落叶松板材常规干燥过程的动态黏弹性特性

为了研究木材常规干燥过程黏弹性应变的发展模式与相对数量级,并为准确区分黏弹性应变与机械吸附应变提供理论依据,该文在实验室条件下对50 mm厚兴安落叶松板材进行常规干燥,使用切片法测定沿厚度方向的横纹弦向干缩应变、弹性应变、黏弹性应变的一维分布情况与变化趋势。基于高聚物与复合材料黏弹性理论,重点定性分析了木材干燥过程中干燥介质温度、蠕变恢复时间、干燥阶段等因子对木材厚度方向不同位置黏弹性应变特性的影响。结果表明:在环境平衡含水率保持在特定水平下,干燥介质温度水平与测定的拉伸弹性应变极值间具有一定正相关性;木材干燥过程中黏弹性应变的发展模式与弹性应变类似,经充分恢复后黏弹性应变的数值略大于弹性应变;木材表层、芯层在干燥过程中具有不同的黏弹性演化模式,干燥温度对木材表芯层黏弹性应变转换有一定影响,这种作用主要是由于不同温度条件下木材含水率梯度所导致的;根据试验测定的木材表层、芯层在3、62、4 h 3个应力释放时间内所达到的黏弹性应变极值,分别给出了干燥过程各阶段落叶松板材表层与芯层黏弹性应变恢复时间的推荐值。

On Estimating Magnitude of a Maximum Sequent Earthquake by Viscoelastic Coulomb Stress Change and a Discussion of the Relationship between the M_S7.3 Earthquakes in Yutian 2008 and 2014

On the basis of the previous studies of the layered crustal model in the Yutian area,combined with the field GPS continuous observation data,we roughly estimate the viscous coefficient of each layer. With the viscoelastic horizontal layer model,we calculate the viscoelastic co-seismic Coulomb stress change caused by the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquakes 2008 and 2014 respectively. Based on the Coulomb stress change,using the calculation method of "direct "aftershock frequency,we come up with the theoretical earthquake frequency directly related to the mainshock and the co-seismic Coulomb stress change in the study area. Then we put forward a method,based on the comparison of theoretical and actual earthquake frequency or the comparison between theoretical and practical earthquake frequency-distance decay curve fitting residuals,to estimate the magnitude of a maximum sequent earthquake,directly related to the mainshock co-seismic Coulomb stress change. Results calculated by different methods show that the maximum follow-up earthquake magnitude caused by the coseismic Coulomb stress change lies from M_S7. 2 to M_S7. 5 following Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake in 2008; but that of the 2014 Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake is M_S6. 3. The former is very close to the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake in 2014.Because of the same magnitude,relatively close spatial distance,short time interval,the same region of the external force,the strong correlation between two seismic tectonic and a clear stress interaction,we thus consider that the two Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquakes in 2008 and 2014 constitute a pair of generalized double shock type earthquake. This is consistent with the sequence type characteristic of past "double shock"earthquakes in the region. In this paper,the influence of the magnitude lower limit and the b-value in the relationship of G-R on the results is discussed. As a result,when the viscoelastic coseismic Coulomb stress variation is determined,the lower limit of magnitude has little effect on the maximum sequent earthquake magnitude estimation,but b-value of G-R has a greater impact on the results.

金川高应力软岩蠕变特性及破坏形态试验研究

金川矿区岩石具有显著流变性,开采难度极大,故对金川III矿区软弱复杂矿岩蠕变特性进行试验研究。蠕变试验采用RYL–600微机控制岩石剪切流变仪,蠕变加载方式采用分级增量循环加卸载,对试验数据分析时考虑加载历史对岩石试件变形的影响,真实地反映出岩石试件自身的流变力学行为,选取Burgers模型反映岩石的蠕变特性。结果表明:金川III矿区矿岩蠕变试验曲线与理论曲线基本吻合,Burgers蠕变模型能较好地描述岩石的蠕变特性。通过对金川III矿区5种岩样蠕变试验变形和破坏特征及破坏形态进行分析,表明特定条件下软弱复杂矿岩蠕变破坏形态复杂,但也有其规律性:岩样沿对角线方向一般有一个贯穿整个岩样的破坏面;同种岩样的破坏形式具有相似性。岩样破坏形式多样,同种岩样的破坏荷载差异性大。