黄海大海洋生态系滨海湿地保护:进展与建议

黄海大海洋生态系(YSLME)滨海湿地是东亚—澳大利西亚候鸟的中转站和越冬栖息地,对东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线的候鸟至关重要。由于过去几十年的经济发展,中国和韩国都开垦了大量的滨海湿地,因此生境丧失被确定为是对YSLME的一个重大跨界威胁。为缓解这一跨界威胁,YSLME二期项目在其战略行动计划中提出数项管理行动计划,同时,旨在2030年前保护30%海洋的全球生物多样性保护目标(3030目标)也得到了通过。因此,重点介绍了中国和韩国在湿地保护法律法规、滨海湿地保护地建设、公众意识以及国际合作等方面的进展,并简要介绍了朝鲜的滨海湿地保护情况,为更好地解决滨海湿地丧失这一跨界威胁和实现3030目标提供了建议。YSLME滨海湿地保护主要进展为:中韩两国逐渐完善其湿地保护法律法规体系、早期滨海湿地面积急剧丧失的趋势在近年来得到缓解、两国都建立了越来越多的滨海湿地保护地、提升公众意识已经体现在各级法律法规中、中韩之间有持续的滨海湿地国际合作交流活动。对于未来的保护工作,提出了四点建议:扩大滨海湿地保护地面积、保护迁徙动物的生态廊道、加强YSLME滨海湿地保护地网络建设以及增强保护地信息的可获得性。

黄海大海洋生态系数据库设计

由联合国开发计划署/全球环境机构(UNDP/GEF)资助的"减少黄海大海洋生态系环境压力"项目在实施过程中积累了大量关于黄海区域的生物多样性、渔业、生态系统和污染等多种类别的空间数据和属性数据。针对这些多源异构的综合数据,设计和建设了适合于黄海大海洋生态系GIS信息共享系统的专业数据库,主要包括元数据库和数据库逻辑结构的设计。从而实现黄海大海洋生态系综合数据的统一高效管理,更好地为信息共享系统提供数据支持服务。

基于WebGIS技术的黄海大海洋生态系信息共享系统

主要基于WebGIS技术,设计和开发了一套适合于减少黄海大海洋生态系环境压力(YSLME)项目应用需求的信息共享系统——YSLME GIS系统,系统能够通过Internet提供元数据查询、数据查询、基于电子底图的空间数据查询以及系统管理等功能,从而实现对项目多源异构数据的有效管理,并且向科学家和公众提供高效便捷的在线信息共享服务。

黄海大海洋生态系区域监测体系建设的对策建议

为促进黄海生态环境保护和生态灾害治理工作,文章基于历史资料的收集和整理,分析黄海大海洋生态系的生态环境背景及其存在的问题,并提出区域监测体系建设的对策建议。研究结果表明:黄海大海洋生态系的气候变化和营养盐变化是浮游生物群落的重要影响因素,赤潮、绿潮和水母暴发是黄海大海洋生态系的主要生态灾害;应通过加强各种形式的监测和合作,不断构建黄海大海洋生态系区域监测体系。

黄海大搜救

5月7日晚21时40分，海军驻旅顺某基地作战值班室接到辽宁省海上搜救中心报告：北京飞往大连的CJ6136航班2138号客机于21时24分在大连石化公司附近海域坠落，请求部队紧急救援。

从联合国黄海大海洋生态系项目看国际环境法的发展趋势

黄海项目的实施加强了中、韩、朝三国在黄海区域环境保护领域的合作,为建立黄海区域环境合作法律制度奠定了基础,是区域环境合作项目推进国际环境法发展的成功范例。项目运用以生态系统为基础的方法,明确了生态系统承载力和管理措施两者之间应有的关系,通过区域环境合作中的责任分担对国际环境法的义务本位给予了有力的说明。黄海生态系统的完整和健康是沿黄海所有国家的共同的责任,项目通过对共同但有区别的责任原则的创造性适用,既照顾了国情,又化解了发达国家与发展中国家的矛盾,不仅为共同但有区别的责任原则在国际环境法中的适用提供了经验性支持,而且也反映了该原则在国际环境法中的地位。

