明状元黄观“三元”考辨

明洪武二十四年(1391年)辛未科状元黄观"三元天下有,六首世间无"的说法在科举史上一直是个谜团,不同的朝代、版本、专家均有争议。文章从黄观的出生历史、科考记录以及明代科举制度的变迁出发,发掘新材料,提出新观点,重新考辨黄观"连中三元"的史迹。

从黄观到吴应箕——明代科举的历史变迁

根据池州明初"三元"状元黄观和明末复社领袖吴应箕的科考之路,论述了明代科举制度的形成原因、历史功绩及其弊端。通过对两者科举历程的比较,剖析了明代科举制度由草创到形成、由发展到日趋完备、进而烂熟衰落的历史变迁过程,展现了科举制度对明代人才选拔和学校教育的重要性,对我们今天的教育考试制度具有一定的借鉴意义。

明池州状元黄观“三元”辨

明洪武二十四年(1391年)辛末科状元池州人黄观"三元天下有,六首世间无"的说法在科举史上一直是个谜团,史学界众说纷纭,莫衷一是。文章从黄观的出生历史、科考记录以及明代科举制度的变迁出发,发掘新材料,提出新观点,重新佐证黄状元"连中三元"的史迹。

串场河畔黄观墓

江苏盐城地区历史是除了出过一位武状元徐开业,并没有出过一位文状元,然而在串场河"十里画廊"风景带上却有一座明代状元黄观墓。黄观是中国历史上第一位"连中三元"(乡试解元、会试会元、殿试状元)者,被称为明代屈原,他本是池州府贵池县(今安徽省池州市贵池区)人,为何墓会在今江苏盐城?

明代黄观“三元”说之误及其流传原因

著名的建文忠臣黄(许)观是洪武二十四年考中的明代首个会、状“二元”,在此后的160余年间,史籍或载其为状元,或载其为会、状“二元”;但嘉靖后期,陈建在其《皇明通纪》中却臆断黄观为解、会、状“三元”。然而,在黄观有可能参加的洪武各科乡试中,解元都另有其人,而非黄观,故该说遭到此后明人编纂的几乎所有当代科举文献、明清编撰的诸多明史文献、清修地方志中的《黄观传》以及不少专门订补《皇明通纪》文献的摒弃和否定,严肃的明史文献都一致肯定明代科举“三元”唯商辂一人。黄观“三元”说产生的原因主要有二:一是陈建学风不够严谨,由同情黄观而凭空拔高其科名;二是黄观的“二元”身份为拔高其为“三元”提供了条件。黄观“三元”说不仅对后世诸多史书产生了负面影响,也对历史小说产生了消极影响;当今学界仍有因袭该说者,则是缺乏求真、严谨和实事求是的学风所致。

明代黄观“三元”说之误及其流传原因

黄观是明代科举首个会、状“二元”,也是著名的建文忠臣。但在其成为“二元”160多年后的嘉靖后期,却突然被“晋升”为解、会、状“三元”,作为一个晚出的史实记载,既无任何确凿证据的支撑,又经过诸多史家的严肃考证,充分证明其是错误的,但至今仍不时被一些史学论著所沿袭传播,其因如何呢?

黄观:明朝的旷世奇才

在南京的秦淮河畔,曾经建有黄公祠与黄公桥,这个“黄公”是何许人也?说起来还挺令人震惊,他是明朝的旷世奇才黄观,他在出仕时就才名满天下,创造了连中“六元”的奇迹。黄观的启蒙老师叫黄,黄在元朝官至翰林待制,他博学明经,尤善诗文,但后来却以一介汉儒的身份为蒙元殉葬。这个事情给了黄观很大的震撼,也对他的人生观产生了极大的影响。

好一场岩茶饕餮盛宴

15款不同品种的武夷岩茶的毛茶,均经过一道轻焙火处理,分成三组,一群茶友相聚鉴赏,茶学专家陈荣冰先生为这些毛茶进行品鉴并打分。茶品:水金龟、高山水仙、水仙毛茶、岩水仙、百年野茶、水帘肉桂、肉桂、半天腰、黄观音、向天梅、金钱、雀舌、北斗、七里香、佛手。

认真贯彻落实省委组织部粤组通[2014]38号文精神 省交协七届五次理事会在穗召开

同意五位原驻会领导请辞,一致通过吴敏华任协会秘书长3月13日,广东省交通运输协会(下简称"省交协")在广州珠江宾馆会议中心召开七届五次理事会。理事单位及监事单位共52人出席会议。省经信委副巡视员黄观档、电力能源处副处长李敬斯,省交通运输厅综合运输处调研员黄建庭等有关领导莅会指导。

Eco-economic Background of Hilly-Gullied Loess Region and Optimized Eco-productive Paradigm of Small Watersheds

A thorough analysis on its natural environment as well as social economic status of the hilly-gullied loess region is presented. A small watershed, the dominant landscape unit of the region, has been singled out for further and specific study on landscape pattern and function, its social and economic distinctions. The authors proposed several principles based on its eco-economic background study, which includes water balance and efficient use principle, co-development of grass and agro-forestry principle, location optimization principle. Integrated with detailed analysis of a small watershed, an eco-productive paradigm for the loess land's development based on a small watershed scale was worked out. It consists of circle pattern with villages at core for high efficient agriculture production, hierarchical pattern along the slope for eco-economic development, point-axis pattern for commodity production and circulation in small watersheds and core-margin pattern for exchanges among watersheds.

