黄麻(corchorus olitorius L.)花青素的性状遗传及其表现的影响因素

1986～1988年对长果黄麻(Corchorus olitorius L.)花青素的性状遗传及其表现作了研究。结果表明,长果黄麻花青素遗传受一对等位基因控制。花青素的合成需要光照条件,但合成的速度和含量则决定于糖浓度。光照强弱和供氮水平对花青素含量的影响,是通过对糖浓度的影响而起作用。合成花青素的细胞可能与合成叶绿素有关。花青素在体内可以转移。

圆果种黄麻(Corchorus capsularis)品种不同形态特征的细胞学研究

本文研究圆果种黄麻品种不同形态特征与体细胞染色体核型、带型的关系。实验表明,供试圆果种黄麻不同品种的体细胞染色体2n=14,具有一对随体染色体。染色体核型均为中部着丝点。主要带型是着丝点带(即 c 带)、全带(即 w带)。有腋芽品种的随体位于第四对染色体上,无腋芽品种的随体位于第二对染色体上。随体的大小,以红茎、红叶柄品种的随体大,绿茎、绿叶柄品种的随体小,其中以红茎、红叶柄、无腋芽品种的随体最大(1.090μ×0.926μ),绿茎、绿叶柄、有腋芽品种的随体最小(0.722μ×0.660μ)。结构异染色质百分含量,以有腋芽品种的含量平均值高,无腋芽品种的含量平均值低,其中以绿茎、绿叶柄、有腋芽类型品种最高,平均为71.14%,红茎、红叶柄、无腋芽类型品种最低,平均为51.78%。初步认为圆果种黄麻品种间染色体的核型和 Giemsa 带型与其外部形态特征有着一定关系。

Genetic Diversity of Jute Mallow (Corchorus spp.) Accessions Based on ISSR Markers

Jute mallow is a nutritious leafy vegetable. The leaves are rich in proteins, vitamins and essential amino acids. Molecular characterization of Jute mallow with focus on improvement of leaf yield is scarcely reported. In the present study, inter sequence simple repeats (ISSR) molecular markers were employed to assess genetic diversity and relationships of 83 accessions of Jute mallow from different parts of Africa and Asia conserved at the World Vegetable Center East and Southern Africa. A total of 89 bands were amplified by 8 ISSR primers. Number of polymorphic bands per primer ranged from 2 to 6 with an average of 2.75 bands per primer. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.390 to 0.760 with average of 0.53. Average Nei’s gene diversity (h) and Shannon’s information index (I) were 0.335 and 0.494 respectively. The highest pairwise genetic distance was 0.431 observed in a population from East Africa accessions. PC1 and PC2 axis explained 21.69% and 11.66% of the total variation respectively. UPGMA cluster analysis grouped the accessions into six main clusters at genetic similarity coefficient of 0.53 as standard value for classification. These results have important implications for jute mallow breeding and conservation.

黄麻韧皮纤维活性物质鉴定及抑菌效果分析

采用溶剂法从黄麻韧皮纤维中提取黄酮、多糖、生物碱3种成分,并对提取物的化学组分及抑菌效果进行测定分析。结果表明,3种提取物中总黄酮、总多糖、总生物碱含量分别为17.36 mg/g、3.57 mg/g、61.01μg/g。高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测出黄酮类提取物主要包括异槲皮素(167.47μg/g)、槲皮素(12.35μg/g)、木犀草素(6.41μg/g)、山奈酚(6.26μg/g)等;多糖类提取物中的单糖组分有半乳糖(0.41 mg/g)、半乳糖醛酸(0.43 mg/g)、阿拉伯糖(1.03 mg/g)等;生物碱类提取物主要组分为盐酸小檗碱(9.97μg/g)。纸片扩散法、二倍稀释观察法、扫描电镜分析显示,3种提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌均能产生不同程度的抑制效果。综上,黄麻韧皮纤维中的活性物质较为丰富,且具有良好的抑菌性能。

