水彩画面的黑、白、灰关系布局

面对多彩的大自然,画家通过绘画的语言形式将其归纳和概括,以符合艺术创作规律。任何物质形象都是通过色彩显现的,画家将丰富的光影转化为黑、白、灰等,并通过不同面积的强弱和画面构成建立骨架关系,最终体现作品的审美品位和艺术气质。该文作者以其在第十一届全国美术作品展览中获得水彩画铜奖的作品《繁忙的渔港》为案例,论述如何处理水彩画的黑、白、灰关系。

浅议汉英语言中“黑、白”颜色词文化内涵的不对等性

语言是文化的载体，不同的语言体现不同的文化内涵。笔者将通过对汉英文化中“黑、black”与“白、white”所体现的不同文化内涵进行对比指出掌握颜色词的文化含义跨文化交际也有着重要的意义。

汉哈颜色词语义分析——以“黑、白”为例

汉语中的“黑、白”和哈萨克语中的“qara、aq”在两种语言中都是非常活跃的构词要素,汉语和哈萨克语中都存在许多由“黑、白”构成的词汇。人类社会发展至今,汉语和哈萨克语中“黑、白”的用法都已经远远超出最初表示颜色的范畴,两种语言中的“黑、白”都产生了许多转义。汉语和哈萨克语在语义扩展方面具有相同之处,但也存在差异。该文通过举例,对汉语“黑、白”和哈萨克语“qara、aq”的语义进行对比分析,并简要分析日常生产生活和神话传说对两种语言颜色词语义发展的影响。对汉语和哈萨克语颜色词语义的对比分析,有利于促进不同民族语言的交流与交融。

用好“红、黑、白”三张牌,扎实推进采油厂安全监督

多年来,大港油田第四采油厂HSE监督工作站紧密结合采油厂生产经营实际,在深化安全生产监督工作过程中,为让安全制度真正落实到现场,通过坚持问题导向,用好“红、黑、白”三张牌扎实推进全员安全生产监督工作,这不仅让安全监督的工作方式更加接地气,而且不断创新载体,持续丰富内涵,注重提升实效,丰富和健全了安全生产分级监督体系,为维护职工生命健康权益,促进企业安全发展做出了卓有成效的贡献。

如意黑白散对白癜风模型小鼠皮损组织PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的影响

目的探讨如意黑白散治疗白癜风的可能作用机制。方法将24只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为空白组,模型组及如意黑白散大、小剂量组,每组6只。除空白组外其余各组采用氢醌外涂构建白癜风动物模型。造模后如意黑白散大、小剂量组灌胃如意黑白散7.02、2.34 g/kg,空白组与模型组予10 ml/kg生理盐水灌胃,每日1次,各组均给药36天。给药结束后肉眼观察皮损情况,HE染色观察皮损组织黑色素含量,免疫组化测定皮损组织中CD3^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达;免疫荧光染色测皮损组织中程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)表达;RT-PCR法检测皮损组织中细胞程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)mRNA表达;ELISA法检测血清超氧化物歧酶(SOD)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、酪氨酸酶(TYR)含量。结果与空白组比较,模型组小鼠皮肤苍白,皮损组织HE染色后镜下可见黑色素含量明显减少,皮损优良率降低,表皮和毛囊周围细胞黑色素颗粒明显减少,皮肤组织中CD3^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达显著增加,PD-L1 mRNA、PD-1表达下降,TYR含量下降,SOD、TNF-α含量增加(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,如意黑白散大、小剂量组皮肤颜色加深,黑色素含量增加,皮损优良率升高,棘细胞层、基底细胞及毛囊黑色素颗粒增多,皮损处CD3^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达减少,PD-L1 mRNA、PD-1表达增加,TYR含量上升,SOD、TNF-α含量下降(P<0.05)。与如意黑白散小剂量组比较,如意黑白散大剂量组造模区域皮损色素恢复面积更大,皮损优良率升高,棘细胞层及基底细胞以及毛囊黑色素颗粒增多,皮损处CD3^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达减少,PD-L1 mRNA、PD-1表达增加,TYR含量上升,SOD、TNF-α含量下降(P<0.05)。结论如意黑白散可以使白癜风模型小鼠皮肤黑色素含量增多,其作用机制可能为激活皮损组织PD-1/PD-L1信号通路,从而抑制T细胞介导的自身免疫对黑色素细胞的破坏。

创建新图式——绘画艺术创作课教学新探

创作课教学是绘画教学的终端课。画家与学习绘画艺术的学生要创新首先要从创建新图式上下工夫。要创建新图式就要通过研究黑、白、灰的摆布,图形形态的繁衍,由此及彼等生动的课堂实践,创建自己的新图式,继而不断实践,努力找到自己的艺术面貌,进而创建出新的图式、语言。