自治区地方志办公室调研组到昭平县、钟山县、平乐县调研

7月8~10日,自治区地方志办公室党组书记、主任李秋洪率领调研组到昭平县、钟山县、平乐县开展地方志工作调研。贺州市地方志办公室主任黄观壮、桂林市地方志办公室主任徐朝凯等分别陪同。7月8日下午,调研组到昭平县调研。昭平县县长邓少华汇报昭平县地方志工作情况。

Impacts of human activity and natural change on the wetland landscape pattern along the Yellow River in Henan Province

By using GIS and remote sensing techniques, the paper discusses how human activities have changed along the Yellow River in Henan province, China and how these altered activities have influenced the wetland landscape pattern change from 1987 to 2002. Results show that the total area of the wetland reduces dramatically compared to 1987, the total area of wetland reduces by 19.18%, the number of the patches in 2002 increases by 21.17%, the density increases by 50%, and the total perimeter increases by 1,290,491 m. Disturbed by human activities, landscape diversity index decreases from 1.1740 in 1987 to 0.9803 in 2002. During the last 20 years, the total area of the rice wetland increases, while the others decrease. Among those, the area of the bulrush wetland decreases most. In 1987, it takes 0.5% of the total area, but in 2002, it only takes 0.11%. The interpenetration of human influences on the wetland natural system has been long and close. The impacts of human activities on the spatial pattern of the wetland landscape along the Yellow River in Henan from 1987 to 2002 are great.

Observational evidence of the Yellow Sea warm current

The Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) is one of the principal currents in the Yellow Sea in winter. Former examinations on current activity in the Yellow Sea have not observed a stable YSWC because of the positioning of current meters. To further understand the YSWC, a research cruise in the southern Yellow Sea was carried out in the winter of 2006/2007. Five moorings with bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) were deployed on the western side of the central trough of the Yellow Sea. The existence and distributional features of the YSWC were studied by analyzing three ADCP moorings in the path of the YSWC in conjunction with conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data over the observed area in the southern Yellow Sea. The results show the following. (1) The upper layer of the YSWC is strongly influenced by winter cold surge; its direction and speed often vary along a south-north axis when strong cold surges arrive from the north. (2) The YSWC near the bottom layer is a stable northwest flowing current with a speed of 4 to 10 cm/s. By combining the analyses of the CTD data, we speculate that the core of the YSWC may lie near the bottom. (3) On a monthly average timescale, the YSWC is stably oriented with northward flow from the sea surface to the sea floor.

Effects of Dietary Soy Isoflavones on Feed Intake,Growth Performance and Digestibility in Juvenile Japanese Flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary soy isoflavones on feeding intake,growth performance,and digestion of juvenile Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus).Four isonitrogenous(49% crude protein) and isoenergetic(20.1 MJ kg-1) diets were formulated to contain four graded levels of soy isoflavones,namely,0,1,4 and 8 g soy isoflavones in 1 kg of diet.Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate tanks of fish(Initial average weight:2.58 g ± 0.01 g),and each tank was stocked with 35 fish.No significant difference was observed among diets with levels of 0,1 and 4 g kg-1 soy isoflavones in feed intake,weight gain,feed efficiency ratio(FER),proximate composition of fish whole body and apparent digestibility coefficients(ADC) of nutrients and energy(P>0.05).However,high dietary soy isoflavones level(8 g kg-1) significantly depressed weight gain,FER,whole-body crude lipid content of fish and ADC of nutrients(P<0.05).These results indicate that high level of dietary soy isoflavones(above 4 g kg-1) significantly depresses growth responses and FER of Japanese flounder.However,as the content of soy isoflavones in soybean meal is around 1 to 3 g kg-1,the adverse effects might be neglected when soybean products are used as a fish feed ingredient.

Heparin improves organ microcirculatory disturbances in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats

AIM:Microcirculatory disturbances are important early pathophysiological events in various organs during acute pancreatitis.The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in microperfusion of the pancreas,liver,kidney,stomach, colon,skeletal muscle,and to investigate the influence of heparin on the organ microcirculation in caerulein-induced experimental acute pancreatitis. METHODS:Acute pancreatitis was induced by 4 intraperitoneal injections of caerulein(Cn)(15 μg/kg).The organ microcirculation was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry.Serum interleukin 6 and hematocrit levels were analysed. RESULTS:Acute pancreatitis resulted in a significant drop of microperfusion in all examined organs.Heparin administration(2×2.5 mg/kg)improved the microcirculation in pancreas(36.9±4% vs 75.9±10%),liver(56.6±6% vs 75.2±16%),kidney (45.1±6% vs 79.3±5%),stomach (65.2±8% vs 78.1±19%),colon(69.8±6% vs 102.5±19%), and skeletal muscle (59.2±6% vs 77.9±13%).Heparin treatment lowered IL-6(359.0±66 U/mL vs 288.5±58 U/mL) and hematocrit level(53±4% vs 46±3%). CONCLUSION:Heparin administration has a positive influence on organ microcirculatory disturbances accompanying experimental Cn-induced acute pancreatitis.

