从“文字狱档”看清代以书为礼现象

《清代文字狱档》收录的“蔡显《闲渔闲闲录》案”“黄检私刻奏疏案”相关档案,较为详细地展示了蔡显、黄检私刻本的流向。通过对这些私刻本流向的统计分析,可以发现清代士大夫以书(私刻)为礼的普遍性:首先,除了文集之外,其他私刻本也多作为礼物赠送。其次,私刻本中的绝大多数印本均作为礼物赠人。再次,无论是下层士人还是上层士人,无论是在南方还是在北方,无论是汉人还是旗人,均普遍以书为礼。最后,士大夫的赠书,既有巩固性的、核心性的投赠,也有投机性的、拓展性的投赠,前者体现了书籍之交的深度,而后者体现了书籍之交的广度。此外,本文还尝试对清代私刻本一次开印的印数作推断:大多数应该在20部至200部之间。

Diagnostic and therapeutic role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in biliary rhabdomyosarcoma

Biliary rhabdomyosarcoma (BRMS) is an uncommon childhood malignancy which has been managed surgically. We present a case of a 3-year-old boy with BRMS, in whom endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was successfully used both diagnostically and therapeutically, thus obviating the need for surgery and its attendant risks of morbidity and mortality. We conclude that ERCP is an effective alternative to surgery for BRMS in some patients.

Determination of Astragaloside IV in Yupingfeng Oral Solution by HPLC-ELSD Method

[Objective] This study aimed to establish a method for determining the content of Astragaloside IV in Yupingfeng oral solution.[Method] The HPLC-ELSD method was adopted.The chromatographic column was Venusil MP（4.6 mm × 150 mm,5 μm）.The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water（35∶65）.The ELSD evaporator tube temperature was 65 ℃.N2 was used as the carrier gas（pressure,30 psi）.[Result] When the content of Astragaloside IV ranged from 0.5 to 5.0 μg,the Astragaloside IV content showed a good linear relationship with peak area（r=0.999,n=6）.The average recovery was 96.36%,and the RSD was 2.46%.[Conclusion] This method is accurate and reliable,and can be applied in the quality control of Yupingfeng oral solution.

N-acetyl cysteine therapy in acute viral hepatitis

AIM: To investigate the effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)on acute viral hepatitis (AVH).METHODS: We administered 200 mg oral NAC three times daily (600 mg/day) to the study group and placebo capsules to the control group. All patients were hospitalized and diagnosed as AVH. Blood total and direct bilirubin, ALT, AST,alkaline phosphatese, albumin and globulin levels of each patient were measured twice weekly until total bilirubin level dropped under 2 mg/dl, ALT level under 100 U/L, follow up was continued and then the patients were discharged.RESULTS: A total of 41(13 female and 28 male) AVH patients were included in our study. The period for normalization of ALT and total bilirubin in the study group was 19.7±6.9 days and 13.7±8.5 days respectively. In the control group it was 20.4±6.5 days and 16.9±7.8 days respectively (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION: NAC administration effected neither the time necessary for normalization of ALT and total bilirubin values nor duration of hospitalization, so we could not suggest NAC for the treatment of icteric AVH cases. However, our results have shown that this drug is not harmful to patients with AVH.

Urinary Profiles of Soy Isoflavone Metabolites in Women,Female Piglets and Female Rats Consuming Soy Diet

Objective: To investigate the urinary soy isoflavone metabolites from women, female piglets and rats fed with diet containing soy protein. Methods: Urinary samples from human and animals were collected after soy diet consumption. Identification for soy isoflavone metabolites in urine samples was processed using an Agilent Bruker LC Esquire ion trap system. Quantification of aglycone and conjugated soy isoflavone metabolites were also analyzed using a method published previously. Results: Identification studies showed that aglycones and conjugates of soy isoflavone metabolites were found in women and porcine samples. Interestingly, glucuronide conjugate of equol, besides glucuronide conjugates of genistein and daidzein, were found in rat urine. Glucuronide conjugate of equol was the major metabolite found in rat urine. A quantitative study showed that conjugated forms of isoflavones were more than 90% in woman urine, were between 80.5% and 84.5% in female porcine urine, and were less than 50% in female rat urine. Conclusion: Equol is the major metabolite found in female rat urine, but it is not found in woman or female porcine urine. Urinary profiles show that porcine model is more appropriate for mimicking human soy diet consuming studies.