复合植物精油对黄麻鸡生长性能、免疫力及肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加复合植物精油对黄麻鸡生长性能、免疫力及肉品质的影响,为黄麻鸡的绿色健康养殖提供参考。试验选择21日龄的黄麻鸡600只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复30只黄麻鸡。对照组、精油1组、精油2组、精油3组黄麻鸡饲粮中分别添加0、200、400、800 mg/kg的复合植物精油。试验期8 w。结果显示:与对照组相比,精油2组黄麻鸡的料重比显著降低(P<0.05),血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平显著升高(P<0.05),白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平显著降低(P<0.05);所有复合植物精油组黄麻鸡血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,精油2组和精油3组黄麻鸡血液淋巴细胞数量显著提高(P<0.05),腹脂率显著降低(P<0.05);精油2组和精油3组黄麻鸡胸肌pH24 h值、肉色a*值显著提高(P<0.05),精油2组胸肌剪切力和滴水损失均显著降低(P<0.05)。研究表明,复合植物精油能够提高黄麻鸡的饲料利用率、免疫力,改善肉品质,降低腹脂率,复合植物精油适宜添加水平为400 mg/kg。

Genetic diversity and DNA fingerprinting in jute(Corchorus spp.) based on SSR markers

Genetic diversity analysis and DNA finger printing are very useful in breeding programs,seed conservation and management. Jute(Corchorus spp.) is the second most important natural fiber crop after cotton. DNA fingerprinting studies in jute using SSR markers are limited. In this study, 58 jute accessions, including two control varieties(Huangma 179 and Kuanyechangguo) from the official variety registry in China were evaluated with 28 pairs of SSR primers. A total of 184 polymorphic loci were identified. Each primer detected 3 to 15 polymorphic loci, with an average of 6.6. The 58 jute accessions were DNA-fingerprinted with 67 SSR markers from the 28 primer pairs. These markers differentiated the 58 jute accessions from one another, with Co SSR305-120 and Co SSR174-195 differentiating Huangma 179 and Kuanyechangguo, respectively. NTSYS-pc2.10 software was used to analyze the genetic diversity in the 58 jute accessions. Their genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.520 to 0.910 with an average of 0.749, indicating relatively great genetic diversity among them. The 58 jute accessions were divided into four groups with the coefficient 0.710 used as a value for classification, consistent with their species and pedigrees. All these results may be useful both for protection of intellectual property rights of jute accessions and for jute improvement.

De novo assembly of chloroplast genomes of Corchorus capsularis and C.olitorius yields species-specific InDel markers

Jute(Corchorus spp.)is a member of the Malvaceae family,which comprises more than 100 species.The systematic positions of jute species have remained unsettled.Chloroplasts are maternally inherited and their genomes are widely used for plant phylogenetic studies.In the present study,the chloroplast genomes of Corchorus capsularis and C.olitorius were assembled,with sizes of respectively 161,088 and 161,766 bp.Both genomes contained 112 unique genes(78 protein-coding,four rRNA,and 30 tRNA genes).Four regionswith high variation between the two species were located in single-copy rather than inverted-repeat regions.A total of 66 simple sequence repeats(SSRs)were identified in the C.capsularis chloroplast genome and 56 in that of C.olitorius.Comparison of the two chloroplast genome sequences permitted the evaluation of nucleotide variation including 2417 single-nucleotide polymorphisms sites and 294 insertion or deletion sites,of which one marker(cpInDel 205)could discriminate the two jute species.Comparison of the C.capsularis and C.olitorius chloroplast genomeswith those of other species in theMalvaceae revealed breakpoints in the accD locus,which is involved in fatty acid synthesis,in C.capsularis and C.olitorius.This finding suggests that genes from the chloroplast genomemight have been transferred to the nuclear genome in some Corchorus species.This hypothesis was supported by synteny analysis of the accD region among the nuclear,chloroplast,and mitochondrial genomes.To our knowledge,this is the first report of the assembled chloroplast genome sequences of C.capsularis and C.olitorius.C.capsularis and C.olitorius are closely related to Gossypium species and there are abundant microstructure variations between these two genera.These results will expand our understanding of the systematics of species in the Malvaceae.

