柑桔黄环病与碎叶病的关系

柑桔黄环病与碎叶病的关系吴泰旭，邓仕杏，罗世盘（广东省杨村华侨柑桔场博罗５１６１５７）（广东省柑桔黄龙病研究组）在广东，以枳做砧木的甜橙苗圃中，常发现程度不等的黄化苗，幼龄甜橙园及柑园中亦常有黄化植株出现，剥开这些黄化苗的嫁接口皮层，可见到一圈黄环。...

黄环的本草考证

黄环始载于《神农本草经》［１］，后历代本草书籍均有记载。由于历史的种种原因，存在严重的同名异物、名实混淆现象。为了确保临床用药的安全，笔者对其原植物进行了本草考证。１《吴普本草》［２］、《名医别录》［３］、《本草经集注》［４］中的黄环《吴普本草》曰：...

Structure and functional heterogeneity of soil microbial communities in different farmland types on the Loess Plateau

Background,aim,and scope Soil microbes are important drivers of nutrient transformation and energy f low.Reclaiming forest land for agricultural use may have profound effects on soil properties and microbial communities.However,the response of soil microbial communities to soil reclamation in the dryland agroecosystem is less understood.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the changes of soil microbial communities driven by land use conversion to promote nutrient cycling in reclaimed farmland.Materials and methods Based on the metagenomic technique,we evaluated the microbial composition and function of the newly created farmland(NF)after reclamation with two types of traditional farmland(slope farmland(SF),checkdam farmland(CF))on the Loess Plateau,and explored the response of nutrient cycling function to dominant genera and soil properties.Results The results showed that Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,and Acidobacteria were prevalent in the three types of farmlands.Compared with SF and CF,NF increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Nocardioides,as well as genes related to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism.The relative abundance of functional genes related to carbon and nitrogen cycling in the NF was higher than that in the traditional farmland(SF and CF).The relative abundance of nutrient cycling functional genes was positively correlated with dominant genera in the three types of farmlands.Except for pH,soil physicochemical factors were negatively correlated with genes related to amino acid metabolism and carbon cycle.Discussion Previous studies have shown that the nutrient conditions of the soil may intensify the competition between the eutrophic and oligotrophic microbial populations.After long-term cultivation and fertilization,the soil properties of traditional farmland were significantly different from those of NF,leading to the differentiation of dominant microbial groups.Microbes usually have functional redundancy to cope with changing environments.Soil microbes in traditional farmland may contain more genes related to replication and repair,cell growth and death,and environmental adaptation in response to disturbances caused by agricultural practices.On the contrary,the NF was less disturbed by agricultural activities,and the soil properties were more similar to forest land,so the carbon and nitrogen cycle function genes were more abundant.The nutrient cycling function was affected by the abundance of microbial dominant groups and soil properties,which may be related to the availability of soil nutrients and agricultural disturbance in different farmlands.Aspects of soil microbial-driven nutrient cycling in agriculture could be regulated in sustainable method.Conclusions The change from forest land to farmland kept more carbon and nitrogen cycling function in the newly created farmland,while long-term agricultural activities have drastically changed the functional structure of traditional farmland,resulting in the nutrient cycling function more concentrated to meet the needs of crop growth.Recommendations and perspectives Hence,it is necessary to apply sustainable agricultural method to regulate microbial-driven nutrient cycling.The insights are meaningful for sustainable agricultural development and land management in arid areas.

吉林省担子菌补记(三)

报道了吉林省新分布担子菌 6种 ,即黄环鳞伞Descoleaflavoannulata (L Vassilieva)Horak ,刺毛暗皮伞Phaeomarasmiuserinaceellus (Peck)Sing ,二孢长根奥德蘑Oudemansiellaradicata (Relh :Fr )Sing var bispora (Redhead ,GinnsetShoemaker)Z L YangetZang ,带状盔孢菌Galerinavittaeformis (Fr )Sing ,迭生灵芝Ganodermalobatum (Schw )Akt 和环沟纹韧革菌Stereumstrigoso zonatum (Schw )Cunn 。其中 。

中医古籍未知药物考证举隅

利用文献学方法,对黄环、野狼跋子、青琅玕、金牙等四种古籍中出现却不为人所熟知的药物进行考证,推测黄环即紫藤;野狼跋子是紫藤子仁;青琅玕古书看法不统一,先秦古籍多认为是玉石类,本草书籍则认为是珊瑚;金牙可能为阳石的一种。

Xanthophyll Cycle and Its Molecular Mechanism in Photoprotection

When plants absorb more light than that can be used for photosynthesis, the excessive energy can cause photoinhibition and even photooxidation of photosynthetic apparatus. Xanthophyll cycle-dependent photo-protection is believed to be the main mechanism for plants to deal with excessive light energy. This review focuses on molecular biological aspects and regulations of violaxanthin de-epoxidase and zeaxanthin epoxidase involved in xanthophyll cycle. We will summarize the functions of xanthophyll cycle, especially recent advances in its thermal dissipation mechanism of photoprotection. Some interesting issues deserving further study will be discussed.