浅析苏州博物馆新馆的建筑用色之美

苏州博物馆新馆在色彩上借鉴了苏州传统黑、白、灰的建筑用色,通过黑、白、灰不同位置、面积、明度的对比并用灰色调和,形成了色彩层次丰富、古典雅致的艺术效果。这是由苏州政府关于苏州古城区建筑色彩的规定、苏州建筑的用色传统和其设计师贝聿铭的设计思想所决定的。

Positive influence of traditional culture and socioeconomic activity on conservation: A case study from the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Tibet

Found in the Trans-Himalayas of north-west Yunnan and south-east Tibet, the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey （Rhinopithecus bieti） is one of the world’s most endangered primates. A recent survey indicates that only 15 groups with 2500 individuals remain in the wild. However, the Tibetan Xiaochangdu group may be the only equilibrium group in the field since the last investigation in 1988. To evaluate the effects of traditional culture and socioeconomic activity on biodiversity conservation of R. bieti, we conducted a case study in the Honglaxueshan National Nature Reserve in southeast Tibet from June 2003 to May 2005. Interviews, direct observations, and analysis of socioeconomic data indicated major advantages to the conservation of R. bieti, which included that： 1） traditional culture mainly depended on raising livestock and collecting non-timber products rather than forest planting of Tibetan highland barley; 2） religious beliefs, against to kill any wildlife living on the sacred mountain, were mainly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism; and 3） bigger household numbers were induced by the polyandrous marriage system, which resulted in lower per capita resource consumption than smaller ones.

种族创伤与性别创伤——《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的历史叙事

创伤性的事件或者经验能够以文学的方式进行再现。在种族/性别创伤理论中,弗朗兹·法农的《黑皮肤、白面具》是具有代表性的著作。在《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中,斯托夫人对美国奴隶制下的黑人所承受的种族创伤与性别创伤进行了文学建构,生动地再现了历史真实。

Metabolism and thermoregulation between Mrs Hume's Pheasant(Syrmaticus humiae) and Elliot's Pheasant(S.ellioti)

To understand metabolic adaptations,the basal metabolic rate（BMR） of Mrs Hume＇s Pheasant（Syrmaticus humiae） and Elliot＇s Pheasant（Syrmaticus ellioti） were investigated.Metabolic rate（MR）,body temperature（Tb） and thermal conductance（C） were determined in both species at a temperatrue range of 5-35 ℃,respectively.Oxygen consumption was measured with a closed circuit respirometer.The thermal neutral zones（TNZ） were 24.5-31.6 ℃,and 23.0-29.2 ℃,respectively.With a temperature range of 5-35 ℃,Mrs Hume＇s Pheasant and Elliot＇s Pheasant could maintained stable Tb at a mean of（40.47±0.64） and（40.36±0.10） ℃,respectively.Mean BMRs within TNZs were（1.36±0.84） mLO2/（g.h） for Mrs Hume＇s Pheasant and（2.03±0.12） mLO2/（g.h） for Elliot＇s Pheasant,which were 77% and 86% of the expected value based on their body mass,respectively.Thermal conductance of Mrs Hume＇s Pheasant and Elliot＇s Pheasant were（0.12±0.01） and（0.17±0.01） mLO2/（g.h.℃）,below the lower critical temperature,respectively,which were 119% and 124% of the expected value based on their body mass,respectively.The ecophysiological characteristics of these species were low metabolic rate,high body temperature,and high thermal conductance,which allow both species to better adapt to the warmer climate environment in south China.

Comparison of roosting habitat characteristics of two sympatric pheasants during springtime at Dazhong Mountain,southwestern China

Hume's Pheasant(Syrmaticus humiae) and the Silver Pheasant(Lophura nycthemera) are two sympatric bird species at Dazhong Mountain of Yunnan Province,southwestern China.We investigated characteristics of roosting habitats of the two pheasants from February to April,2004 in this area.Multiple statistics,Matryoshka and a habitat classification-tree were used to analyze the selection of roosting habitats of these pheasants. The results of the habitat classification-tree indicated that several separations occurred in their macro and micro roosting habitats in the study area. The two pheasants had similar crucial requirements for and selection of ecological roosting factors,which allow them to live in the same macrohabitat.Competition between these two pheasants was avoided by separation of spatial elements,such as roosting trees and topographic characteristics.For safety strategy,Hume's Pheasant adopted primarily a way of'uneasily found habitat cover plus easy escape',while the Silver Pheasant employed a unique way of'uneasily found habitat cover'.For tactics of keeping warm,Hume's Pheasant selected mainly a method of'suitable vegetation supplemented with suitable topography',while the Silver Pheasant chose a unique man-ner of'suitable vegetation'.