拮抗植物病原真菌Streptomyces corchorusii AUH-1的分离与鉴定

为了获得对植物病原真菌具有抑制作用的拮抗菌株,以西瓜枯萎病菌为指示菌,采用平板对峙试验进行植物病原真菌拮抗菌的分离筛选。从南昌、赣州、鹰潭、萍乡、武夷山、石家庄等地采集的26个不同类型土样中,分离筛选到1株对西瓜枯萎病菌具有良好抑制作用的菌株AUH-1,其抑菌率达到36.15%。根据菌体形态学观察、生理生化特征以及16S r DNA序列分析,对拮抗菌进行菌种鉴定,结果表明该菌株为黄麻链霉菌(Streptomyces corchorusii),并命名为黄麻链霉菌AUH-1。

Corchorus olitorius aqueous extract attenuates quorum sensing-regulated virulence factor production and biofilm formation

Objective:To investigate the effect of Corchorus olitorius aqueous fraction(COAF)on quorum sensing(QS)-regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PAO1).Methods:The preliminary screening of the anti-QS effect of COAF was performed by evaluating the anti-pathogenic activity against Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 biosensor strain.Next,the inhibitory effects of COAF on QS-regulated pyocyanin production,proteolytic and elastolytic activities,swarming motility,and biofilm formation were evaluated in PAO1.Results:The results showed that the treatment of COAF significantly decreased the biofilm biomass,attenuated virulence factors,and inhibited swarming motility of PAO1 without affecting the growth of the bacteria in a dose-dependent manner.COAF at 2000μg/mL significantly decreased Las B elastase activity in PAO1 culture,exopolysaccharide production,swarming motility,pyocyanin level,and biomass of PAO1 by 55%(P<0.05),60%(P<0.01),61%(P<0.01),65%(P<0.01)and 73%(P<0.01),respectively.In addition,the production of violacein was decreased by 62%(P<0.01)with the treatment of a high dose of COAF.Conclusions:These findings indicate that COAF can be a potential source of anti-QS agents.

黄麻可降解阻燃型非织造材料的制备及性能

探讨黄麻可降解阻燃汽车内饰材料的制备工艺。采用针刺工艺和热压工艺制备了阻燃型黄麻/粘胶/PBAT/CMC可降解非织造材料,对非织造材料进行垂直燃烧测试、力学性能测试和扫描电镜测试。试验分析得出合适的阻燃剂及用量,探究了材料的面密度、热压条件对阻燃型非织造材料力学性能的影响,并通过正交试验得到热压成型的最优工艺参数。结果表明:阻燃剂低聚磷酸铵(APP)阻燃效果基本不受热压条件影响,其用量为黄麻、粘胶、黏结剂总质量的20%时,材料阻燃等级达到V-0级别;且样品组分为黄麻/粘胶/PBAT/CMC 40/40/15/5、APP质量分数12%、面密度约170.0 g/m^(2),热压条件为热压温度150℃、压强6 MPa、热压时间5 s时,得到的样品断裂强力219.2 N,断裂伸长率2.4%。

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Corchorus(Grewioideae,Malvaceae s.l.) based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequences

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Corchorus(Grewioideae,Malvaceae s.l.)is presented,based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region for 144 accessions representing 47 species.Several other genera from the subfamily Grewioideae,namely Pseudocorchorus,Triumfetta,Sparrmannia,Entelea,and Grewia,were included as outgroups.The monophyly of the genus was well supported by all phylogenetic analyses(maximum likelihood,Bayesian approaches,and parsimony),and Corchorus was divided into four major clades.The majority of African species formed a statistically highly supported and distinct clade separated from the other pantropically distributed species.Several endemic species from Australia,New Caledonia,and tropical America were nested within this distinct clade,indicating dispersal from Africa to the rest of the pantropics.Based on the taxa included in this study,the two cultivated species(C.olitorius and C.capsularis)shared a common ancestry with wild species of C.africanus,C.brevicornatus,C.pseudocapsularis,C.pseudo-olitorius,C.urticifolius,C.pilosus,C.orinocensis,and C.cunninghamii.Pseudocorchorus,previously considered an accepted genus,was nested within the genus Corchorus and shared a common ancestry especially with C.depressus and C.siliquosus.Based on morphological and anatomical similarity as well as the results of the present molecular findings,inclusion of the six Pseudocorchorus species into Corchorus is proposed,with Pseudocorchorus as a synonym of Corchorus.Of the included outgroup taxa,Triumfetta is the closest sister to Corchorus,while the common ancestor of Corchorus/Pseudocorchorus,Triumfetta,Sparrmannia,and Entelea is Grewia.A further phylogenetic study with more taxa mainly from Australia,together with additional molecular markers and morphological investigation,would help to test the hypothesis on the biogeography and growth form evolution of the genus Corchorus.

