西昌黄联关镇客话的亲属称谓

本文运用田野调查的方法,系统收集整理了四川省西昌市黄联客家方言岛的亲属称谓词。试从血亲、姻亲和其他关系三个方面来对黄联客家话亲属称谓词做一个系统的描写分析,并对其中部分称谓做了语音上的分析或传统文化含义的阐释。

Construction of Cucumber Powdery Mildew Early Warning System in Solar Greenhouse Based on Internet of Things

ln order to explore the design and construction of cucumber powdery mildew warning system in solar greenhouse, internet of things technology was used to conduct the real-time dynamic monitoring of the incidence of cucumber powdery mildew and cucumber growth environment in solar greenhouse. The growth environ-ment included temperature and humidity of air and soil. Logistic regression model was used to construct cucumber powdery mildew warning model. The results showed that humidity characteristic variable （maximum air humidity） and temperature characteristic variable （maximum air temperature） had significant effects on the inci-dence probability of cucumber powdery mildew in solar greenhouse. And it was fea-sible to construct cucumber powdery mildew warning system in solar greenhouse with internet of things.

Identification of Pigments from Jujube Fruit Skin

[Objective]The aim was to identify the composition of pigments from Jujube fruit skin.[Method]Pigments were extracted from＇Lubei Dongzao＇,＇Lajiao Zao＇,＇Chengwu Dongzao＇,＇Dabailing＇and identificated by using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（HPLC-MS）.[Result]The results showed that eight flavanols and four to five flavonols were detected,no anthocyanins was detected.The contents of flavonoids were differnt in four varieties.The contents of flavanols（11 mg/g） and flavonols（1.78 mg/g） in＇Dabailing＇ were one-time higher than other varieties.Quercetin 3 rutinoside was the major flavonol.[Conclusion]The research provided theoretical basis for further study on mechanism of Jujube pigment turnning into the red.

横联在挂篮中的结构响应模拟分析

结合工程实例,采用MIDAS/Civil软件分别对有横联和无横联挂篮进行空间仿真分析,计算其结构内力和稳定性。计算结果表明,两种挂篮各承重杆件均满足承载力要求,无横联挂篮受力情况与有横联挂篮的基本相同,但整体稳定性较差。

Preparation and Application of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Salicylic Acid

Salicylic acid (SA) is widely distributed in many monocots and dicots and has many physiological effects. It can induce heat production in the thermogenic inflorescences of Arum lily([1]), block the biosynthesis of ethylene, and more attractively, it seems to be an important natural signal molecule in the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco, cucumber and other plants([2,3]). Studies in recent years showed that SA was also intimately related to the resistance of plants to aboitic stress, for example, SA increased chilling resistance of maize seedlings. Hence, SA has been accepted as a kind of new plant hormones. Up to date, the quantification of SA usually has been performed by HPLC[4,5], which often needs a large quantity of sample and a verbose pretreatment. Compared to HPLC, immunoassays, including radio-immunoassays (RIA) and enzyme-immunoassays (EIA), are easy to perform and have been widely used in the quantification of other plant hormones, such as IAA([6]), ABA([7,8]), GAs([9]), cytokinins et al([10]), and jasmonic acid (JA)([11]), and other low-molecular-weight, none-immunogenic compounds in plants([12]). Till now, only an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for SA based on polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) has been developed by our group([13]), although Bennett et al([14]) had prepared SA PAbs using 4-aminosalicylic acid linked to KLH as immunogen in goat. However, the sensitivity of the ELISA we established formerly was relatively low, and also relatively larger quantity of sample is needed than other ELISAs for plant hormones. In this paper, an ELISA for SA based on monoclonal antibody raised against SA-NH-CH2-NH-KLH was introduced, and the fluctuation of SA content in cucumber leaves after inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae was determined.