α-Synuclein redistributed and aggregated in rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease rats

Objective To observe the influence of rotenone on the distribution of α-synuclein （ASN） in rat model of Parkinson＇s disease （PD）. Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups and received 2 mg/kg rotenone （s.c.） or sunflower oil （as control group） for about 4 weeks. The hippocampus, substantia nigra and striatum of brain were observed. Hematoxylin and eosin stain were used to observe the Lewy body like inclusion. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） or ASN protein was determined by anti-TH or anti-α-synuclein immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results In control rats, ASN protein distributed widely in brain, especially in hippocampus, cortex and striatum. Rotenone obviously increased TH positive neurons and fibers loss in substantia nigra and striatum （P 〈 0.05）. In rotenone treated rats, ASN positive cells increased in global brain but not distributed in an even manner. In substantia nigra, ASN positive stuff was found aggregate in both cytoplasm and nucleus, and some formed spherical inclusion; in striatum, ASN positive neurites end aggregated and agglomerated around neurons; and in hippocampus, few dot-like ASN were aggregated in cell body, and no notable change was found in nucleus. Conclusion In rotenone administrated PD rats, ASN protein aggregated in several brain regions but most obviously in striatum and substantia nigra, and the distribution region of ASN was changed from peri-synapse to the cytoplasm and nucleus of dopaminergic neuron.

Study on the Degradation Trend of Ryegrass-White Clover Artificial Grassland

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the degradation law and trend of artificial grassland. [Method] Taking the ryegrass （Lolium perenne） - white clover （ Trifolium repens） artificial grassland in Maiping Township, Guizhou Province as the research object, the grassland vegetation of 40 quadrate from different areas （area around the sheep shed, hilltop, hillside, flatland at the foot of the hill） were analyzed by comparing the dominance and richness index. [ Result] Degradation of different degrees appeared in various areas of this artificial grassland. To be specific, the degradation of grassland around the sheep shed was not serious for less consumption by the sheep; however, the areas on the hilltop and hillside degenerated to the grassland types of dallis grass （ Paspalum dilatatum Poir. ） -Indian lovegrass （ Eragrostis pilosa） and dallis grass - cogongrass [ Imperata cylindrica （ Linn. ） Beauv. ], respectively, and the area at the foot of the hill degenerated to the grassland type dominated by garland chrysanthetnum （ Chrysanthemum coronarium L. ） and knotgrass （ Paspalum distichum L. ）. [ Conclusion ] This study provided a basis for grassland improvement as well as the efficient and sustainable utilization of grazing-type artificial grassland in South China.

Effect of Cowshed Design and Cooling Strategy on Welfare and Productivity of Dairy Cows

Nine cowsheds were used, the differences between each cowshed are orientation （east-west or north-south）, cooling （with or without）, and height （3 m, 5 m or 8 m height）. Dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, dew point, shaded area, air velocity, and maximum temperature were measured beneath each shed. The temperature-humidity index （THI） and the shading efficiency were calculated for each cowshed. The trials were conducted using 180 lactating Holstein Friesian cows; twenty cows housed beneath each shade structure. Measurements performed on cows were respiration rate, skin temperature, and rectal temperature; moreover, the milk produced by each cow was recorded, and the feed intake. High air velocities were recorded under high shade structures which enhance the aeration; consequently, maximum temperatures, and THI recorded beneath high sheds were less than those recorded beneath low sheds; also, skin temperatures, and respiration rates for cows housed under high sheds were less than those measured for animals housed under low sheds（differences were found to be significant）. Thereby, increasing shed height enhances dairy cows＇ microclimate under Egyptian conditions （hot climate）; consequently, the milk production increases. The best orientation is the east-west orientation, which is preferable for hot climates. The exploitation of cooling has significant effect on microclimate, cooling enhances the ambient environment and provides comfortable zone for dairy cows within which cows reach high production levels.

Reinforcement of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber with Silica Modified by Silane Coupling Agents: Experimental and Theoretical Chemistry Study

The properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by modified silica was investigated according to national standards. Silica was modified by silane coupling agents KH-570, KH-590, and KH-792. The optimized geome-tries of molecular modified silica reinforced SBR were obtained by using B3LYP calculation of density functional theory with the 6-31+G basis sets. The natural bond orbital analyses were carried out. The Si—O bond length of silica modified by KH-792 was the shortest and the electronegative of O was the highest. It indicated that the connection between silica and KH-792 was the tightest. Higher tensile strength and elongation of reinforced SBR was obtained by silica modified with the KH-792. It was caused by large delocalization of lone pair electrons of the two N atoms in KH-792. The S—C bond length in silica modified by KH-590 was longer than the ordinary S—C bond length. Then the sulfur free radical (·S·) was produced more easily in vulcanization. The degree of crosslink was increased by the cross-linkage of the rubber molecule and the sulfur free radical. That was why the highest stress and tear strength of reinforced SBR was produced when silane coupling agent KH-590 was used. The calculation results was in accord with experimental data.