多重压力胁迫下近海生态系统与多营养层次综合养殖

近半个多世纪以来,在过度开发利用、气候变化(包括全球变暖和自然波动)以及环境污染等多重压力胁迫下近海生态系统发生了前所未有的变化,其中黄海大海洋生态系最具代表性。它主要表现在生物多样性和生态系统生产力的变化;生态系统产出质量下降,如个体较大、营养层次较高、重要的底层经济种类被个体较小、营养层次较低、中上层及经济价值低的种类所替代。研究分析表明,在多重压力胁迫下,近海生态系统及其变化受控于多因素作用的控制机制,导致生态系统变化的复杂性、不确定性,并难以甄别和管理。多营养层次综合水产养殖是应对多重压力胁迫下近海生态系统显著变化的一条有效的途径。文内论述了发展多营养层次综合养殖的科学基础,介绍了在黄海桑沟湾构建的多营养层次综合养殖模式及其效果,评估了多营养层次综合养殖的碳收支与生态服务功能。最后,在结语中指出:展望未来,多营养层次综合养殖模式的多样化发展需要特别予以关注,需要得到更多基础研究的支持。除了进一步加强养殖种类的生物学和区域生态学研究,还需要加强养殖生态系统的生物地球化学循环和水动力学过程研究,关注海洋酸化对养殖生物的影响,多营养层次综合养殖系统对海洋酸化的响应及其应采取的适应性对策。

小议历史教学中的情感教学

教育心理学指出,学生是有完整的人的生命表现形式而处于发展阶段,以学习为义务的人。基于此,只有以积极的情感体验和深层次的认知参与为核心的学习形式,才能最有效地促进学生自主学习。因此我们要结合学科的特点,改变过去只重视知识传授的教学方式,着重重视学生在学习中的内心感受,树立以学生为主体的情感教学观念,密切结合学生的个性、心理特征,因材施教,促进学生的个性发展,利用一切资源让学生在真情实感中认识历史,学好历史。

Seasonal cycle of topography in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and its relationships with atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment based on altimetry data

Seasonal cycle is the most significant signals of topography and circulation in the Bohai Sea (BS)and Yellow Sea (YS) forced by prevailing monsoon and is still poorly understood due to lack of data in their interiors. In the present study, seasonal cycles of topography in the BS and YS and its relationship with atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment were examined and discussed using TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1/2 Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) data. Analyses revealed complicated seasonal cycles of topography composed mainly of2 REOF modes, the winter-summer mode (WIM) and spring-autumn mode (SAM). The WIM with action center in the BS displayed peak and southward pressure gradient in July, and valley and northward pressure gradient in January, which is obviously the direct response to monsoon with about 1-month response time. The SAM with action center in the western south YS displayed peak and northward pressure gradient in October and valley and southward pressure gradient in April. After the mature period of monsoon, the action center in the BS became weakened while that in the western south YS became strengthened because of regional convergence or divergence induced by seasonal variations of the Taiwan Warm Current and Yellow Sea Coastal Current. The direct response of topography to monsoon resulted in the WIM, while oceanic adjustment of topography played an important role in the forming of the SAM.

Recent Observations and Modeling Study About Sea Fog over the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

This review presents some of the latest achievements in sea fog research,including fog climatology,fog structure in the marine atmospheric boundary layer,and numerical simulations and forecasting of fog.With the development of atmospheric observational techniques and equipments,new facts about sea fog are revealed.The mechanisms involved in the formation,development and dissipation of sea fog are further explored with the help of advanced atmospheric models.

Ulva and Enteromorpha(Ulvaceae,Chlorophyta) from two sides of the Yellow Sea:analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and plastid rbcL sequence data

Ulvacean green seaweeds are common worldwide;they formed massive green tides in the Yellow Sea in recent years,which caused marine ecological problems as well as a social issue.We investigated two major genera of the Ulvaceae,Ulva and Enteromorpha,and collected the plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS sequences of specimens of the genera in two sides of the Yellow Sea and analyzed them.Phylogenetic trees of rbcL data show the occurrence of five species of Enteromorpha(E.compressa,E.flexuosa,E.intestinalis,E.linza and E.prolifera) and three species of Ulva(U.pertusa,U.rigida and U.ohnoi).However,we found U.ohnoi,which is known as a subtropical to tropical species,at two sites on Jeju Island,Korea.Four ribotypes in partial sequences of 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 from E.compressa were also found.Ribotype network analysis revealed that the common ribotype,occurring in China,Korea and Europe,is connected with ribotypes from Europe and China/Japan.Although samples of the same species were collected from both sides of the Yellow Sea,intraspecific genetic polymorphism of each species was low among samples collected worldwide.