Skin Hydrating Effects of <i>Corchorus olitorius</i>Extract in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis

Background: Corchorus olitorius leaf contains a significant amount of mucilaginous polysaccharide. It has been generally accepted that the polysaccharides derived from botanical extracts increase skin hydration. Since skin hydration improves skin barrier function, it is one of the most effective treatments for atopic dermatitis (AD). However, other components of botanical extracts other than polysaccharides may influence skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the hydration efficacy and skin barrier protection afforded to the skin after exposure to Corchorus olitorius extract without high-molecular-weight compounds (COEW), such as polysaccharides. Methods: NC/Nga mice possess disrupted skin barrier function, and were used as a model for AD. A stable base cream was supplemented with 0.2% COEW and applied to the dorsal skin of these mice. Skin hydration and TEWL were analyzed after a 14-d period of daily application. AD scores and plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations were also investigated. Results: Compared to control mice, mice treated with the COEW cream showed significantly increased skin hydration and reduced TEWL. Plasma IgE concentrations were not affected by the COEW cream, whereas an increase in AD score in NC/Nga mice was prevented because of the application of the COEW cream. Conclusions: COEW has the ability to maintain hydration of the skin, and to prevent the disruption of skin barrier function, which leads to the aggravation of AD. COEW may be used as an adjunct treatment for AD.

黄麻可降解包装材料制备及性能研究

研究一种基于黄麻、粘胶、水性聚氨酯和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)的可降解包装材料的制备。采用非织造生产工艺,以可降解的黄麻和粘胶为原料,纤维梳理成网后,经针刺机针刺,再将水性聚氨酯和CMC溶于水中,形成悬浮液均匀喷洒至纤维网,烘干后热压成型得到生物可降解包装材料。对比聚乳酸、水性聚氨酯、CMC的成本及力学性能,探究材料混比对黄麻/粘胶/水性聚氨酯/CMC包装材料断裂强力和断裂伸长率的影响,并通过干燥和湿润试样的强力对比,探究了黄麻/粘胶/水性聚氨酯/CMC包装材料的耐水性能。结果表明,当黄麻/粘胶/水性聚氨酯/CMC混比为40/40/15/5,面密度为100 g/m^(2)时,所得样品纵、横向断裂强力分别为155.5 N、52.6 N,将样品浸渍于水中1 h后取出,其纵、横向的湿态强力保留率分别为49.9%、69.2%,可满足包装袋力学性能的要求。

黄麻/粘胶/水性聚氨酯包装材料制备及优化

为了缓解塑料包装袋引起的环境污染问题,采用可生物降解的黄麻落麻纤维与粘胶纤维混合并梳理成网,选用水性聚氨酯作为黏合剂将纤维网热压成型,制备了黄麻/粘胶/水性聚氨酯包装材料,并对其进行性能测试和工艺优化。探究原料质量混合比、克重、热压参数对包装材料拉伸强力的影响,并依据单因素分析结果对热压工艺进行正交试验,结果表明:当热压温度为160℃、热压时间为20 s、压强为5 MPa时,包装材料的纵、横向断裂强力分别为126.0、82.6 N,满足购物袋的强力要求。制备可降解的麻纤维包装材料代替塑料包装袋是目前重要的研究方向,对于农业和农村经济的发展具有重要意义。

黄麻粉表面改性条件优化及其对Pd(Ⅱ)吸附行为的研究

生物基材料是吸附绿色、高效回收钯的重要手段,但是,如何提升生物基吸附材料的吸附量是该技术能否成功应用的关键。本研究利用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)对黄麻粉(UJT)进行了表面改性条件优化和机理的研究。研究结果表明,黄麻表面改性最优条件为:PEI和戊二醛(GA)添加量分别为(w/V)7%,1.5%时,改性黄麻粉(MJT)对Pd(Ⅱ)的理论吸附量最大(687.01 mg/g),是UJT的4.26倍;改性前后黄麻对Pd(Ⅱ)的吸附均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和拟二级动力学模型。相比UJT,MJT的N元素质量分数提高了3.49倍,显示出PEI改性引入的亚氨基(=N-)在提升吸附性能中起关键作用,为植物材料在铂族金属吸附回收产业化方面奠定了理论基础。

Enhanced Growth and Yield Performance of Cassava Peel Compost and Mineral Fertilizer on Corchorus olitorius L.