Primary Study of Egg Yolk Antibody for Detection of King Cobra Venom Antigens

Aim To study whether antivenom from laying hens can be used for the detection of venom antigens, Methods Chickens （white Leghorn） were immunized with detoxicated king cobra venom by formaldehyde and egg yolk immunoglobulin （IgY） isolated from yolk; IgY was labelled with the horseradish peroxidase （HRP）. Experimental condition and parameters were determined by chessboard test. The specificity, sensitivity, precision, and stability of this method were assayed in the experiment. Results This method could detect as low as 32 μg· L^-1 of the king cobra antigens. A good linear relation was found within 32 ～ 750 μg· L^-1 of king cobra venom concentrations （ r = 0. 963）. There was no cross reactivity for the reagents with Agkistrodon acutus Guenther venom or Vipera russelli siamensis Smith venom;slight cross reactivity .with Bungarus multicinctus Blyth venom or Bungarus fasciatus Chmeider venom; and notable cross reactivity with cobra venom. The average intra-assay relative standard deviation （RSD） was 1% - 3%, and the inter-assay RSD was less than 8%. The reagents （including IgY and HRP-IgY） were stable; no differences （P 〉 0.05） were observed for the detection of venom antigens when the reagents were stored at 37 ℃ up to 6 d. Conclusion IgY is a good reagent for diagnosis of snakebite after eliminating the genus cross reactivity.

Integrative Extraction of Ergosterol, （1→3）-α-D-Glucan and Chitosan from Penicillium chrysogenum Mycelia

Abstract Ergosterol,（1→3）-α-D-glucan and chitosan are important biomaterials. In this research, a process has been developed to integratively extract ergosterol, （1→3）-α-D-glucan, and chitosan from Penicillium chrysongenum mycelium. First the mycelia are pretreated with 0.1mol·L^-1 of NaOH. After recovery by centrifugation the solid portion is made to undergo saponification and deacetylation reactaons by addition of 2mol·L^-1 NaOH and et anol.After reaction, extraction is carried out by addition of petroleum ether, which separates the reaction mixture into two phases. The upper layer of petroleum ether contains extracted ergosterol, and the .bottom layer of NaOH solution contains （1→3）-α-DEglucan; the chitosan is on the mycelia residuum. After isolation, the recovery yield of ergosterol is 0.52% of dry mycelium. That of （1→3）-α-D-glucan is about 8.2%; and chitosan is 5.7% with 86% deacetylation. The compositions have been characterized by 1R, HPLC analyses.

Comparison in vitro permeation of curcumin from topical gels by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Objective： To fred a more effective method of topical transdermal delivery of curcumin. Methods： We prepared curcumin carbopol （CRB） 974P and hydroxypropylcellulose （HPC） gel formulations containing menthol or Azone as permeation enhancers In this study, negative mode electrospray ionization and a triple quadruple LC/MS/MS instrument operated in multiple reaction mode was used for curcumin detection. The assay was linear over a concentration range of 10 ng/mL to 400 ng/mL for curcumin （average R2 = 0.997 2）. Excised nude mouse dorsal side skin was used in an in vitro skirt permeation study performed using the method of Franz. Results： Our results showed that all of the topical gel formulations we developed were free from skin irritation. The percutaneous flux and enhancement ratio of curcumin across nude mouse epidermis were enhanced markedly by the addition of menthol or Azone to both types of gel formulations. We found that the HPC gels containing quantities of Azone showed an enhanced permeation effect as compared to gels containing menthol. In the case of HPC gels containing Azone, the increase in permeability was significant （P〈0.05） as compared to the gels containing menthol. Conclusion： Azone shows a significantly more remarkable permeation effect than menthol. As such, this novel delivery strategy offers significant promise and is worthy of further exploration in attempts to enhance the medicinal application of curcumin

Association between Aspergillus flavus Colonization and Aflatoxins Production in Immature Grains of Maize Genotypes

Aspergillus flavus maize colonization leads to crop contamination by toxic secondary metabolites and carcinogens called aflatoxins （AF）; it has negative effects in public health and has caused economic losses in agricultural activities. Eleven genotypes of immature maize grain frequently used in Mexico were inoculated in vitro with two indigenous toxigenic strains ofA. flavus. The size of inoculum, temperature, humidity and presence of other phytopathogens were assessed. Genotypes Popcorn, C-526, Garst 8366, As910 and 30G40 showed resistance to rating of fungal colonization （FC） and AF accumulation, while 3002W, 30R39, Creole, C-922, HV313 and P3028W genotypes were less resistant. AFB~ had the highest concentrations （26.1 mg/kg ± 14.7 mg/kg）, while AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 showed only residual concentrations 1.6, 2.0 and 4.0 ~tg/kg, respectively. Concerning FC and AF, there were significant differences （P 〈 0.01） between strains and genotype. Both strains showed significant association （P 〈 0.01） between FC and the concentrations of AFB1 and AFB2 （R2： 99.5% and 93.2%; 87.2% and 73.2%, respectively）. Results suggest that the level of resistance to fungus infection and AF accumulation is related to maize genotype. It emphasizes the relevance of developing A. flavus resistant maize genotypes as an alternative to control contamination in foodstuff intended for human and animal consumption.

