both exhibited similar climate change trends since the MIS 11.

Terminal Inflorescence and Restricted Branching Genes in Lupins （L. albus L., L. angustifolius L., L. luteus L.） and Field Bean （Vicia faba L.） Breeding in Poland

The objective of this paper is to present a new ideotype of grain legume cultivar and show improvements in breeding from the introduction of the terminal inflorescence （ti） gene in field bean, and the introduction of the restricted branching （rb） gene in three lupin crops--narrow-leafed lupin, white lupin and yellow lupin. Field trials using control cultivars were conducted at the Research Center for Cultivar Testing in Poland. For each species, different trial periods were selected in which new cultivars with ti/rb genes were registered. A breeding progress was estimated by a comparison of a new cultivar to control--bridge cultivar to the next trial period. Over the past twenty years cultivar improvement using ti/rb genes has proceeded differently in these species. The newest, self-completing legume cultivars have yields comparable to traditional ones and generally are earlier and more uniform when mature. This paper shows that breeding progress in rb yellow lupin is outstanding; in rb narrow-leafed lupin and ti field bean is favorable; and in rb white lupin is moderate.

Stratigraphic Sequences and Their Implication in a Sea Area of the Western Yellow Sea Near Qingdao Coast During the Late Quaternary

An analysis of seismic data obtained through a cable route survey starting from the Qingdao coast to offshore has determined nine seismic units since Late Pleistocene. Correlation of the seismic data with Borehole Hj2 confirms three eustatic events that occurred during the Late Quaternary and formed terrestrial units 2, 5 and 7. At the low sea level stage, paleo rivers highly developed, eroded previous strata, formed paleo valley, and left materials.

Characterization of a Bacteriocin-Like Substance Produced from a Novel Isolated Strain of Bacillus subtilis SLYY-3

In the present research, the strain SLYY-3 was isolated from sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. The strain SLYY- 3, which produced a bacteriocin-like substance （BLS）, was characterized to be a strain of Bacillus subtillis by biochemical profiling and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. It is the first time to report that Bacillus subtilis from Jiaozhou Bay sediments could produce a BLS. The BLS of B. subtillis SLYY-3 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria （including Staphylococcus aureus and B. subtillis） and some fimgi （including Penicillium glaucum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus）. The antimicrobial activity was detected from culture in the exponential growth phase and reached its maximum when culture entered into stationary growth phase. It was thermo-tolerant even when being kept at 100~C for 60 min without losing any activity and stable over a wide pH range from 1.0 to 12.0 while being inactivated by proteolytic enzyme and trypsin, indicating the proteinaceous nature of the BLS. The BLS was purified by precipitation with hydrochloric acid （HC1） and gel filteration （Sephadex G-100）. SDS-PAGE analysis of the extracellular peptides of SLYY-3 revealed a bacteriocin-like protein with a molecular mass of 66 kDa. Altogether, these characteristics indicate the potential of the BLS for food industry as a protection against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.

Bacterial diversity in the intestine of young farmed puffer fish Takifugu rubripes

The aim of the study was to examine the bacterial community associated with the intestinal mucus of young farmed puffer fish Takifugu rubripes. Polymerase chain reaction and partial 16 S r DNA sequencing was performed on DNA from bacteria cultivated on Zobell 2216 E medium. All the isolates were classified into two phyla—Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Proteobacteria were the dominant, culturable intestinal microbiota(68.3%). At the genus level, V ibrio, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Exiguobacterium, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudoalteromonas and S hewanella were isolated from the intestine, with representatives of the genera V ibrio, Enterobacter and Bacillus accounting for 70.7% of the total. This is the first report of Enterobacter, Bacillus, Exiguobacterium and Staphylococcus as part of the intestinal bacterial microflora in T. rubripes. The profile of the culturable bacterial community differed between samples collected from the same tank at 2-month intervals, as indicated by Bray-Curtis and Sorensen indices, and the impact on the intestinal physiology and health of puffer fish requires further investigation.