Application of inorganic fertilizers improves crop yields but costs and adverse health effects often discourage their applications. This study therefore aims at evaluating the combined effects of cassava peel compost with poultry manure and mineral fertilizer on growth and yields of Corchorus olitorius. Pots （factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design） and field （split-plot with fertilizer being the main effect and the varieties the sub plot effect） experiments were carried out during rainy season at Ibadan, Nigeria. Treatments consisted of 0, 5, l0 and 20 t/ha composts prepared from cassava peel and poultry manure in ratio 3：1 and mineral fertilizer （NPK 15：15：15） at the rate of 250 kg/ha, using two varieties of C. olitorius. Five and six weeks after planting （WAP）, plants were assessed for growth and yields in pot and field experiments respectively, and also in residual studies. Application of compost significantly improved growth （heights） （36.50-41.56 cm）, while morphological and dry weight values increased with increase in compost. Marketable yield increase of 13.2%, 22.3%, 32.1% and 29.3% were recorded using 5, 10, 20 t/ha compost and NPK fertilizer respectively in the field. Corresponding increase when ratooned were 40.0%, 42.9%, 57.1% and 52.0%, respectively. Application of compost at the rate of 20 t/ha performed better in the main and residual effect experiments compared to NPK fertilizer and other compost rates. Application of cassavas peels compost at the rate of 20 t/ha proved to be adequate for optimum growth and yield performance of C. olitorius.

黄麻叶枯病(Helminthosporium corchorum)的初步研究

黄麻叶枯病是国内外黄麻上的一种常发性病害，在我国各主要黄麻产区，每年都有不同程度的发生。例如1980年杭州市郊区的粤圆5号黄麻，于8月中旬的旺长阶段普遍严重发生，麻株上的病叶自下而上大量脱落，仅剩上部10余片新叶，对产量影响很大，特别是有些病叶搭附在茎杆上而诱使茎部发病，导致纤维品质降低，这种现象浙江麻农称之为“搭叶烂”。

研究发现黄麻可作为双重功能生物材料

中国农业科学院麻类研究所功能因子利用与生物合成创新团队研究发现,黄麻纳米纤维素可以通过调控肠道微生物和代谢来抑制小RNA病毒增殖,为黄麻功能因子在医药与食品纳米材料研究应用提供了理论依据。相关研究成果发表在《美国化学会纳米杂志(ACS Nano)》。

黄麻纳米纤维涂层实现水果绿色保鲜

近日,中国农业科学院麻类研究所可降解材料开发与利用创新团队联合湖南农业大学、华东理工大学、加拿大滑铁卢大学等机构研究人员为制备绿色可降解活性包装材料提供了新策略。他们利用麻类天然生物质材料,研制出一种黄麻纳米纤维本征保鲜涂层。

圆果黄麻纤维素合成酶基因CcCesA1的克隆及利用反义载体转化拟南芥

以圆果黄麻(Corchorus capsularis L.)"179"茎部韧皮为材料,利用同源克隆和RACE技术,克隆黄麻纤维素合成酶基因CcCesA1 5′端500 bp序列外的全部cDNA。其序列长度为2529 bp,编码627氨基酸残基,经Blast基因比对和蛋白质结构分析,确定是黄麻纤维素合成酶基因。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,CcCesA1在植株不同部位表达量具组织差异性,依次为茎部韧皮>根>叶>顶芽>麻骨。利用CcCesA1基因部分cDNA序列和3′UTR区,构建黄麻CcCesA1基因反义载体,用测序验证的阳性质粒转化模式植物拟南芥。Southern杂交结果表明,外源基因以单拷贝方式整合进入基因组,转基因拟南芥生长严重受阻,植株变得矮小且茎部易弯曲倒伏,角果数量变少,长度变短,纤维素含量有不同程度的降低,本研究结果表明,所克隆的黄麻CcCesA1基因除了参与植物其他生理代谢过程外,还参与纤维素的生物合成。