Application of a sea surface temperature front composite algorithm in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas

The oceanic front is a narrow zone in which water properties change abruptly within a short distance.The sea surface temperature(SST) front is an important type of oceanic front,which plays a significant role in many fields including fisheries,the military,and industry.Satellite-derived SST images have been used widely for front detection,although these data are susceptible to influence by many objective factors such as clouds,which can cause missing data and a reduction in front detection accuracy.However,front detection in a single SST image cannot fully reflect its temporal variability and therefore,the long-term mean frequency of occurrence of SST fronts and their gradients are often used to analyze the variations of fronts over time.In this paper,an SST front composite algorithm is proposed that exploits the frontal average gradient and frequency more effectively.Through experiments based on MODIS Terra and Aqua data,we verified that fronts could be distinguished better by using the proposed algorithm.Additionally through its use,we analyzed the monthly variations of fronts in the Bohai,Yellow,and East China Seas,based on Terra data from 2000 to 2013.

Histological changes at an endosonography-guided biliary drainage site:A case report

Endosonography-guided biliary drainage (ESBD) is a new method enabling internal drainage of an obstructed bile duct. However,the histological conditions associated with fistula development via the duodenum to the bile duct have not been reported. We performed ESBD 14 d preoperatively in a patient with an ampullary carcinoma and histologically confirmed changes in and around the fistula. The female patient developed no complications relevant to ESBD. Levels of serum bilirubin and hepatobiliary enzymes declined quickly,and pancreatoduodenectomy was carried out uneventfully. The resected specimen was sliced and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histological evaluation of the puncture site in the duodenum and bile-duct wall,and the sinus tract revealed no hematoma,bile leakage,or abscess in or around the sinus tract. Little sign of granulation,fibrosis,and inflammatory cell infiltration was observed. Although further large-scale confirmatory studies are needed,the findings here may encourage more active use of ESBD as a substitute for percutaneous transhepatic drainage in cases with failed/difficult endoscopic biliary stenting.

HPLC Analysis of Egg Yolk Phosphatidylcholine by Evaporative Light Scattering Detector

Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine(EYPC) is being widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries nowadays owing to its surface activity,pharmaceutical usefulness,and so on.Common determination methods of phospholipids were based on the American Oil Chemists' Society(AOCS) Official Method Ja7b-91,in which n-hexane/2-propanol/acetate buffer was used as the mobile phase.In order to achieve desired results,gradient elu-tion or buffer solution was used,which made the detection process more complicated.Moreover,water or buffer solution could affect the silica gel column both on its lifespan and the separation efficiency significantly.In this study,different mobile phase and detector were used to simplify EYPC analyzing process instead of using water within the mobile phase.The optimized HPLC operating conditions are as follows:pure methanol as a mobile phase,flow rate of 1.0 ml·min-1,silica gel column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm,Inertsil GLTM),column temperature 30 ℃ and low temperature evaporative light scattering detector(40 ℃,0.35 MPa) as used.Under this optimal condition,the linear relative coefficient of the standard curve is 0.998 and the recovery was in the range of 96.83%-101.58% with a relative standard deviation of 1.79%(n=6).

Sclerosing cholangitis associated with autoimmune pancreatitis differs from primary sclerosing cholangitis

AIM:To clarify the characteristic features of biliary le-sions in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis(AIP) and compare them with those of primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC) .METHODS:The clinicopathological characteristics of 34 patients with sclerosing cholangitis(SC) associated with AIP were compared with those of 4 patients with PSC.RESULTS:SC with AIP occurred predominantly in el-derly men.Obstructive jaundice was the most frequent initial symptom in SC with AIP.Only SC patients with AIP had elevated serum IgG4 levels,and sclerosing diseases were more frequent in these patients.SC pa-tients with AIP responded well to steroid therapy.Seg-mental stenosis of the lower bile duct was observed only in SC patients with AIP,but a beaded and pruned-tree appearance was detected only in PSC patients.Dense infi ltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells was de-tected in the bile duct wall and the periportal area,as well as in the pancreas,of SC patients with AIP.CONCLUSION:SC with AIP is distinctly different from PSC.The two diseases can be discriminated based on cholangiopancreatographic findings and serum IgG4 levels.