Chemical constituents from Pithecellobium clypearia and their effects on T lymphocytes proliferation

Aim To investigate the chemical constituents from the twigs and leaves of Pithecellobium clypearia Benth and their immunomodulatory effects. Methods The constituents were separated and purified by various chromatographic methods and their structures were identified on the basis of spectral analysis. The immufiomodulatory effects of all the compounds were examined by a Con A-induced T lymphocytes proliferation assay. Results Eight compounds were isolated and identified as （-）- epigallocatechin （1）, （-）-5, 7, 3′, 4′, 5′-pentahydroxyflavan （2）, （-）-epigallocatechin-7-gallate （3）, （-）-5, 3′, 4′, 5′-tetrahydroxyfiavan- 7-gallate （4）, quercitin-3-O-α-L-rhamnpyranoside （5）, myricitin-3-O-α-L-rhamnpyranoside （6）, gallic acid （7）, and ethyl gallate （8）, respectively. Conclusion Compounds 3 and 8 were isolated from this genus for the first time, and compound 1 was isolated from this species for the first time. Compound 3 exhibited a strong inhibition on the T lymphocytes proliferation induced by Con A with an IC50 of 4.4 μmol·L^-1.

Chemical Compositions of Volatile Oil from Fruiting Body of Armillaria luteo-virens

The chemical compositions of volatile oil from fruiting body of Armillaria luteo-virens in Qinghai Province were firstly analyzed with GC-MS and its relevant compositions were detected by calculating chromatographic peak area with normalized method. 21 peaks were separated and 13 compositions were identified which were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, taking 97.1% of the total volatile oil.

Photoinhibition and Photoprotection in Ginkgo biloba leaves: Influence of Temperature, CO 2 and O 2

In midday ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves have to bear photon flux density over 1400 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 in combination with high temperatures around 35 ℃ at natural habitat. They show typical midday depression of stomatal conductance and of CO 2 assimilation rate. The zeaxanthin changes with light intensity during the day. The influence of the combination of strong light and temperature on photoinhibition was also examined in the laboratory. A low CO 2 internal conductance (31 mmol·m -2 ·s -1 ) was found in ginkgo leaves, which had been exposed to excessive light at temperature between 15 ℃ and 35 ℃ with reduced CO 2 (80 μL·L -1 ) or oxygen (2%) for 2 h, causing a low CO 2 concentration at the carboxylation site and a high proportion of photorespiration. The ratio of electron transport to CO 2 fixation was rather high in ginkgo (16 e -/CO 2 at 25 ℃) as compared with other plants. It increased with temperature also in 2% O 2 which could not be explained solely as due to change of photorespiration. The reduction of oxygen in 340 or 80 μL·L -1 CO 2 had no effect on the extent of photoinhibition at all temperatures, which indicated that electron flow caused by photorespiration in excess light was negligible in protective effect in ginkgo leaves. However, a decreased CO 2 concentration increased photoinhibition, especially at high temperature. It is concluded that the dissipation of excessive excitation energy in the PSⅡ antennae through the xanthophyll cycle may be the major protective mechanism to preventing from the deteriorated effects of strong light in ginkgo leaves.

Photoinhibition in Shaded Cotton Leaves After Exposing to High Light and the Time Course of Its Restoration

Chlorophyll fluorescence emission, pigment composition and photosynthetic rate of shade-grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were measured immediately after suddenly exposing to full sunlight and at regular intervals there after within 15 d. Photoinhibition occurred in shade-grown cotton leaves immediately after exposed to full sunlight. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F-v/F-m and PhiPS II, which reflect the efficiency of PS II,obviously decreased in shade-grown leaves, much lower than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. On the contrary, F-o value was sharply increased. Neither of these parameters could completely recover till next morning. The photoinhibition was chronic and continued for about 4 d, while the F-v/F-m and the net photosynthetic rate ( P-n) continued to decline, then began to increase gradually 6 d later and turned stable after 10 - 12 d, appearing as an acclimation phenomenon. However, the final value of F-v/F-m and P-n did not reach the level as in those leaves grown in the full sunlight ever before. The final P-n was higher by 60% than that before exposure, but lower for more than 40% than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. The most notable response of chloroplast pigment composition was a pronounced increase in the pool size of carotenoids in xanthophyll cycle over a period of 3 d. The results indicated that when shade-grown cotton seedlings were suddenly transferred to the full sunlight, the decline of F-v/F-m and P-n might associate with the damage of the PS II reaction center. During the light acclimation, photoprotective mechanisms such as the xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation were increased, so that photodamage in leaves transferred from low to high light might be reduced.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase (VDE) cDNA in Wheat