Preparation and Dyeing Performance of a Novel Crosslinking Polymeric Dye Containing Flavone Moiety

A yellow crosslinking polymeric dye was prepared by grafting the flavone moiety containing azo chromophore onto polyvinylamine backbone.The λ max of this polymeric dye in water is 382 nm.The polymeric dye is fixed to silk and cotton with a crosslinking agent,2-chloro-4,6-di(aminobenzene-4'-β-sulphatoethylsulphone)-1,3,5-s-triazine,which acts as a bridge between the fiber and dye molecules.The fixation of this polymeric dye reaches 99% and the dyed samples exhibit excellent rubbing and washing fastness.

Mycotoxins Incidence in Romanian Malting Barley （Harvest 2009）

The presence of deoxynivalenol （DON）, total aflatoxins, ochratoxin （OTA） and zearalenone （ZEA） was investigated in malting barley samples harvested in Romania using an ELISA method （VERATOX, Neogen）. In 7 out of 14 barley samples the aflatoxins were not found at detectable levels （50%）. In 9 out of 14 barley samples the OTA was not found at detectable levels （64.29%）. In 1 out of 14 barley samples the DON was not found at detectable levels （7.14%）. In 13 out of 14 barley samples （92.86%） the ZEA was above the acceptable limit （100μg/kg）. For all barley samples the aflatoxins, DON and OTA were in line with European Union regulations in force （4.0 μg/kg for aflatoxins, 1,250.0μg/kg for DON, 5.0 μg/kg for OTA, respectively）.

Lipid Oxidation and Fatty Acid Composition in Salt-Dried Yellow Croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) During Processing

Lipid oxidation in salt-dried yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) was evaluated during processing with commonly used analytical indices, such as the peroxide value(POV), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) value, and oxidative-relative lipoxygenase(LOX) activity. Additionally, fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both POV and TBARS increased significantly(P < 0.05) at the rinsing stage. POV reached its peak value of 3.63 meq O_2 per kg sample at the drying stage, whereas TBARS constantly increased from 0.05 to 0.20 mg MDA per kg sample. Processing of salt-dried yellow croaker had an extremely significant(P < 0.01) effect on LOX activity. Twenty-six fatty acids were identified. Combined eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA; C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA; C22:6n3) content varied between(19.20 ±0.37) mg g^(-1) and(23.45 ± 1.05) mg g^(-1). The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid(PUFA/SFA) ratio in yellow croaker was 0.73–1.10, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was approximately 0.13–0.20. The contents of most fatty acids varied significantly(P <0.05) during the different processing stages, and these differences were caused by lipid oxidation. C18:0, C16:1n7, C19:0, and C22:6n3 showed clear changes in principle component one of a principle components analysis. These fatty acids are potential markers for evaluating lipid oxidation in fish muscle because there was a significant correlation between these markers and TBARS and LOX activity(P < 0.05) with Pearson's coefficients > 0.931.

Comparative analysis of essential oil components in Ephedra and its processed products by GC-MS

The similarities and differences of essential oil components in the raw ingredients of Ephedra （RIE） and processed products of Ephedra obtained by stir-baking with honey or stir-baking without any supplements were analyzed by GC-MS.Wet distillation （WD） and supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） were used to extract essential oil components from the samples.Total 48,57 and 48 compounds were found in the extracted essential oils using WD from RIE,the products obtained by stir-baking with honey from Ephedra （SBHE） and the products obtained by stir-baking without any supplements from Ephedra （SBE）,respectively whereas total 22,36 and 28 compounds were identified in the extracted essential oils using SPE from these three samples,respectively.In addition,14 and 9 new compounds were found in the essential oils extracted using WD from SBHE and SBE,whereas 15 and 23 new compounds were found in the essential oils extracted by SFE from SBHE and SBE,respectively.The composition and concentration of the essential oil components in the processed products were significantly different from RIE.Such changes in essential oil components might affect drug actions,which is dependent on the manner in which the sample is processed.The findings in this study may shed some lights on the understanding and further exploration of Ephedra processing.