PROJECTION BASED STATISTICAL FEATURE EXTRACTION WITH MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES AND ITS APPLICATIONS ON THE YELLOW RIVER MAINSTREAM LINE DETECTION

Mainstream line is significant for the Yellow River situation forecasting and flood control.An effective statistical feature extraction method is proposed in this paper.In this method, a between-class scattering matrix based projection algorithm is performed to maximize between-class differences, obtaining effective component for classification;then high-order statistics are utilized as the features to describe the mainstream line in the principal component obtained.Experiments are performed to verify the applicability of the algorithm.The results both on synthesized and real scenes indicate that this approach could extract the mainstream line of the Yellow River automatically, and has a high precision in mainstream line detection.

Comparative analysis of chemical components between barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA) algorithms and normalization method based on the peak areas; the flavones in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were separated on an ODS column by gradient elution carried out with the flow phase consisting of water, methanol and phosphoric acid (0.1%), and their contents were quantitatively determined by standard curve method and diode array detection (DAD) at 362 nm. The results show that 68 and 73 compounds respectively from essential oils of the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are identified, and there are 33 mutual compounds among 108 compounds determined. The total contents of these volatile components of the two samples possess 92.9% and 97.75% of the gross of the relevant essential oils, respectively; the contents of the rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are 0.016 9, 0.003 6, 0.002 1 and 0.064 4, 0.030 2, 0.010 0 mg/g, respectively, and the determination recoveries are 95.2%-106.2%. The comparative analysis shows that for the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, there are significant differences in their components of the relevant essential oils and flavones.

Evolution of Surface Cold Patches in the North Yellow Sea Based on Satellite SST Data

Ten years （from 2005 to 2014） of satellite sea surface temperature （SST） data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） are analyzed to reveal the monthly changes in surface cold patches （SCPs） in the main areas of the Northern Yellow Sea （NYS）. The Canny edge detection algorithm is used to identify the edges of the patches. The monthly changes are de- scribed in terms of location, temperature and area. The inter-annual variations, including changes in the location and area of the SCPs from 2010 to 2014, are briefly discussed. The formation mechanisms of the SCPs in different periods are systematically analyzed using both in situ data and numerical simulation. The results show that from May to October, the location and area of the SCPs re- main stable, with a north-south orientation. The SCPs altogether cover about I° of longitude （124°E-125°E） in width and 2° of lati- tude （37.5°N-39.5°N） in length. In November, the SCP separates from the Jangsan Cape and forms a closed, isolated, and approxi- mately circular cold patch in the central NYS. From May to October, the upweUing that leads to the formation of the SCP is mainly triggered by the headland residual current, wind field, climbing movement of the current and secondary circulation at the tide front. In November, cyclonic circulation in the NYS is primarily responsible for generating the upwelling that leads to the formation of the closed and isolated SCE

High performance liquid chromatography for the determination of flavonoids

Due to their biological and physiological importance,flavonoids receive considerable attention in the literature. Nowadays,high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）is the most widely used analytical method.In this review,we summarize the principle of the choice of HPLC column and mobile phase,discuss and compare the features of various detections such as UV,fluorescence detection,electrochemical detection,chemilummescence detection,UV-MS etc.Recent developments in HPLC including ultra-LC and miniaturization of LC（micro-LC,capillary-LC,and nano-LC）,are also discussed.

Bioassay-based dissolution test of Shuanghuanglian tablet

It has been difficult to perform dissolution test on solid preparations of traditional Chinese medicines （TCMs）. TCMs are different from chemical drugs in that their chemical compositions are complicated. The measurement method based on chemical approach alone is incomplete. In order to solve this problem, in this study a bioassay-based dissolution test was developed. Microcalorimetry was used to obtain growth power-time curves and biothermodynamic parameters of Staphylococcus aureus inhibited by the solution of ShuangHuangLian （SHL） tablet, which was dissolved in phosphate buffer （pH 6.8） for different times. The results of the bioassay-based dissolution test of SHL tablet demonstrated that the bioassay method might be a promising alternative for its quality control.