Flotation performance of anisic hydroxamic acid as new collector for tungsten and tin minerals

In order to improve the recovery of tungsten ores containing tin minerals,anisic hydroxamic acid(p-methoxy benzohydroxanic acid,PMOB)was synthesized and introduced as novel collector in the flotation of scheelite,wolframite and cassiterite.The flotation performance and adsorption mechanism were investigated by micro/batch flotation,zeta potential measurements and density functional theory(DFT).The micro flotation results showed that the recoveries of scheelite,wolframite and cassiterite using PMOB as collector are 97.45%,95.77% and 90.08%,respectively,and the corresponding recoveries are 91.00%,84.30% and 84.67% for benzohydroxamic acid(BHA).The batch flotation results revealed that the collector dosage could be reduced by about 45% for PMOB compared with BHA,in the case of similar flotation indicators.Zeta potential measurements indicated that PMOB could be adsorbed on the mineral surfaces by chemisorption.Moreover,density functional theory(DFT)calculation results showed that the substituent group—OCH_(3)endues PMOB stronger electron donation ability and hydrophobicity compared with benzohydroxamic acid(BHA),pmethyl benzohydroxamic acid(PMB)and p-hydroxyl benzohydroxamic acid(PHB).

Late Cretaceous biota and the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg)Boundary in Jiayin of Heilongjiang,China

An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River,China during 2002-2010,is summarized in this paper. The strata includes the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun-,Taipinglinchang-,Yuliang-zi-,and Furao formations,and the Paleocence Wuyun Formation consisting of Baoshantou Member and a Coalbearing Member. Seven palynological assemblages from Santonian to Paleocene are recognized,which is used for definition of the K--Pg boundary. Through the palynological analysis of three drilled boreholes (XHY-2005,2006,2008) in Xiaoheyan of western Jiayin,the K--Pg boundary is defined within 20. 00-20. 05 m in the borehole XHY-2006 (as a standard boundary) which is just between the top of Furao Formation (late Maasterichtian) and the base of Baishantou Member (early Danian) . These new research results are supported by paleo- magnetic,geochemical and other analyses,also. On the other hand,the presence of eight taxa of Maasterichtian dinosaurs (mostly hadrosaurids) have been recognized by the authors; and two mega-plant assemblages from the Yong'ancun Fm (Santonian) to Taipinglinchang Fm (Campanian) are confirmed. These research a-chievements indicate that the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in Jiayin can be well correlated to the strata in the neighboring Zeya-Bureja basin,Russia. The K--Pg boundary definited in Jiayin is the first well documented non-marine K--Pg boundary in China. Also the related paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and the mass extinctions in this area during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition are also discussed.

Some Evidence for Host Specificity in Arbuscnlar Myc-orrhizas

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Effect of Xiaobailing Decoction on Melanocytes in Vitro

To observe the effect of Xiaobailing Decoction （消白灵汤） on murine melanocytes in vitro and to explore the mechanism of Xiaobailing Decoction in the treatment of vitiligo. Methods： B-16F10 murine melanoma cells were cultured in 1640 medium and treated respectively with different concentrations （lmg/ml, 2mg/ml, 3mg/ml） of the Chinese drug Xiaobailing Decoction and its main components, the drugs for replenishing the lddney-yang, and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation, etc. for 7 days. MMT assay was used to determine the proliferation of B-16F10 murine melanoma cells. NaOH cleavage assay was adopted to measure the melanogenesis of melanocytes. Results：Xiaobailing Decoction, the drugs for replenishing the kidney-yang and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation at different concentrations significantly improved the proliferation of B-16F10 murine melanoma cells from the 3rd day to the 5th day （P〈0.05）, with Xiaobailing Decoction at the concentrations of lmg/ml having the most distinct action on promoting the proliferation of melanocytes on the 3rd day （P〈0.001）; And the drugs for replenishing the lodney-yang at the concentrations of 2mg/ml and 3mg/ml and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation at 3mg/ml significantly increased melanogenesis of melanocytes （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Xiaobailing Decoction can promote melanocytic proliferation and melanogenesis in vitro, and it is indicated that the drugs for replenishing the kidney-yang and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation play an important role in treating vitiligo.

英语世界的斑斓色彩——浅议颜色词在英语中的应用

颜色词及相关词语不仅可以用来表现自然界的五彩缤纷,更被广泛地用来表达人们复杂的思想感情及千变万化的事物特征.由于中西方文化的差异,颜色词的中西方引申比喻含义也各不相同.从红、黄、蓝、绿、白、黑等六种主要的颜色词及相关的词组搭配可了解一些中西方文化的差异.