夏播大豆荚而不实影响因素与防控措施

大豆荚而不实在黄淮海流域普遍发生,且呈逐年加重趋势,给农业生产以及育种研究带来较大损失,防控形势日益严峻,已成为黄淮海流域大豆生产上亟待解决的重要问题。大豆荚而不实的发生既与品种遗传特性有关,又与植株生长状况、水肥供给、环境因子及病虫危害有密切联系。从夏播大豆的秕荚率遗传、耕作制度、栽培措施、气象因素及病虫危害方面分析了大豆荚而不实的影响因素与防控措施,以期对大豆荚而不实有更全面的了解,同时对今后的研究方向进行了探讨,为综合防控措施的优化提供参考信息,并为抗病抗虫品种的培育提供新思路。

Evaluation of removal of the size effect using data scaling and elliptic Fourier descriptors in otolith shape analysis, exemplified by the discrimination of two yellow croaker stocks along the Chinese coast

Removal of the length ef fect in otolith shape analysis for stock identification using length scaling is an important issue; however, few studies have attempted to investigate the ef fectiveness or weakness of this methodology in application. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether commonly used size scaling methods and normalized elliptic Fourier descriptors(NEFDs) could ef fectively remove the size ef fect of fish in stock discrimination. To achieve this goal, length groups from two known geographical stocks of yellow croaker, L arimichthys polyactis, along the Chinese coast(five groups from the Changjiang River estuary of the East China Sea and three groups from the Bohai Sea) were subjected to otolith shape analysis. The results indicated that the variation of otolith shape caused by intra-stock fish length might exceed that due to inter-stock geographical separation, even when otolith shape variables are standardized with length scaling methods. This variation could easily result in misleading stock discrimination through otolith shape analysis. Therefore, conclusions about fish stock structure should be carefully drawn from otolith shape analysis because the observed discrimination may primarily be due to length ef fects, rather than dif ferences among stocks. The application of multiple methods, such as otoliths shape analysis combined with elemental fingering, tagging or genetic analysis, is recommended for sock identification.

Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Flux of Nutrient Elements to the Southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Based on the recent research results on dry and wet deposition of nutrient elements and sulphate, we estimate the atmospheric flux of nutrient elements and sulphate to the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in each season. The results suggest that the concentrations of nutrient elements and sulphate in aerosol and precipitation show an apparent seasonal cycle with the maximum values in winter and the minimum values in summer. Depositions of nitrate and sulphate are dominated by wet deposition, while the deposition for phosphate is mainly dry deposition. Moreover, compared with the riverine inputs, the atmospheric deposition may be the main source of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.

Distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen over the continental slope of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Based on survey data from April to May 2009, distribution and its influential factors of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) over the continental slopes of the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) are discussed. Influenced by the Changjiang (Yangtze) River water, alongshore currents, and the Kuroshio current off the coast, DIN concentrations were higher in the Changjiang River estuary, but lower (<1 μmol/L) in the northern and eastern YS and outer continental shelf area of the ECS. In the YS, the thermocline formed in spring, and a cold-water mass with higher DIN concentration (about 11 μmol/L) formed in benthonic water around 123.2°E. In Changjiang estuary (around 123°E, 32°N), DIN concentration was higher in the 10 m layer; however, the bottom DIN concentration was lower, possibly influenced by mixing of the Taiwan Warm Current and offshore currents.

Hydrocarbon Potential of Pre-cenozoic Strata in the North Yellow Sea Basin

The North Yellow Sea Basin ( NYSB ), which was developed on the basement of North China (Huabei) continental block, is a typical continental Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the sea area. Its Mesozoic basin is a residual basin, below which there is probably a larger Paleozoic sedimentary basin. The North Yellow Sea Basin comprises four sags and three uplifts. Of them, the eastern sag is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary sag in NYSB and has the biggest sediment thickness; the current Korean drilling wells are concentrated in the eastern sag. This sag is comparatively rich in oil and gas resources and thus has a relatively good petroleum prospect in the sea. The central sag has also accommodated thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments. The latest research results show that there are three series of hydrocarbon source rocks in the North Yellow Sea Basin, namely, black shales of the Paleogene, Jurassic and Cretaceous. The principal hydrocarbon source rocks in NYSB are the Mesozoic black shale. According to the drilling data of Korea, the black shales of the Paleogene, Jurassic and Cretaceous have all come up to the standards of good and mature source rocks. The NYSB owns an intact system of oil generation, reservoir and capping rocks that can help hydrocarbon to form in the basin and thus it has the great potential of oil and gas. The vertical distribution of the hydrocarbon resources is mainly considered to be in the Cretaceous and then in the Jurassic.