TAXONOMIC STATUS OF CAR BACILLUS BASED ON THE SMALL SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL RNA SEQUENCES

In an attempt to identify the taxonomic relationship between CAR bacillus and other bacteria, the SSU rRNA gene sequences of two CAR bacillus strains, CBM and CBR isolated from mice and rats respectively were used in the present studies. The SSU rRNA gene sequences, approximately 1. 5 kb in size amplified from genomic DNAs from both strains, were determined and 96. 8% homologies were found to exist between them. Those sequences were aligned to most eubacteria with a computer search showing high homology with those of Flavobacter/Flexibacter species especially closed to Fx. sancti and Fv. ferrugineum.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CAR bacillus belongs to a species close to Fx. sancti and Fv. ferrugineum subdivision.

Variability of Carbonate Pedofeatures in a Loess-Paleosol Sequence and their Use for Paleoreconstructions

Carbonate pedofeatures were studied in details in a loess-paleosol pedocomplex near Kursk, in the central part of the European Plain. The soils studied included a modern Chernozem and five Pleistocene paleosols. Carbonate morphologies and distributions were described in the field. Various morphologies were sampled for further studies including micromorphology in thin sections and submicroscopic studies under a scanning electron microscope. The complex approach of investigation at macro-, micro-, and submicroscopic levels found that most of carbonate pedofeatures are secondary and multiphase. Many of them are related to cryogenic features. The general trend was of decreasing carbonate content in the older paleosols except for increased content in the 1St and 3rd paleosols. Most of carbonate morphologies are similar in the modern soil and paleosols, but pseudomycelium was found only in the modern Chernozem, while soft masses and impregnations are associated with the paleosols. Detailed study on carbonate attributes revealed their specific features in the modern soil and in paleosols. Veins have dissolution features under the modern environment and seem to reprecipitate in form of pseudomycelium. Coatings in paleosols at a depth of the Ist paleosol include specific fine tubes. Powdery soft masses and impregnations in the paleosols are strongly related to cryogenic fissures and paleopermafrost level. Under SEM they consist of tiny crystals, much smaller than in regular soft masses. Several types of hard concretions were identified：rounded, irregular and platy. Small concretions in the modern Chernozem have similar morphology and similar 14C-age as the rounded concretions of the upper paleosols. They are expected to represent the same generation of concretions. Platy concretions fill the bottom part of the large fissures. The 14C-age of hard concretions varies from 3310±80 yrs. B.P in the Ist paleosol up to 20 400 yrs. B.P. in the 3^rd. As a result we found the reflection of several wet-dry and cold-warm stages in carbonate morphologies and distributions. High variability of carbonates at macro-, micro- and submicroscopic levels indicates several generations and multiphase formation of carbonate pedofeatures in the loess-paleosol pedocomplex. Carbonate pedofeatures in the examined pedocomplex are more informative for the study of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic cycles rather than characterization of a single paleosol.

Taxonomy and molecular evolution of secondary metabolism pathway of isoflavones biosynthesis

We compared the cDNA sequences and amino acid sequences of Chalcone synthase （CHS）, Chalcone isomerase （CH1）, and lsoflavone synthase （IFS） in isoflavone biosynthesis pathway, found that their similarity were not always consistent; then we compared the amino acid sequences of CHS, CHI, and IFS, found that the clustering relationship of CHS and CHI were different in 13 kind of species; CHS and IFS were the same or similar in leguminous plants Medicago sativa, Medicago truncatula, Pisum sativum, Pueraria Montana, and Glycine max however disaccording with CHI. We prefer the amino acid sequence for cDNA sequence for evolution analysis, and think that the secondary metabolism mostly attributing to environmental stresses, and the functional genes on secondary metabolism pathway are unsuitable for taxonomy analysis.