Recent Observations and Modeling Study About Sea Fog over the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

This review presents some of the latest achievements in sea fog research,including fog climatology,fog structure in the marine atmospheric boundary layer,and numerical simulations and forecasting of fog.With the development of atmospheric observational techniques and equipments,new facts about sea fog are revealed.The mechanisms involved in the formation,development and dissipation of sea fog are further explored with the help of advanced atmospheric models.

Observation of Currents in the Southern Yellow Sea in the Summers of 2001 and 2003

Long term current observations in the southern Yellow Sea are very scarce because of the intense fishing and trawling activities. Most of the previous studies on tides and circulation were not rigorously validated with direct current measurements. In this study, tidal and sub-tidal currents were examined using current profiles from three bottom-moored Sontek Acoustic Doppler Profilers （ADPs） deployed in the southern Yellow Sea in the summers of 2001 and 2003. The measured current time series were dominated by tidal currents. The maximum velocities were between 40-80 cm s^-1 at the mooring stations. The M2 current was the dominant primary tidal constituent, while the MS4 and M4 components produced the most significant shallow water tidal currents with much weaker amplitudes. The measured mean sub-tidal velocities were less than 5 cmsl. The mean flows in the lower layer implied that an anti-cyclonic circulation pattern might exist in the deeper central Yellow Sea. However, the previously expected cyclonic circulation pattern in the upper layer was not clearly shown by the observations.

Review and Discussion on Seismic Subsidence of Loess

The research and achievements made on seismic subsidence of loess,obtained over the past30 years,were reviewed.Seismic Subsidence of Loess(SSL)has been verified by microstructure characteristics,dynamic triaxial experiments,and in-situ explosion tests,and has become an important subject in the field of seismic loess engineering research.While,the research is still in the stage of theoretical study of saturated soil,and there are no representative cases of seismic subsidence of loess in historical earthquakes.It is difficult to express structure characteristics using microstructure morphology.While,soil mechanics are available methods for this.Seismic subsidence judgment is absolute in some certain value ranges for several parameters.Therefore,probabilistic judgment should be developed.The seismic subsidence ratio is estimated mostly by empirical formulas or semiempirical and semi-theoretical formulas,which are based on laboratory data.These formulas are not established on the basis of physical process and mechanics of seismic subsidence,and this leads to more variables,complicated computation,and poor practicability.To solve these problems,we need to distinguish the main factors and corresponding variables,to establish a mechanics model for seismic subsidence estimation,and to characterize its physio-mechanical process.The key of anti-seismic subsidence treatment is to reduce the seismic subsidence property of soils,and to lower the interaction between the soil body and underground structures.

Experimental Study of the Subsidence Characteristics of Clayey Loess

Presented in this paper are the results of experimental study and analysis of the subsidence characteristics obtained from soil samples with different contents of clay particles though laboratory dynamic triaxial test, Laser particle size analysis, chemical analysis and electronic microscope scanning. By comparison of the obtained data, the following conclusions are drawn out:(1)The stability of the loess varies with different content of clay; (2) The relation between the dynamic shear strength and the clay particles is not monotonous, but parabolic; (3) In the same consolidation ratio, the clayey loess is the weakest subsidence-resistant when the clay particle content is between 16%～17%.

Quantitative Comparison of Bile Acid Distribution and Intestinal Transport from Native Cow-bezoar and Artificial and in vitro Cultured Substitutes using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer Model

Objective This study was conducted to examine the absorption and translocation of conjugated bile acids(BAs)in Calculus bovis and its substitutes to detect differences in these materials.Methods A Caco-2 monolayer cell model was used to compare the apparent permeability coefficient(Papp)value and efflux ratio(ER)of BAs in natural cow-bezoar(NCB),artificial cow-bezoar(ACB),and in vitro cultured cow-bezoar(Ivt-CCB).Papp and ER values were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Samples were separated on an analytical column.Results The distribution of BAs in NCB was significantly different from that in ACB and Ivt-CCB.The percentages of conjugated BAs were significantly higher in NCB than in the two substitutes.The distribution differences of conjugated and unconjugated BAs can be used to distinguish costly NCB from relatively inexpensive substitutes.Conclusion The transport characteristics of BAs in Ivt-CCB were more consistent with NCB than with ACB,even when the proportions of BAs in Ivt-CCB were closer to those of ACB.