Galvanic Interactions of Aluminium 3004 and ∝ Brass in Tropical Marine Atmosphere

The galvanic corrosion behaviour of alumiuium 3004 - ∝ brass with different area ratios was studied in the tropical marine atmosphere at Tuticorin harbour over a period of 426 days. The area ratios, viz. AAluminiurn：A∝ brass, studied were 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8. The galvanic corrosion behaviour of the metals was studied in terms of the relative increase in the corrosion rate of aluminium due to galvanic coupling with oc brass, the relative decrease in the corrosion rate of ∝ brass due to galvanic coupling with aluminium, and the susceptibility of aluminium to pitting owing to galvanic coupling with ∝ brass. The galvanic potential and galvanic current of the system were monitored. Pits of different dimensions ranging from mild etchings to perforations were experienced on the borders arid the surfaces of the interface of aluminium in contact with ∝ brass. The corrosion products resulting from galvanic corrosion were analysed using XRD and the pitting on aluminium as a result of galvanic corrosion was highlighted in terms of pit depth, size and density of pit, using a high resolution microscope. The most favourable area ratio of aluminium - ∝ brass in marine atmosphere in terms of gravimetric corrosion rate is 8：1 and the most unfavourable area ratio of aluminium - ∝ brass is 1：4.

Screening of marine fungus from Nanji Island and activity of their metabolites against pathogenic Vibrio from Pseudosciaena crocea

Seventy-eight marine fungal strains were isolated from sediment samples collected off the coast of Nanji Island, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Antibacterial screening using the agar disc method showed that 19 of the isolated strains could inhibit at least one pathogenic Vibrio from Pseudosciaena crocea. Subsequent screening confirmed that nine strains produced antibacterial metabolites that had activity against one or several types of pathogenic Vibrio. Strain NJ0104 had the widest antimicrobial spectrum and strong activity, particularly against Fibrio parahaemolyticus-MM0810072. A preliminary study of N J0104 antibacterial metabolites demonstrated that they had thermal stability up to 80℃, ultraviolet stability up to 40 min and pH stability between 4.0-7.0. In addition, the antibacterial metabolites were readily soluble in butanol. To identify the specific strain, the ITS-5.8S rDNA regions of NJ0104 were PCR amplified and sequenced. Based on the combination of phenotypic and genotypic data, the strain was identified as Arthrinium sp.

Sedimentary Evolution of the Holocene Subaqueous Clinoform off the Southern Shandong Peninsula in the Western South Yellow Sea

Based on the stratigraphic sequence formed since the last glaciation and revealed by 3000 km long high-resolution shallow seismic profiles and the core QDZ03 acquired recently off the southern Shandong Peninsula, we addressed the sedimentary characteristics of a Holocene subaqueous clinoform in this paper. Integrated analyses were made on the core QDZ03, including sedimentary facies, sediment grain sizes, clay minerals, geochemistry, micro paleontology, and AMS 14 C dating. The result indicates that there exists a Holocene subaqueous clinoform, whose bottom boundary generally lies at 15–40 m below the present sea level with its depth contours roughly parallel to the coast and getting deeper seawards. The maximum thickness of the clinoform is up to 22.5 m on the coast side, and the thickness contours generally spread in a banded way along the coastline and becomes thinner towards the sea. At the mouths of some bays along the coast, the clinoform stretches in the shape of a fan and its thickness is evidently larger than that of the surrounding sediments. This clinoform came into being in the early Holocene(about 11.2 cal kyr BP) and can be divided into the lower and upper depositional units(DU 2 and DU 1, respectively). The unit DU 2, being usually less than 3 m in thickness and formed under a low sedimentation rate, is located between the bottom boundary and the Holocene maximum flooding surface(MFS), and represents the sediment of a post-glacial transgressive systems tract; whereas the unit DU 1, the main body of the clinoform, sits on the MFS, belonging to the sediment of a highstand systems tract from middle Holocene(about 7–6 cal kyr BP) to the present. The provenance of the clinoform differs from that of the typical sediments of the Yellow River and can be considered as the results of the joint contribution from both the Yellow River and the proximal coastal sediments of the Shandong Peninsula, as evidenced by the sediment geochemistry of the core. As is controlled mainly by coactions of multiple factors such as the Holocene sea-level changes, sediment supplies and coastal dynamic conditions, the development of the clinoform is genetically related with the synchronous clinoform or subaqueous deltas around the northeastern Shandong Peninsula and in the northern South Yellow Sea in the spatial distribution and sediment provenance, as previously reported, with all of them being formed from the initial stage of the Holocene up to the present.

Interannual salinity variability of the Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

This paper discusses the interannual variability of the Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM) and the factors that influence it,based on survey data from the 1976–2006 national standard section and the Korea Oceanographic Data Center,monthly E-P flux data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,and meridional wind speed data from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. The results show that:1) the mean salinity of the NYSCWM center has a slightly decreasing trend,which is not consistent with the high salinity center; 2) both the southern salinity front and the halocline of the NYSCWM display a weakening trend,which indicates that the difference between the NYSCWM and coastal water decreases; 3) the Yellow Sea Warm Current intrusion,the E-P flux of the northern Yellow Sea,and the strength of the winter monsoon will affect the NYSCWM salinity during the following summer.