Synergistic effects of a curcumin analogue and docetaxel on growth inhibition of human prostate cancer cells

Cancer of the prostate gland is a leading cause of death. In the present study, we studied the effects and mechanisms of curcumin analogue E10, docetaxel or their combination on prostate cancer （PC）-3 cells. Treatment of PC-3 cells with El0 or docetaxel resulted in growth inhibition in a concentration-reliant fashion. Combinations of E10 and docetaxel inhibited the growth of PC-3 cells in a synergistic manner. Effects of a combination of E10 and docetaxel were associated with synergistic inhibition of the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-KB）, and robust reductions in the levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） were found in PC-3 cells treated with a combination of E10 and docetaxel. Our data indicated that the effects of El0 in combination with docetaxel on PC-3 cells were associated with inhibition of NF-r,B and Bcl-2. Further studies using suitable animal models are necessary to determine the in vivo effect of this combination.

Simultaneous determination and assignment of 13 major flavonoids and glycyrrhizic acid in licorices by HPLC-DAD and Orbirap mass spectrometry analyses

To determine 13 flavonoids and glycyrrhizic acid in licorice （Glycyrrhiza spp.）, several samples from different areas were examined by HPLC-DAD analysisThe analysis was performed on a Zorbax Extend-C18 （250 mm× 4.6 mm, 5 μm） column connected with a Zorbax Extend guard column （20 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm）. The mobile phase consisted of （A） acetonitrile and （B） 0.026% aqueous H3PO4 （V/V） using a gradient elution of 20%-25% A at 0-20 min, 25%-33% A at 20-30 min, 33%-50% A at 30-55 min, 50%-60% A at 55-65 min, and 60% A between 65 min and 80 min, and peaks were detected at 280 rim. The fourteen compounds were assigned by HPLC-Orbitrap MS methods. The regression coefficient for the linear equations for the 14 compounds ranged between 0.9998 and 1. The limits of detection and quantification lay in the range of 0.032-2.461 and 0.154-8.202 μg·mL^-1, respectively. The relative recovery rates for the 14 compounds were in the range of 93.90%-106.73% with RSDs being less than 5%. Coefficient variations for intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the range of 0.27%-2.38% and 0.31%-3.51%, respectively. In summary, the validated method was applied to the simultaneous determination of the 14 components in 29 different licorice samples and was proven to be suitable for quality evaluation of licorices and their active fractions.

HPLC-MS/MS quantification of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir in mice plasma and brain

In the present study, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of saquinavir in mice plasma and brain was developed, validated, and applied to a preliminary screening study evaluating the effect of bioflavonoids on the brain distribution of saquinavir in mice. Saquinavir and the internal standard（ritonavir） were isolated from plasma and homogenized brain tissue matrices using a liquid-liquid extraction procedure, and the chromatographic separation was accomplished by using a reversed phase C18 column（150 mm×2.1 mm, 5.0 μm）. The analyte was detected by a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer via electrospray ionization, and multiple reaction monitoring was employed to select both saquinavir and ritonavir in the positive ion mode. A linear dynamic range of 0.1–10 ng/m L for plasma samples was established and the lower limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/m L. The intra- and inter-day precision were 7.5%–12.1%, and the accuracies ranged from 90.5% to 107.2% for plasma. A linear dynamic range of 0.1–10 ng/g for brain samples was established and the lower limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/g. The intra- and inter-day precision were 7.3%–11.9%, and the accuracies ranged from 90.8% to 107.4% for brain tissue samples. This method was successfully applied a preliminary screen of 19 bioflavonoids on the brain distribution of saquinavir in mice, and biochanin A shows the strongest effect.

Safflower yellow injection combined with conventional therapy in treating unstable angina pectoris:a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the clinical efficacy of safflower yellow injection combined with conventional therapy in treating unstable angina pectoris.METHODS： We searched online databases： Chinese journal full-text database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, Chinese journal full-text database, Pubmed, ScienceDirect,Embase, and the Cochrane Library with manual-screening of relevant literature. Eligible randomized controlled trials（RCT） on angina pectoris were included. We conducted meta-analysis using the RevMan 5.1 software from The Cochrane Collaboration. We treated the relief rate of angina symptoms and electrocardiograph（ECG） as evaluation.RESULTS： Seven articles, including in 1134 patients, were enrolled after the evaluation. Therewas no significant heterogeneity among the studies（χ2=1.08, df=6, P=0.98, I2=0%）. The safflower yellow injection with conventional therapy has a higher effective rate than the control group in relieving the symptoms of angina pectoris [odds ratio（OR）=2.95, 95%（CI）（1.81, 4.81）] and improving ischemic ECG [OR=2.85, 95% CI（1.67, 4.86）]. The difference was statistically significant in the ＂80 mg dosage＂ and ＂100 mg dosage＂ subgroups（P0.05） for improving clinical symptoms and ECG. The funnel graphic was nearly symmetrical. Sensitivity analysis suggested that the results were stable.CONCLUSION： Safflower yellow injection as an adjunct therapy with conventional drugs shows advantages in easing the clinical symptoms of unstable angina and improving ECG over basic therapy alone. However, the conclusions should be interpreted with care until more high-quality RCTs are reported.