Comparison of paleotemperature reconstructions using microbial tetraether thermometers of the Chinese loess-paleosol sequence for the past 350000 years

The recently proposed global and local calibrations for the mean annual air temperature(MAT) reconstruction on the basis of 5-and 6-methyl brGDGTs have rarely been applied to the Chinese LPS yet, leaving the applicability of these calibrations unclear. Here, we used the improved chromatography method to analyze 198 loess-paleosol samples from the Weinan section in the southern CLP for the past 350 kyr. The 6-methyl brGDGTs comprise a major proportion of total brGDGTs, pointing to alkaline conditions for most soil samples from the Weinan LPS. The decoupled profile variation of MBT′6ME and MBT′_(5ME) suggests their response to different enviromental factors, possibly soil pH(or soil moisture) and temperature, respectively. This discrimination further corraborates that temperature and monsoonal precipitation were not in phase during the last four deglaciations on the CLP. Temperature estimates for the six calibrations tested show similar trends but remarkably differ in amplitudes. The soil moisture appears to affect the global MBT′/CBT calibration, the global MATmr calibration(a calibration based on the multiple linear regression) and the Chinese local SSM(Stepwise Selection Method) calibration, resulting in a significant underestimation of late Holocene temperature. In contrast, the dry climate has no effect on the global MBT′5ME calibration. Of the six calibrations,only the Chinese local SSM calibration and global MATmr calibration produce temperature variation amplitude over the past 350 ka that is consistent with other independent proxy data. The recently proposed local calibrations based on 5-and 6-methyl brGDGTs for North China yield the amplitude of temperature changes that is much larger than the results determined by other approaches.All the six calibrations have their own weakness in the MAT reconstruction, due partly to the inconsistency between the brGDGT distribution in the Weinan LPS and the modern soils used to establish these calibrations.

Organic carbon isotope and molecular fossil records of vegetation evolution in central Loess Plateau since 450 kyr

Significant uncertainties remain regarding the temporal evolution of natural vegetation during the Quaternary, and drivers of past vegetation change, on the Chinese Loess Plateau （CLP）. This study presents analyses of total organic carbon isotopic composition （TOC） and n-alkane ratios （C31/C27） from the Lingtai loess-palaeosol sequence on the central CLP over the last 450 kyr. The results demonstrate that the vegetation in this region comprised a mix of C3 and C4 plants of herb and woody growth-form. C3 plants dominated for most of the last 450 kyr, but this did not lead to extensive forest. C3 woody plants were more abundant in MIS9 （S3 period） and MIS5 （S 1 period） during warm and humid climate conditions. Herbs increased in the region since 130 kyr, possibly as a result of increased aridity. On the orbital timescales, there was a reduction of C3 herbal plants in MIS 11 （$4） than in M1S 12 （L5）, and in Holocene than in the last glacial period. Our isotope and n-alkane proxy records are in agreement with Artemisia pollen changes in the region, which is/was the dominant species in this area and varying due to different heat and water conditions between glacial and interglacial periods. Though the climate in MIS1 （SO） was similar to that in MIS11 （S4）, a significant increase in woody plants during the Holocene suggests the impact of human activities and ecological effects of changes in fire activity.

DISTRIBUTION OF ONE-ERROR LINEAR COMPLEXITY OF BINARY SEQUENCES FOR ARBITRARY PRIME PERIOD

Complexity measures for sequences, such as the linear complexity and the k-error linear complexity, play an important role in stream ciphers. This contribution studies the distribution of 1-error linear complexity of binary sequences with arbitrary prime period. For any odd prime N, the authors present all possible values of 1-error linear complexity of N-periodic binary sequences, and derive the exact formulas to count the number of N-periodic binary sequences with any given 1-error linear complexity.

Chryseobacterium chengduensis sp. nov. isolated from the air of captive giant panda enclosures in Chengdu, China

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 25-1T, was isolated from the air inside giant panda enclosures at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, China. Strain 25-1T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 28-30 ℃ and in the presence of NaCI concentrations from 0.0% to 0.5%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain 25-1m belongs to the genus Chryseobacterium within the family Flavo- bacteriaceae and is related most closely to C. camis G81m （96.4% similarity）, C. lathyri RBA2-6T （95.8% similarity）, and C. zeae JM1085T （95.8% similarity）. Its genomic DNA G＋C molar composition was 36.2%. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15：0 （44.0%）, iso-C17：0 3OH （19.8%） and C16：1 ω7c/16：1 ω6c （12.7%）. The only isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 6 （MK-6）. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified amino lipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 25-1m and C. lathyri RBA2-6T was 38%. Phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic characteristics indicated that strain 25-1T is a novel member of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name C. chengduensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 25-1T （ccmoc AB2015133T=DSM 100396T）.