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) is the key enzyme in the xanthophyll cycle and protects plant photosynthetic apparatus from the damage of excessive light. A wheat (Triticum aestivum L cv. Xiaoyan 54) VDE cDNA was obtained using RT-PCR method. Its deduced protein sequence shares high identity with that of Arabidopsis and rice. Southern blot revealed that there are three copies of VDE gene per haploid genome of wheat. VDE transcript levels were higher in green leaf than in root, seed and etiolated leaf. Northern blotting analysis indicated that VDE mRNA level is induced during greening process of etiolated wheat seedling and increased by intense light illumination.

Changes in Violaxanthin Deepoxidase Activity and Unsaturation of Thylakoid Membrane Lipids in Indica and Japonica Rice Under Chilling Condition and Strong Light

To explore the differences of sensitivities to chilling and strong light in indica and japonica rice (Oryza sativa L), the changes in unsaturation of thylakoid membrane lipids and xanthophyll cycle were studied under chilling condition and strong light. The contents of unsaturated fatty acids of thylakoid membrane lipids decreased and that of the saturated ones increased with the time of chilling and strong light treatment, resulting in the reduction of the index of unsaturation of fatty acids (IUFA). The activity of violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE), a key enzyme of xanthophyll cycle, also reduced. The content of violaxanthin (V) increased, and the contents of antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin M decreased, the ratio of (A+Z)/ (A+Z+V) decreased correspondingly. Arrhenius analysis showed that VDE was sensitive to both chilling and unsaturation level of thylakoid membrane lipids. Correlation analysis showed that there was distinctly positive relationships between IUFA of thylakoid membrane lipids and the activity of VDE, Fv/Fm, and D, protein content. Lower IUFA values, less fluidity and stability of thylakoid membrane lipids, lower VDE activity and (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratio were found in indica rice cv. Shanyou 63 than in japonica rice cv. 9516 under chilling and strong light.

Photosynthesis of Resurrection Angiosperms

Resurrection plants which are able to quickly reactivate after falling into a period of anabiosis caused by dehydration have been very rare among angiosperms, especially among dicotyledons whose chlorophyll content and chloroplast structure little changed in the course of desiccation, therefore has been called homoiochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant plants (HDTs). Another type of resurrection angiosperms that lost its chlorophyll dining desiccation is called poikilochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant plants (PDTs). HDTs have been received more attention because of simplicity of protection mechanism which is much easy to the study and utilization of the desiccation tolerance of resurrection angiosperms. Recent advances in studies of photosynthesis of resurrection angiosperms indicate that photochemical activities are sensitive indicators for the study of physiological state of resurrection angiosperms during desiccation and rehydration. Photochemical activities of resurrection angiosperms are inhibited with loss of water similar to those of general plants, however, the magic thing is that they could reactivate rapidly during rehydration even losing more than 95% water. Up-regulations in xanthophyll cycle and antioxidative systems as well as preservation in integrity and stability of photosynthetic membranes during desiccation may be very important to desiccation tolerance of resurrection angiosperms. The fact that phosphate treatment in rehydration stage also strongly influences resurrection indicated importance of studies on rehydration stages of resurrection angiosperms.

Effects of Southward Flow of Yellow River on Eco-environment of Xu-Huai River Basin

Based on the historical records,the flood disasters in Xu-Huai River Basin caused by southward flow of Yellow River were studied,while its effects on Xu-Huai regional economic,transportation and eco-environment were also highlighted,and finally historical natural disasters were presented in this study.