Individual and joint toxic effects of cadmium sulfate and α-naphthoflavone on the development of zebrafish embryo

This paper aims to evaluate the individual and joint toxicities of cadmium sulfate （CdSO4） and α-naphthoflavone （ANF） in zebrafish embryos. As a result, CdSO4 caused both lethal and sub-lethal effects, such as 24 h post-fertilization （hpf） death and 72 hpf delayed hatching. However, ANF only caused sub-lethal effects, including 48 hpf cardiac edema and 72 hpf delayed hatching. Taking 24 hpf death and 48 hpf cardiac edema as endpoints, the toxicities of CdSO4 and ANF were significantly enhanced by each other. Consistently, both CdSO4 and ANF caused significant oxidative stress, including decreases in the reduced glutathione （GSH） level, inhibition of superoxide dis- mutase （SOD） activity, as well as increases in malondialdehyde （MDA） content in zebrafish embryos, but these mixtures produced much more significant alterations on the biomarkers. Co-treatment of CdSO4 and ANF significantly down-regulated the mRNA level of multidrug resistance-associated protein （mrp） 1 and cytochrome P450 （cyp） la, which constituted the protective mechanisms for zebraflsh embryos to chemical toxins. In conclusion, co-treatment of CdSO4 and ANF exhibited a much more severe damage in zebraflsh embryos than individual treatment. Meanwhile, production of oxidative stress and altered expression of mrpl and cypla could be important components of such joint toxicity.

Effect of Vegetation and Precipitation upon Runoff and Sediment Production on Slope Lands of the Loess Area in China

According to fixed-position data for 1992-2003 from 16 runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lie in Jixian County, Shanxi Province, in the loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sedimentproduction on slope lands. The results showed as follows: 1) Runoffand sediment production in Robinia pseudoacacia forestand Pinus tabulaeformis forest had a high correlation with precipitation amount and rainfall intensity, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density; 2) The secondary forest had better function of soil and water conservation than artificial R. pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sedimentproduction in the former in an individual rain event was 65%-82% and 23%-92% lower than thosein the latter, respectively;3) The difference ofrunoff and sediment production in several land uses was very distinct. Runoff and sediment production in Ostryopsisdavidiana forest and the secondary forest were the least; runoff and sediment production in artificial R. pseudoacacia forest and P. tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those in O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment production in mixed stand of apple trees and cropswere 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold higher than that in O. davidiana forest, respectively, but theamount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation for theformer;4) Based on gray correlation analysis of variousfactorsaffecting runoffand sedimentproduction on slope lands, it can be seen that stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass werethe most significant ones, whosegray correlation valuesall exceeded 0.6. Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation reconstruction of the loess area, which help to increase coverage and litter thicknessto cut down the runoffand sediment production dramatically on slope lands.

Curcumin co-treatment ameliorates resistance to gefitinib in drug-resistant NCI-H1975 lung cancer cells

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a combinative treatment with curcumin enhances the effects of the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR-TKI) gefitinib on cell proliferation, clonogenic capacity and apoptosis in the drug-resistant lung cancer cell line NCI-H1975, and further investigate the molecular mechanisms involved.METHODS: NCI-H1975 cells were treated with curcumin and gefitinib alone or in combination, and cell proliferation, clonogenic capacity and apoptosis were examined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, clone forming experiments, and flow cytometry, respectively, while p38, extracellular regulated protein kinase(ERK)1/2, and protein kinase B(AKT)phosphorylation were examined using Western blotting.RESULTS: Compared with the effects of either agent alone, the combination of curcumin and gefitinib had a stronger suppressive effect on proliferation and the clonogenic capacity(P < 0.05), and showed an increased ability to promote apoptosis(P < 0.05) and reduce p38, ERK1/2, and AKT phosphorylation(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Co-treatment of curcumin and gefitinib significantly improves the ability of gefitinib to inhibit cell proliferation, suppress the clonogenic capacity and enhance apoptosis in NCI-H1975 cells,and these effects are possibly mediated via a decrease in phosphorylation of proteins in downstream pathways of the epidermal growth factor receptor.