The Protective Role of Xanthophyll Cycle in Resurrection Angiosperm Boea hygrometrica During Dehydration and Rehydration

The protective role of xanthophyll cycle in resurrection angiosperm Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R.Br. was investigated by analysis of the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence and xanthophyll cycle components in response to dehydration and rehydration in detached leaves under very weak light condition (3 mumol photons.m(-2).s(-1)) and in the dark. With declines in the values of PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), PSII actual quantum yield (Phi(PSII)), photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) during dehydration, zeaxanthin significantly increased in control Boea leaves under very weak light condition, while no zeaxanthin accumulation was detected in Boea leaves treated with dithiothreitol (DTT) and Boea leaves in the dark, and after 3 d rehydration, the parameters Fv/Fm, Phi(PSII), qP and NPQ showed full recovery in control Boea leaves under very weak light condition, but the parameters only underwent partial recovery in Boea leaves treated with DTT and Boea leaves in the dark, suggesting that the recovery of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical activities in Boea leaves was obviously affected by treatments with DTT and darkness, therefore, zeaxanthin may play an important protective role in desiccated Boea leaves even under very weak light conditions.

Photochemical Efficiency of PSⅡ and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in Leaves of indica and japonica Rice (Oryza sativa) Under Chilling Temperature and Strong Light Stress Conditions

Relationships between fluorescence parameters and membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves of indica and japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) during later growth stage were studied under chilling temperature and strong light stress conditions. Results showed that D1 protein contents of PSⅡ in photosynthetic apparatus dropped, the generation of antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z) of xanthophyll cycle were inhibited partly, PSⅡ photochemical efficiency (F v/F m)and non-photochemical quenching (q N) were also decreased obviously. In addition, endogenous active oxygen scavenger—superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduced, superoxide anion radical (O -· 2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated, as a result, photooxidation of leaves occurred under chilling temperature and strong light stress conditions. Obvious differences in the changes of the above mentioned physiological parameters between indica and japonica rice were observed. Experiments in leaves treated with inhibitors under chilling temperature and strong light conditions showed that indica rice was more sensitive to chilling temperature with strong light and subjected to photooxidation more than japonica rice. Notable positive correlation between D1 protein contents and F v/F m or (A+Z)/(A+Z+V), and a marked negative correlation between F v/F m and MDA contents were obtained by regression analysis in indica and japonica rice during chilling temperature and strong light conditions. According to the facts mentioned above, it was inferred that PSⅡ photochemical efficiency(F v/F m) was the key index to forecast for the prediction of photooxidation under stress circumstances and the physiological basis were the synthetic capacity of D1 protein and the protection of xanthophyll cycle.

环维黄杨星D双层片的制备方法及体外评价

目的研究环维黄杨星D双层片的处方,并进行体外评价(体外释放度)。方法通过单因素考察法分别确定双层片的速释层和缓释层处方组成与制备方法。采用紫外分光光度法测定双层片的体外释放度。结果环维黄杨星D双层片中,速释层处方组成为淀粉、羧甲基淀粉钠、硬脂酸镁,工艺采用湿法制粒;缓释层处方组成为卡波姆、硬脂酸镁,采用干粉末直接压片。体外释放度结果表明,速释层在5 min累积释放度达95%以上,缓释层能在14 h内维持恒定的释药量,满足零级释放方程。结论环维黄杨星D双层片的处方合理,制备工艺简单,可达到速释和缓释的双重作用。

Photoinhibition and Photooxidation in Leaves of indica and japonica Rice Under Different Temperatures and Light Intensities

Physiological indices related to the efficiency (F-v/F-m) of light energy conversion in PS II and the peroxidation of membrane lipid were measured in leaves of Oryza sativa L. sp. indica rice cv. 'Shanyou 63' and sp. japonica rice cv. '9516'' under different temperatures and fight intensities for 4 days. No changes in F-v/F-m and membrane lipid peroxidation product (MDA) were observed, so neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in both rice cultivars under moderate temperature and medium light intensity. However, F-v/F-m dropped obviously with no change in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared in indica rice cv. 'Shanyou 63' under medium temperature and strong light intensity. Furthermore, both photoinhibition and photooxidation were observed in two rice cultivars under chilling temperature and strong light intensity. Experiments with inhibitors under chilling temperature and strong light intensity showed that indica rice had a decrease in DI protein content and SOD activity, and the extent of inhibition of xanthophyll. cycle and nonphotochemical quenching (qN) was larger, and a higher level of MDA was observed. The photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice were more distinct as compared with japonica rice. The authors suggested that PS II light energy conversion efficiency (F-v/F-m) and membrane lipid peroxidation were the key indices for the detection of photooxidation.

On the Regional Ecological Planning of the Ancient Yellow River Course in Shangqiu City

This paper analyzed the problems of eco-environment along the ancient Yellow River course and, by combining with the planning scheme of ecological projects of the ancient Yellow River course in Shangqiu City, discussed its ecological planning ways in terms of the principles, objectives, methods and contents of the ecological planning and design to promote the regional eco-environment construction of the ancient Yellow River course.